Who are the Ultra Poor? Descriptive Statistics from Baseline Survey of SKS-UPP. Shamika Ravi 1 Indian School of Business June 25, 2008

Transcription

1 Who are the Ultra Poor? Descriptive Statistics from Baseline Survey of SKS-UPP Shamika Ravi 1 Indian School of Business June 25, 2008 The baseline survey was conducted on 1066 households from Medak district of Andhra Pradesh, India. These households are selected based on eligibility criteria to receive the intervention (asset transfer) in our study. 2 The total number of individuals that are included in the sample of 1066 households is 3,491. So the average household size in our sample is 3.27 members significantly smaller than the average Indian household which is In this chapter of the analysis, we have grouped the data into three categories: the treatment, control and the drop outs. 489 households are from control group and 439 households are from treatment group. The descriptive statistics for the three groups are on the following topics: 1. Socio-demographics religion, caste, family type, size of household, age, marital status, disability, education, occupation and migration details 2. Living Conditions-- description of house, surrounding, source of drinking water, type of latrine, source of fuel 3. Government schemes employment scheme, pension scheme, housing scheme, credit programs, PDS and ration 4. Household asset details ownership of house, agricultural land and durables 5. Use of time of the ultra poor member 6. Women s mobility various measures 7. Political awareness and access to various functionaries 8. Physical health health status and health care 9. Hygiene conditions habits awareness and possessions 10. Dowry details for daughters and sons 11. Mental health depression, anxiety 12. Income details source and amount 13. Other financial details -- Loans and Savings 14. Social integration details participation in social activities 15. Monthly consumption expenditure item wise break up 16. Children related outcomes --use of time, school attendance and aspirations 1 Shamika_ravi@isb.edu 2 SKS document on eligibility criteria June 2007 (borrowed from BRAC) 3 Census Data 2006

2 1. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS: a) Religion (In percentages) Religion Treatment group Total sample (1066) Hindu Muslim Christian b) Caste (In percentages) Caste Treatment group Total sample (1066) BC OC SC ST c) Type of family (in percentages) Type of family Treatment group Total sample (1066) Nuclear Extended/stem Joint d) Size of household (In averages) Size of the household Treatment group Total sample (1066) No. of hh members No. of members > =14yrs No. of members <14 yrs e) Age of the ultra poor member (In percentages) Age range Treatment group Total sample (1066) Less than Greater than

3 f) Marital status of the member (In percentages) Marital status Treatment group Total sample (1066) Married Un married Divorced Deceased (widow) g) Educational status of the member (In percentages) Educational status Treatment group Total sample (1066) Literate Illiterate h) Disability: - Of the total sample, 6.10% of the members (65 members) reported some sort of disability (25 are from treatment group; 30 are from control group and 10 from dropouts). i) Occupational status of the member: Of the total sample, 93.25% (994 members) reported to have engaged in some sort of occupation. The distribution of members across various occupations are as follows: In percentages Occupational status Total sample (994) (411) (457) (126) Self employed agriculture Agricultural labor Non-agricultural labor Salaried employees Self employed non agr Others Total j) Migration details: 50 members (4.69%) including 24 from control group, 18 from treatment group and 8 from dropouts reported to have migrated to another place for earning livelihood during the last 12 months.

4 2. DESCRIPTION OF HOUSE, SURROUNDING, DRINKING WATER AND FUEL USE: a) Type of house (In percentages) Type of house Treatment group Total sample (1066) Pucca Kuchha Thatched The average number of rooms in the houses of the total sample is (the number for the treatment group is 1.52, for control group it is 1.59 and for dropouts it is 1.61) 2. Leakage during rains: 77.09% (of treatment group), 80.05% (of control group) and 81.06% (of dropouts) reported that their house leaks during rains. 3. Safety: 89.02% (of treatment group), 88.89% (of control group) and 96.7% (of dropouts) reported that their houses can be locked safely. 4. Livestock: 14.16% (of treatment group), 9.90% (of control group) and 13.14% (of dropouts) reported having livestock. But only 4.13% (of treatment group), 4.18% (of control group) and 5.15% (of dropouts) reported to have separate space (stable) to keep the livestock. b) Source of drinking water (In percentages) Source of drinking water Tap Well Tube well/ Hand pump Tank/Reservoir Shared source of drinking water: 94.04% (of treatment group), 94.82% (of control group) and 96.32% (of dropouts) share their source of drinking water with other households. 2. Share source of drinking water with animals: 12.81% (of treatment group), 11.93% (of control group) and 17.52% (of dropouts) are sharing their source of drinking water with animals. 3. Treat drinking water: 1.86% (of treatment group), 2.27% (of control group) and 5.11% (of dropouts) reported to treat the drinking water before using.

5 c) Type of Latrine: (In percentages) Type of latrine Open air latrine Septic Tank / Pit toilet d) Source of fuel: (In percentages) 1. Cooking: Source of fuel for cooking Coal Firewood LPG Kerosene Lightening: Source of fuel for lightening Kerosene Electricity Others BENEFICIARIES OF GOVERNMENT SCHEMES: a) Employment generating schemes (JRY/ NREGS): 39.5% of treatment group households, 30.25% of control group and 28.89% of the dropout households are beneficiaries of the employment generating schemes. b) Pension Scheme: 68.42% of treatment group, 60.09% of control group and 66.42% of dropouts are the beneficiaries of the pension scheme. c) Housing Scheme: 17.16% of treatment group, 14.83% f control group and 19.86% of dropouts are beneficiaries of government housing scheme. d) Subsidized Credit Programs: 2.28% of treatment group, 2.67% of control group and 1.46% of dropout households have access to subsidized loans. e) PDS (White/Anthyodaya cards): 92.47% of treatment households, 92.7% of control households and 94.16% of the dropouts are availing these benefits and holding these cards. f) BPL Rationing: 92.2% of treatment group, 91.39% of control and 93.43% of dropout households are availing benefits from BPL rationing.

6 4. HOUSEHOLD ASSET DETAILS: a) House ownership Ownership of Dwelling unit Own house Rented Relatives/Friend's house b) Agricultural Land: 38.27% of treatment group, 36.40% of control group and 35.51% of dropout households reported to own some sort of agricultural land. c) Other assets Ownership Name of the asset Television Telephone Electric fan Motorcycle Rickshaw Bullock cart Bicycle Radio/Transistor/Stereo Gas Sewing machine Chair/stool Cot Table Other furniture Watch/clock Utensils Jewelry Gold Silver Agricultural Implements Plough Pumping sets Trolley Other implements Poultry Livestock

7 4. USE OF TIME ( OF ULTRA POOR SELECTED MEMBER): Activity Dropout (139) Number* Avg. time Number* Avg. time Number* Avg. time (minutes/day) (minutes/day) (minutes/day) Collecting water Cooking Cleaning the home Cleaning or caring clothes Caring of young / elderly members Gathering fuel for cooking/lightening Shopping Political activities Watching TV / Listening to radio Working on own /leased in field Rearing on own / leased in animals Working on own business Working as an agricultural labor Working as a maid Working as a nonagricultural labor Any other work for payment * Number refers to the total number of ultra poor members who reported this activity. And average time spent refers to the number of minutes per day on an average for all the members who reported this activity.

8 6 a. WOMEN S MOBILITY Item Number* Avg. No. of times Number* Avg. No. of times In percentages Number* Avg. No. of times Went outside the village (during last one month) Times taken the bus (during last one month Visits to the parent s village (during last 12 months) Note: * It refers to the number of members who take up this activity and also reported the number of times they have been to. 6 b. Women s mobility Item Can go unescorted to parent s village Can go unescorted to next village Participation in SHG Separate financial assets In percentages POLITICAL AWARENESS AND ACCESS 7a.Political awareness In percentages S.No. Item 1. Reading newspaper Casted vote in the last elections for Gram Panchayat Approached the Ward member about the needs and issues of the village Approached the Gram Sarpunch about the needs and issues of the village Accomplishment of the purpose through Sarpunch/member

9 7b. Accessibility to political functionaries: 1. Ward member In percentages Degree of accessibility Respondent Very easy Easy Had to wait Had to come Failure back several times Treatment group ( 439) Dropout group Gram Sarpanch In percentages Degree of accessibility Respondent Very easy Easy Had to wait Had to come back Failure several times Treatment group ( 439) Dropout group PHYSICAL HEALTH 1. Ultra poor member State of Health condition over last year Dropout Improved Got worse No change

10 2. Household members Item/Issue Dropout Unable to work due to sickness(during last 30 days) 210 (47.84) 234 (47.85) 73 (52.90) Consulted doctor (during last 30 days) 214 (48.75) 226 (46.22) 61 (44.20) Any household member hospitalized (during last one year) 50 (11.39) 60 (12.27) 23 (16.67) Note: The numbers in the parentheses are the percentages of the respective figures. State of current ailment for which treatment has been sought Treatment group New one 62 (14.12) 79 (16.16) 13 (9.42) Recurring one 147 (33.49) 147 (30.06) 45 (32.61) Note: The numbers in the parentheses are the percentages of the respective figures. 3. Facilities/health care provider Type of facility (visited) Sub-center Primary health care centre Government district hospital Private Hospital NGO clinic Private qualified doctor Private compounder/nurse Private pharmacist Others Item/Issue Dropout Number* Estimate Number* Estimate Number* Estimate Avg number of days (of work) lost (during last one month) Average amount paid (Rs) How long this ailment bothering (avg no. of days) Average number of times visited the hospital (about this ailment) Note: * It refers to the number of member who reported.

11 9. HYGIENE CONDITIONS a. Habits In terms of percentage of households ISSUE Sample Everyone always Some do / No one does does (%) Some times (%) ever (%) 1. Wearing Sandals to the latrine Washing hands with soap/ash after using latrine In terms of percentage of households Sl. ISSUE Treatment Control Dropout No. group group 1. Use of sanitary napkins by the female members of the household Registering of child s birth Administering of vaccines to the children b. Awareness In terms of percentage of households Sl. No. ISSUE Treatment group Dropout 1. About water diseases About HIV/AIDS About the benefits of using Iodized salt About different family planning methods About public health services Benefits of administering vaccine to the children About different government schemes Note: The numbers in the parentheses are the percentages of the respective figures. In terms of percentage of households Ideal one to decide the timing Dropout of having children Father Mother Father and mother Others (grand parents/relatives)

12 Note: Around 8% of the respondents from each group have reported to have no response. In terms of percentage of households Sl. ISSUE Treatment Control Dropout No. group group 1. Awareness of punishment on the exchange of dowry (# of respondents) 2. Ideal # of children (average) Ideal age of marriage for a boy (average) Ideal age of marriage for a girl (average) Ideal lowest age to cast vote (average) c. Possession In terms of percentage of households Sl. No. ISSUE Dropout 1. Having soap in the house Possessing toothpaste and brush Having/using Iodized salt DOWRY ISSUE Dropout 1. Information related to the household having unmarried daughter No. of households In percentages Agreed to pay the dowry at the time of marriage In percentages Minimum amount of money to be paid as dowry (average in rupees) Maximum amount of money to be paid as dowry (average in rupees) Information related to the household having unmarried son No. of households In percentages Willing to take dowry In percentages Maximum expected dowry (average in rupees)

13 11. MENTAL HEALTH In terms of percentage of selected members ISSUE Sample Not at all Hardly ever All of the Some of the time time 1. I felt sad I cried a lot I did not feel like eating I did not feel like doing my work My sleep was restless % of treatment group members, 31.26% from control group and 28.68% from dropout reported to have undergone/going the feeling of worrisome, tension or anxiety for more than one month during last one year % of treatment group, 27.40% from control group and 23.91% from dropouts reported that they are still in such mental state. 4.56% of treatment group members, 4.30% from control group and 4.35% from dropouts reported to have visited health facility or seen a health provider for the reasons of worrisome, tense or anxious % of members from treatment group, 11.45% from control group and 19.56% from dropouts reported to be confident about the better future for their families; where as 15.26% of members from treatment group, 11.45% from control group and 9.42% from dropouts reported to have no expectations about the change in the situation; and 4.10% of the members from treatment group, 3.06% from control group and 4.34% from dropouts reported to be skeptical about their future and anticipated to have situation get worsened.

14 13.21% of the members from treatment group, 9.61% from control group and 4.34% from dropouts reported to have plans to do the things to make their lives better. 12. INCOME DETAILS: a. Total sample (1066): Source of income No. of households* (%) Average annual income (in Rs) Standard deviation Self employed Agriculture 158 (14.82) Agricultural labor 970 (90.99) Non agricultural labor 452 (42.40) Salaried employed 31 (2.91) Livestock 69 (6.47) Self employment 89 (8.35) Other sources 454 (42.59) Total annual income 1055 (98.57) * It refers to the number of households engaged in the corresponding activity. Note: The percentages have been calculated with respective to the total size of the group. There may be difference between the size of the group and the size (in terms of number) reported here, as some households (11 households in total sample) reported to have zero annual income. b. : Source of income No. of households* (%) Average annual income (in Rs) Standard deviation Self employed Agriculture 70 (15.95) Agricultural labor 405 (92.26) Non agricultural labor 175 (39.86) Salaried employed 8 (1.82) Livestock 31 (7.06) Self employment 34 (7.74) Other sources 207 (47.15) Total annual income 436 (99.32) * It refers to the number of households engaged in the corresponding activity.

15 c. : Source of income No. of households* (%) Average annual income (in Rs) Standard deviation Self employed Agriculture 71 (14.52) Agricultural labor 445 (91.00) Non agricultural labor 218 (44.58) Salaried employed 15 (3.07) Livestock 21 (4.29) Self employment 44 (9.00) Other sources 186 (38.04) Total annual income 481 (98.36) * It refers to the number of households engaged in the corresponding activity. d. Dropout : Source of income # Of households* (%) Average annual income (in Rs) Standard deviation Self employed Agriculture 17 (12.32) Agricultural labor 120 (86.96) Non agricultural labor 59 (42.75) Salaried employed 8 (5.80) Livestock 17 (12.32) Self employment 11 (7.92) Other sources 61 (44.20) Total annual income 138 (100.00) * It refers to the number of households engaged in the corresponding activity. 13. OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION a. Loans: Group Percentage of households (who reported to have loan outstanding) Average amount of loan outstanding (In rupees)

16 Source of loan In percentages Source of loan Dropout Relatives Commercial bank Grameen bank (RRB) SHG/Savings group Money lender Friend Neighbor Shopkeeper Cooperative Others MFI b. Savings: 59.45% of the households from treatment group, 49.48% from control group and 57.24% from dropouts reported that they are saving through some channel. They are as follows: Channel of savings: In percentages (79) Channel of savings (261) (242) Bank Post office Piggy bank SHG/savings group At a reliable person others

17 14. SOCIAL INTEGRATION In terms of number of members Committee/club Participant Position holder Participant Position holder Participant Position holder Traditional village committee Caste committee Temple/Church/Mosque Women s organization / Cooperative, savings group NGO Youth club Bhajan mandal Political party Others Only, 7.06 of the members from treatment group, 8.38% from control group and 2.90% are from dropouts reported that they attended the last Panchayat meeting (grama sabha). Only 3.64%, 4.50% and 2.17% of the members from treatment, control and dropout group respectively, reported that they have attended the last ward meeting. 1.14% of the members from treatment, 2.04% from control and1.45% from dropouts reported that they were the victim of crime during last one year % of the members from treatment group, 94.27% from control group and 92.03% from dropout groups reported to command respect among their family members % of the members from treatment group, 95.09% from control group and 94.93% of the members from dropout groups reported to command respect from the fellow members of their village % of the members from the treatment group, 74.64% from the control group and 71.74% from dropouts reported that their all villagers can be trusted, where as 17.31% from treatment, 21.06% from control and 21.74% from dropouts reported that only some of their villagers can be trusted. Only 65.60%, 67.69% and 71.01% of the members from treatment, control and dropout groups respectively reported that they do discuss their personal issues with someone outside their close family members.

18 15. HOUSEHOLD MONTHLY CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE Item Number* (%) Avg. monthly expense (in Rupees) Food expense 435 (99.09) Fuel expense 435 (99.09) Other expense 435 (99.09) Tobacco/Alcohol 152 (34.62) Medical 422 (96.13) Educational 223 (50.80) Total Expense 439 (100.00) Number* (%) Avg. monthly expense (in Rupees) 489 (100.00) (99.39) (99.80) (33.33) (93.66) (50.10) (100.00) Number* (%) Avg. monthly expense (in Rupees) 138 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (34.78) (92.75) (44.93) (100.00)

19 16. CHILDREN RELATED OUTCOMES a. Use of time: Activity Number* (%) Avg. time (minutes/day) Number* (%) Avg. time (minutes/day) Number* (%) Avg. time (minutes/day) Collecting water (26.42) (24.54) (21.01) Cooking/ helping to 61 cook (13.90) (12.27) (10.87) Cleaning home 77 (17.54) (16.56) (12.32) Cleaning or caring hhd s clothes 42 (9.57) (8.59) (7.25) Caring kids/elderly people 18 (4.10) (5.32) (3.62) Gathering fuel 7 (1.59) (1.43) (2.90) Shopping Watching TV / Listening radio Working on own / leased in field Tending own/ leased in animals Working for own business Working as agricultural labor Working as maid Working as nonagricultural labor Any other work for pay Playing with other children Studying outside the school Any other activity 20 (4.56) (4.09) (3.62) (11.62) (14.11) (9.42) (0.68) (0.41) (0.72) (2.05) (0.82) (2.90) (0.46) (0.41) (0.00) (3.19) (3.07) (0.72) (1.14) (0.61) (0.00) (2.73) (2.25) (0.72) (0.23) (1.43) (0.00) (0.91) (2.25) (0.72) (29.84) (26.79) (27.54) (1.37) (1.64) (0.72) 2.00 Note: 1. * It refers to the number of members who take up this activity and also reported that amount of time they spent on the particular activity. 2. Average time has been expressed in terms of minutes per day.

20 Activity b. Attendance of the school going children: Number of days attended the school during last week Number* Avg. time Number* Avg. time Number* Avg. time (%) (%) (%) 133 (30.30) (28.02) (28.99) Note: 1. * It refers to the number of members who take up this activity and also reported that number of days they spent on the particular activity. 2. Average time has been expressed in terms of number of days. c. Aspirations for future of their children: 73.58% of the members from treatment group, 71.57% from control group and 69.57% from dropouts reported that they have children whose age is less than 19 years. Of them, Aspiration of the member over their child by their age of 25 years (323) In percentages* (350) In percentages* (96) In percentages* House wife Regular employee Whatever in-laws want Note: * These percentages are calculated with respect to the number of members (from each group) who reported to have children aged less than 19 years. And they may not make up to 100% as some members have either not responded to this particular question or don t have any specific aspiration. Of those who reported to have children, 87.62% of the members from treatment group reported to have a plan to see their children get married at the age of years. Of those who reported to have children, 85.43% of the members from control group reported to have a plan to see their children get married at the age of years. Of those who reported to have children, 83.33% of the members from the dropouts group reported to have a plan to see their children get married at the age of 20.9 years. Of those who reported to have children, 24.15% members from treatment group, 18.57% from control group and 20.83% members from dropouts reported to have aspiration to see their children as village surpanch. 5.75

21 d. Aspiration for children s level of education Highest level of education aspired for the children (323) (350) (96) No. of Percentage No. of Percentage No.of Percentage members* members* members* 2 nd Class th class th class th class th class th class th class th class Intermediate Graduation Post-graduation Note: The percentages have been calculated with respect to the number of members from each group that reported to have children aged less than 19 years. * Number of members that reported respective aspiration. Expectation from the education Getting job Becoming wiser Will not help (323) In percentages* (350) In percentages* (96) In percentages* Note: * These percentages are calculated with respect to the number of members (from each group) who reported to have children aged less than 19 years. And they may not make up to 100% as some members have either not responded to this particular question or don t have any specific aspiration.