CHAPTER 5 DATA ANALYSIS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING

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1 CHAPTER 5 DATA ANALYSIS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING 96

2 Chapter 5 : Table of Contents Chapter-4 Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing Page No. 5.1 Introduction Profile of NGOs Profile of Women Beneficiaries Profile of Family of Women Beneficiaries Testing of Hypotheses

3 Chapter 5 Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing 5.1 Introduction As mentioned in Research Methodology, Researcher contacted 15 representatives of NGOs and 355 women beneficiaries associated with these NGOs. The findings of the Research Survey are presented below. 5.2 Profile of NGOs Demography (Age & Sex) Age & Sex of the Respondent: Yrs. Male / Female (Annexure I: Qn. No. 3) Table No Age & Sex of the Respondent Male Female No. of Respondents 53.3 % 46.7 % Average Age 39.3 Years Graph : Sex of the Respondents Respondents of NGOs 53.3% Male Female 46.7% Respondent profile of NGOs was found to be little bit dominated by males representing 53.3 % as against females with 46.7 %. The average age was observed as 39.3 years ranging from as young as 27 years and seniors with 52 years. 98

4 5.2.2 Position in NGO Position of the Respondent: (Annexure I: Qn. No. 2) Researcher met various types of persons from Founder, President, Chairman to Director as well as Manager appointed by NGOs. Majority of persons (40 %) were Chairmen, followed by Founders (20 %). Directors and Managers were in the equal range of 13.3 %. President and other category were to the tune of 6.7 % each Area of Operation Area of Operation (Outreach) of NGO (Pl. tick mark ( ) Local / City / Taluka / District / State / All India (Annexure I: Qn. No. 7) Researcher has defined 6 types of areas starting lowest with Local and going through City, Taluka, District, State and Finally all India Level. The survey revealed following picture: Table No Area of operation of NGOs S.N. Area of Operation No. of NGOs (%) 1 Local City Taluka District State All India 0 99

5 Graph No : Area of operation of NGOs NGOs Area of Operation 34% 13% 13% 20% 20% Local City Taluka District State It is clear from the table that majority of NGOs are working at District level, followed by City and Taluka level. Equal share is seen by NGOs working at Local and State Levels. Survey could not show any contact of NGO working on all India basis. The same is also presented in a pie-diagram shown above Working For Do you work for Only Women / Only Men / Both Women & Men (Annexure I: Qn. No. 8) Survey observed that 80 % of NGOs were working for both Men and Women where as only 20 % were working strictly for women Nature of Working Nature of working of NGO (Pl. tick mark ( ) Social Religious Social & Religious Self Help Group Social & SHG Any Other (Annexure I: Qn. No. 9) 100

6 Table : Nature of working of NGOs Nature of Working % Response Social 40 Social & Religious 6.7 Social & SHG 93.3 SHG 40 Other 20 Graph No : Nature of working of NGOs Nature of Working Other 20 SHG 40 Social & SHG 93.3 Social & Religious 6.7 Social Response Percent It is seen through the survey that 93.3 % of NGOs are working for social works but through the formation of Self Help Groups (SHG) of women, 40 % are working only for social works and equal no. is also working only for SHGs where as only 6.7% are working for Social and Religious works. 20% NGOs treat themselves to work for Other works which is not specified by them Marketing of Government Programmes Which of the following welfare programmes of Govt. Of India are marketed by you? Awareness Generation Programme Condensed course of Education for women National Mission for empowerment of women (NMEW) 101

7 Coordination of activities of cooperatives for assistance and relief everywhere (CARE) Support to training & employment programme (STEP) Any other (Pl specify) (Annexure I: Qn. No. 10) Table Marketing of Government Welfare Programmes S.N. Welfare Programme No. of NGOs (%) 1 Awareness Generation (AG) Condensed course of Education (CCE) NMEW CARE 0 5 STEP Others 46.7 Graph No : Marketing of Govt. Welfare Programmes. % R e s p o n s e Marketing of Govt. Programmes AG CCE NMEW CARE STEP Others Govt. Welfare Programme NMEW = National Mission for Empowerment of Women CARE = Coordination of Activities of co-operatives for assistance and Relief Everywhere STEP = Support to Training & Employment Programme 102

8 As mentioned in the Chapter 1 (1.7.1 & 1.7.2), Government of India, through Ministry of Women & Child undertakes various programmes for the development of Women & Child. Researcher confined herself to only 5 programmes which are devoted for Women only to understand the weightage given by NGOs for the implementation of the same. The responses received are recorded above. The table above reveals that NGOs are taking more efforts in generating the awareness in women regarding various Programmes of Govt. of India. Other programmes also appear to be more interesting to NGOs followed by Condensed course on Education & STEP programmes. It also clearly shows that CARE programme is not at all cared by NGOs. The reasons for this needs to be investigated Receipt of Govt. Aid Does your NGO receive Govt. Aid / Grant? Yes / No (Annexure I: Qn. No. 11) Though the organisations are termed as NGOs, 26.3 % organisations receive Government Aid while balance 73.3 % do not receive such aid To improve Social Condition Welfare Program organised by NGO to improve Social conditions of women. Religious Functions Health Program Patriotic Functions Exhibitions Aids in Emergency Legal Consultancy Govt. Schemes Family Functions Any other (Annexure I: Qn. No. 12) 103

9 Table Welfare Programmes for Improvement of Social Conditions S.N. Programme No. of NGOs (%) 1 Religious Functions Health Programmes Patriotic Functions Exhibitions Aid in Emergency Legal Consultancy Govt. Schemes Family Functions Others 20.0 Graph No Welfare Programmes for Improvement in Social Conditions 120 Welfare Programmes to Improve Social Conditions % s NGOs use their Market Intelligence and organize various programmes to bring women at a common platform so as to increase and /or improve their social 104

10 contacts. Researcher listed such nine (9) reasons and choices opted by NGOs are tabulated above. Among various programmes organized for the improvement of Social conditions of women, Govt. Schemes topped the list with a score of 100 %, followed by Health Programmes & Legal Consultancy with individual score of 86.7 % each, Exhibitions ranked at no. three with a score of 66.7 %, Family Functions with 40 % score, Aid in emergency with 33.3 % score and Patriotic Functions & other functions with each of 20 % score. These scores in the decreasing order are depicted in the above Bar Diagram To improve Economic Condition Welfare Programmes organised by NGO to improve Economic conditions of women. Sale Campaign Sub Contracting Form SHGs Provide H/H articles Temporary Loans Any Other (Annexure I: Qn. No. 13) Table Programmes for Improvement of Economic Conditions S.N. Programme No. of NGOs (%) 1 Sale Campaign Sub Contracting of Jobs Formation of SHGs Provide H/H articles Temporary Loans Others

11 Graph No Welfare Programmes for Improvement in Economic Conditions Welfare Programmes to Improve Economic Conditions P e r c e n t a g e s Similar to Social Conditions, Researcher also made an attempt to probe for the improvement of Economic Conditions. Five such programme options were given by the Researcher and preferences were to be chosen by NGOs. The choices made by the NGOs are as shown above. Out of the various programmes listed above, Formation of SHGs appears to be the only programmes which gives NGOs 100% success for the improvement of Economic condition of women. Arranging Sale campaign (80 %) of the products prepared by women directly helps them to convert the articles into liquid cash, giving direct financial help by way of temporary loans (73.3 %) also helps women to bridge the gap of Finance, Providing Household articles (53.3 %) appears to be another preference opted by NGOs and accepted by women, Subcontracting jobs to women does not appear to be much successful (6.7 %) as revealed by survey. Some other programmes (20 %) conducted by NGOs are also found useful to improve the economic conditions. These figures are also graphically shown as above. 106

12 To outreach Women Groups Marketing Strategies adopted / Methods adopted to outreach women Groups. Use of Brochures Advt. In Newspapers Arrange Workshops Use of Local TV channels Advertisement on Radio Word of Mouth Invite Celebrities Use of Posters Websites Any other (pl. Specify) (Annexure I: Qn. No. 14) Table Marketing Strategies adopted to reach to Women Groups S.N. Programme No. of NGOs (%) 1 Use of Brochures Word of Mouth Newspaper Advt Invite Celebrities Arrange workshops Use of Posters Local TV channel Websites Radio Advt Any Other

13 Graph No Marketing Strategies adopted to reach to Women Groups Marketing Strategies Adopted by NGOs P e r c e n t a g e s Word of Mouth Workshops Posters Brochures Celebrities Website Others To organize or to conduct various programmes NGOs are first required to reach their desired audience or designated persons or women groups in the present case. To achieve this NGOs apply various market strategies. Various strategies were thought of by the Researcher and listed in the questionnaire. The preferences given to these strategies by NGOs are tabulated above. It is needless to say from the above table that word of mouth & Arranging workshops are proved to be the two most successful strategies, followed by use of posters. The next comparatively significant strategy appears to be use of brochures. All other strategies are seemed to be practically negligible effective. Advertisements in Newspapers, Local TV Channel and on Radio are totally not opted by NGOs as they could be costlier and may not be affordable & also not cost effective. The graphical presentation in their descending order is as above. 108

14 5.3 Profile of Women Beneficiaries Introduction Researcher contacted 355 women beneficiaries spread over all talukas of Pune District associated with the NGOs. The findings of these contacts are as under Age & Marital Status Age of the Respondent: Yrs. Married / Unmarried / Widow (Annexure II: Qn. No. 2(a) & 2(b) ) The average age of all respondents was observed to be years, ranging from lowest as 22 years and maximum as 58 years. It was also observed % women were married, 7.04 % women were widow while only 0.85 % women were found to single at the time of survey Literacy of Women Educational Status Illiterate / Primary / HSC / Graduate (Annexure II: Qn. No. 3) Table Literacy level of Beneficiary Women S.N. Level of Education No. of Women (%) 1 Illiterate 20 2 Primary 67 3 HSC 9 4 Graduate 4 Total

15 Graph No Literacy level of Beneficiary Women Literacy Level 67% Illiterate Primary HSC Graduate 20% 4% 9% During the survey it was observed that, two out of three women had completed their education (67 %) up to primary level only, 9 % women were educated up to twelfth (XII) standard, where as 4 % women were graduate and only 20 % were totally illiterate. Thus the literacy level was observed to be at 80%. The table below summarizes this data Duration of Association with NGOs Since when you are associated with this NGO? Years :.. Months:. (Annexure II: Qn. No. 4) The survey revealed that the average association of women with NGOs was found to be exceeding five years more precisely 61 months. With minimum of one month (recently associated) and maximum of 168 months 14 years. 110

16 5.3.5 Purpose of Association Reasons for Joining the NGO: Self Employment / Getting Loan / Improving Social Status (Annexure II: Qn. No. 5) Table Purpose of Joining NGOs S.N. Purpose of Joining NGO No. of Women (%) 1 Self Employment Getting Loan Improving Social Status 59.2 Graph No Purpose of Joining NGOs Purpose of Joining NGO 59.2 % 8.4 % Self Employment To Get Loan Social Status 32.4 % Researcher asked the beneficiary women their purpose in being associated with the NGOs. Responses of women show that their main purpose appears to be improving their social status, followed by receiving financial aid and Self Employment. The figures of responses are tabulated as under. 111

17 This also indicates the fact that women prefer to their Social status (59.2 %) than to their Financial Status (40.8 %). It may be noted that the above percentages include more than one responses opted by women. 5.4 Profile of Family of Women Beneficiaries Total Number of Members No. of persons in the family: Total: Male:... Female:... (Annexure II: Qn. No. 6) Table Distribution of Family Size Family Size No. of Families % to Total Total To understand the social & economic condition, it is necessary to understand the current status of family members. Researcher therefore collected information on total number of persons in the family including number of males and females. It was found that the average number of persons of these 355 families was found to 112

18 be 5.81, with average males equal to 2.53 and that of females of The distribution of these families as per their family size is shown in the above table: It is clear from the above table that the family size ranges from a singleton member to a joint family of nine members. The majority concentrates at size of 5 members, followed by 4 and 6. Nearly 74 % families have family size of 4 to Earning Members No. of Earning Persons: Total: Male:... Female:... (Annexure II: Qn. No. 7) The average number of earning persons in the family, of size 5.81, was observed to be Male earning members were 1.49 against that of females were Survey also indicated that average number of dependents were of the order of It is also seen in the survey that out of 355 families surveyed, 189 families have female earning members Present Employment Status Present Occupation o o o o o o Housewife Labour Technical Job Service Shop / Business Student / Retired / Unemployed (Annexure II: Qn. No. 8) 113

19 Table Present Employment Status S.N. Nature of Occupation No. of Women (%) 1 Housewife 46 2 Labour 33 3 Service 8 4 Shop / Business 11 5 Technical Job & Others 2 Graph No Employment Status of Women Employment Status 11% 33% 8% 2% Household Labor Business Service Other 46% As reported in the survey, it showed that out of 355 women surveyed, 165 women (46.5 %) were housewives, 28 women (7.9 %) were serving somewhere, 118 women (33.2 %) were working as labors on daily wages type, 38 women (10.7 %) had their family business, while only 6 women reported that they were self employed. The status of women, ignoring negligible share, is shown in the above pie-chart. 114

20 5.5.4 Financial Status (Monthly Income) Approximate Monthly Income: Current: Rs... Before Joining NGO : Rs.. (Annexure II: Qn. No. 9) Table Distribution of Changes in Family Income SN Present Monthly Family Income (Rs.) No. of Families % age to Total Present Average Income (Rs.) Previous Average Income (Rs.) % Increase in Income 1 Up to ,812 4, ,000 14, ,922 6, ,000 19, ,890 8, ,000 24, ,200 13, ,000 29, ,000 20, ,000-34, ,143 23, ,000 and above ,429 30, Overall , Notes: 1. Income figures as reported by respondents. 2. While calculating Previous Average Income, same numbers of families are considered. 3. All average income figures are Actual Averages and NOT Mid Values of income classes. 115

21 Graph No Financial Status (Monthly Family Income) Family Income & No. of Families (%) 35 % F a m i l i e s Average Monthly Income (000) Rs. To investigate whether joining NGO helps to increase economical status, Researcher asked all women about their previous and current monthly income. Being a sensitive issue, assuming the responses received are true, the changes seen in their Monthly income are shown in the above table. As such the above table is self-explanatory to conclude that irrespective of income class or range, there is an increase in the income after joining NGO. Thus NGOs prove themselves responsible to increase the Economic Condition of women. The higher increase is seen in the lower income range and is lowered as income category gets increased. The graphical presentation of these facts is shown above. 116

22 5.5.5 Improvement in Social Status After getting associated with this NGO, I noticed following Social improvement: My family members treat me more respectfully than in the past. Positive change in attitude of neighbouring people.(treat more respectfully) I have created my own identity I am supported and protected by others in the activity undertaken by me. My opinions are valued by others. My level of confidence has been markedly increased. Any other (Pl specify)... (Annexure II: Qn. No. 10) Table Nature of Social Improvement SN Type of Response % of Women 1 Respectful Treatment from Family Members Positive change in neighbours treatment Created my Own Identity I am supported and protected by others in the activity undertaken by me. 5 My opinions are valued by others My level of confidence has been markedly increased. Overall Improvement

23 Graph No Social Improvement Social Improvement Overall Improvement Level of Confidence Created Own Identity Opinions are Valued Treatment from Family Neighbours Treatment Support by others Percent of Women Researcher, during the survey, had asked the question about the changes they felt after being associated with the NGOs about the social relations from inside as well as outside the house. A very positive response was received in answering this question. These responses are compiled in the above table. The above table shows that NGOs has caused or became instrumental in increasing the social condition of women to a definitely significant level, since the overall improvement is to the tune of 59 %. It is worth noting that the highest score (89.86%) received by Increase in Level of Confidence followed by Creating own identity (85.51%) are two important psychological aspects which have taken place due to association of these women with NGOs which are lifelong benefits. Receiving value to our opinions by others, develops or creates leadership qualities which automatically effects in getting support & protection by others as is seen through the survey. Researcher, therefore, is of the opinion that NGOs help women in improving Social Condition. These details are graphically shown above. 118

24 5.5.6 Improvement in Economic Status After getting associated with this NGO, following Economic are noticed by me: Improvements It enabled me to purchase little costlier items such as mobile phone, Computer for my family. I could add needy house-hold items wich I could not buy before. Purchase of a vehicle and / or TV was materialised Items increasing quality of education for my kids became possible for me. I can Financially help to my needy friends Any other (Pl specify)... (Annexure II: Qn. No. 11) Table Nature of Economic Improvement SN Opinions of Women % of Women 1 It enabled me to purchase little costlier items such as mobile phone, Computer for my (A) family. 2 I could add needy house-hold items which I could not buy before. (B) 3 Purchase of a vehicle and / or TV was materialised (C) 4 Items increasing quality of education for my kids became possible for me. (D) 5 I can Financially help to my needy friends (E) Overall Improvement (O) 119

25 Graph No Nature of Economic Improvement Nature of Economic Improvement % R e s p o n s e A B C D E O (Notes of A B C D E & O, Pl refer above Table) Similar to Social status, Researcher also probed in economic status of women during the survey. Changes felt by women, after their association with NGOs, regarding their economic or financial status was also frankly told to the Researcher. Their opinions, similar to above, are tabulated above. In the light of above table, Researcher can claim that NGOs were successful in improving the Financial / Economic Status of % women families. According to the above opinions, % women could satisfy their previous needs of purchasing household items, for % women it was possible for them to fulfill the requirements of educational needs, in case of 68.45% women they could manage to purchase little costlier items which was not possible earlier, purchasing a vehicle or a Television set which could be a dream came in reality in case of 43.66% of women. After fulfilling our family needs, 61.97% women helped their friends for their economic needs. All this became possible due to NGOs is the comment of major portion of women. 120

26 5.5.7 Preferences of Benefits Rank the Benefits enjoyed by you: Social Recognition. Greater Exposure to Outside world Increase in Income (Economic Development) Economic Freedom. (Annexure II: Qn. No. 12) Table Preferences to Benefits received from NGOs SN Type of Benefit Received % of Women to Preference Social Recognition Greater Exposure to Outside world Increase in Income (Economic Development) Economic Freedom Researcher at the end, had asked the question to mention the preferences for the benefits received by them due to association with NGOs. Four options on socio- Economic aspects were given. Various priorities given by the respondents were compiled and the above picture is seen. From the above table top preferences are given to benefits of Social Recognition and then to Economic Freedom. Exposure to outside world does not appear to be sensitive to all women taking into considerations rating received to it. It is also seen that Economic Freedom is more preferred to Increase in Income. This also shows the awareness is being generated in the women on the facts of Socio- Economic aspects in the day-to-day life. This also proves the success of NGOs. 121

27 5.5 Testing of Hypotheses Validity and Reliability The current data set was subject to validity and reliability tests, which yielded high coefficients as indicated by Cronbach s alpha of 89.2%. This denotes that the current data set used for the analysis is greatly reliable Hypothesis 1: Marketing of Welfare programmes by NGO is responsible to reach and improve socio-economic conditions of women. In order to test the hypothesis, normal and alternative hypothesis were set as: Ho: Marketing of Welfare programmes by NGO is not responsible to reach and improve socio-economic conditions of women. H 1 : Marketing of Welfare programmes by NGO is responsible to reach and improve socio-economic conditions of women. Rationale behind Statistical Test: To prove the effect or importance of Marketing on the development, Researcher assumes the simple equation as No marketing means No Improvement. Let μ denotes the average score of marketing of population and M denotes that of sample, then μ = 0 implies no marketing. Hence hypotheses will be reframed as: Ho : μ = μ 0 (Normal hypothesis) ( Absence of Marketing) and H 1 : μ > μ 0 (Alternative hypothesis) (Presence of Marketing) In the present case No Marketing means μ 0 = 0. Using sample data, Researcher will test the hypothesis with an expectation of rejection of Normal hypothesis. For this purpose Researcher uses following Test Statistics: t = 122

28 which will be compared with Student s t distribution with n-1 degrees of freedom. Where M = Sample mean (Average) of Marketing efforts S = Sample standard deviation n = Sample size In the present case μ 0 = 0. Means No Marketing Efforts. Putting the appropriate values from the sample data t = = / = The table value (critical value) of t for 15-1 = 14 degrees of freedom and at 5 % level of significance is given as As the calculated value of t is greater than the critical value of t ( > 1.761), the normal hypothesis is rejected or Alternative hypothesis is accepted. i.e. No Marketing effect is rejected. Rejection of this normal hypothesis or acceptance of alternative hypothesis indicates that Marketing of Welfare programmes by NGO is responsible to reach and improve socio-economic conditions of women. Researcher reconfirmed the above result by using another statistical tests viz. Mann-Whitney test (or U Test) which gave the same results. The detailed test is given below: Hypothesis 1: Marketing of Welfare programmes by NGO is responsible to reach and improve socio-economic conditions of women. 123

29 Rationale behind Statistical Test: To prove the effect of Marketing in improving Social & Economical conditions of women, Researcher assumes the simple equation as No marketing means No Improvement. Hence hypotheses will be reframed as: In order to test the hypothesis, normal and alternative hypotheses were set as: Ho: There is No effect of Marketing of Welfare programmes in improving Social & Economic conditions of women. H 1 : There is effect of Marketing of Welfare programmes in improving Social & Economic conditions of women. To test this hypothesis, Researcher applied Mann-Whitney test (or U Test) For this purpose following steps were carried out: 1. Scores for Social Improvement were considered as Sample 1 2. Scores for Economic Improvement were considered as Sample 2 3. These scores were ranked jointly, taking them as belonging to a single sample, in increasing order of magnitude and removing the ties as per standard procedure laid down for the said test. 4. Researcher then found the sum of ranks assigned to values to first sample (Say R S ) and also the sum of ranks assigned to values to second sample (Say R E ). 5. Then worked out the value of test statistic U by the formula U = n 1 xn 2 + ( ) - RS Where n1 and n2 are the sample sizes and R S is the sum of ranks assigned to the values of the first sample (Social score). Mean of U is given as Mean = (n 1 n 2 ) / 2 and Standard Deviation as S.D. of U = σ = ( ) As per the calculation sheet various values are: n 1 = 15 Sample size of first sample n 2 = 15 Sample size of second sample R S = and R E =

30 Substituting the respective values in the formula, following results were obtained: U = 61.5 Mean of U = S.D. of U = As the sample sizes (15 each) are greater than 8, U follows Normal Distribution. Keeping level of significance at 5%, the Z value for area (95 % acceptance region) under the normal curve is 1.96, researcher got following limits of acceptance region. Upper Limit = Mean of U x S.D. of U = x = = Lower Limit = Mean of U x S.D. of U = x = = Calculated value of U = 61.5 does not fall in the acceptance region hence Researcher rejects the hypothesis saying There is no effect of Marketing in improving social and economic conditions of women. This indicates Marketing activity is responsible or has positive effect in improving social and economic conditions of women. Researcher also calculated value U using R E in the formula: U = n 1 xn 2 + ( ) RE = 15 x 15 + (15 x16) / = This value if U also falls outside of the acceptance region (beyond upper limit ), thus rejecting the hypothesis. Thus the result of the above hypothesis is reconfirmed. 125

31 5.5.2 Hypothesis 2: Success of a welfare programme depends on the marketing strategy adopted by NGOs. In order to test the hypothesis, normal and alternative hypothesis were set as: Ho : Success of a welfare programme does not depend on the marketing strategy adopted by NGOs. H 1 : Success of a welfare programme depends on the marketing strategy adopted by NGOs. Rationale behind Statistical Test: Marketing of welfare schemes by NGOs, is achieved using various strategies. These were enlisted in the questionnaire and one of the strategy viz. formation of SHGs shows 100 % success. Women under survey have been associated with NGOs through SHGs which had become instrumental in improving their Economical Status, as seen from their monthly incomes. Researcher, therefore, compared this improvement using Paired Sample t-test (at 5 % level of significance). Thus, revised hypothesis is: Ho : I A I B where I denotes monthly income, A denotes after association with NGOs and B denotes before joining NGOs and H 1 : I A > I B The average monthly income of women after association with NGOs has been noticed to be improved as per Table No Researcher expects this fact should be proved statistically by Rejection of Ho. Test Result: Microsoft Excel Output is copied below: 126

32 t-test: Paired Two Sample for Means After Before Mean Variance Observations Pearson Correlation Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 354 t Stat P(T<=t) one-tail E-77 t Critical one-tail P(T<=t) two-tail E-77 t Critical two-tail As value of t Stat (25.183) is much greater than the t Critical value (1.6491) at 354 degrees of freedom, the Normal hypothesis is rejected (at 5 % level of significance). This implies that Success of a welfare programme depends on the marketing strategy adopted by NGOs. Researcher reconfirmed the above hypothesis by using another statistical test viz. McNemer Test which gave the same result. The detailed test is given below: Ho : Success of a welfare programme does not depend on the marketing strategy adopted by NGOs. H 1 : Success of a welfare programme depends on the marketing strategy adopted by NGOs. Rationale behind Statistical Test: Marketing of welfare schemes by NGOs, is achieved using various strategies. These were enlisted in the questionnaire and one of the strategies viz. formation of SHGs shows 100 % success. Women under survey have been associated with NGOs through SHGs which had become instrumental in improving their Economical Status, as seen from their monthly incomes. Researcher, therefore, compared this improvement using McNemer Test. (An extension of Chi Square Test at 5 % level of significance). Thus, revised hypothesis is: 127

33 Ho : Marketing Strategy is not responsible to change Economic Improvement. H 1 : Marketing Strategy is responsible to change Economic Improvement. For this testing no. of women below and above average income were grouped, before and after joining NGOs. These numbers were put in the standard formula of McNemer Test and value of Chi square was calculated. Table for McNemer Test. Monthly Income After Monthly Income Before Joining NGO Joining NGO Above Average Below Average Below Average 161 (A) 89 (B) Above Average 40 (C) 65 (D) Chi Square ( 2 ) = ( ) ( ) with d.f. = 1 = ( ) 2 / = 9025 / 226 = The value of Chi Square for 1 degree of freedom at 5 % level of significance is The calculated value of 2 is which is greater than the table value indicating rejection of Normal hypothesis. Researcher therefore concludes that Marketing Strategy is responsible to change Economic Improvement Hypothesis # 3 Socio-economic conditions and demographic variables are associated with each other. In order to test the hypothesis, normal and alternative hypothesis were set as: H o : Socio-economic conditions and demographic variables are not associated with each other. 128

34 H 1 : Socio-economic conditions and demographic variables are associated with each other. To prove this association of variables, Researcher adopted Chi Square Test the details of which are as under: Chi-Square Test Chi-Square ( 2 ) Test is also used to study the association between attributes. In such cases the expected frequencies are the independent values of the classes, calculated on the assumptions that the attributes in question are independent of each other. In the present sample, the application of Chi-square Test is based on the following assumption : If the opinions of respondents on both the parameters under study are unbiased, then it must follow a normal distribution. In other words, 50% observations are expected to be below average and balance 50% should be above average. For this purpose following steps were followed : a) The scores of the women for the given parameter were studied and its average was calculated. The scores then were arranged in an increasing order. The number of respondents below the average was counted and noted. Similarly number of respondents above average was also counted and noted. b) The no. of observations below and above average was noted for each category / parameter. c) The Researcher then arrived at the following 2 X 2 contingency table. 129

35 Table Contingency Table Attribute 2 No. of Observations Attribute 1 Below Average & Average Above Total Below Average ( A ) ( B ) ( A + B ) Average & Above ( C ) ( D ) ( C + D ) Total ( A + C ) ( B + D ) ( N = A + B + C + D) d) Chi-square was then calculated using the standard formula N ( AD BC ) 2 2 = ( A+B ) ( C+D ) ( A+C ) ( B+D ) e) Degrees of Freedom ( d. f. ) = (R -1 ) (C 1) Where R = No. of Rows C = No. of columns Basic Hypothesis : No Association Exists OR Both Parameters are Independent. Critical value of Chi Square ( 2 ) for 1 d.f. at 5 % level of significance = To check association between Socio-Economic Improvement and Demographic variables (i) Age of a woman Vs. Status of Social Improvement. 130

36 Table Association of Age and Social Improvement No. of Observations (Social Improvement) Age of a woman (Average Score = 3.57) (Avg Yrs) Below Above Average Average Total Below Average Above Average Total Calculated Value of 2 = < Critical Value Hypothesis Accepted implying Association of Age & Social Improvement Does Not Exist. Conclusion: Age of a woman and her Social Improvement are Independent. (ii) Education of a woman Vs. Status of Social Improvement. Table Association of Education and Social Improvement No. of Observations (Social Improvement) Education of a woman (Average Score = 3.57) (Avg. HSC) Below Above Average Average Total Below HSC HSC & Above Total Calculated Value of 2 = < Critical Value Hypothesis Accepted implying Association of Education & Social Improvement Does Not Exist. Conclusion: Education of a woman and her Social Improvement are Independent. 131

37 (iii) Age of a woman Vs. Status of Economic Improvement. Table Association of Age and Economic Improvement No. of Observations (Economic Improvement) Age of a woman (Average Score = 2.30) (Avg Yrs) Below Above Average Average Total Below Average Above Average Total Calculated Value of 2 = > Critical Value Hypothesis Rejected implying Association of Age & Economic Improvement EXISTS Conclusion: Age of a woman and her Economic Improvement are Associated. (iv) Education of a woman Vs. Status of Economic Improvement. Table Association of Education and Economic Improvement No. of Observations (Economic Improvement) Education of a woman (Average Score = 2.30) (Avg. HSC) Below Above Average Average Total Below HSC Above HSC Total Calculated Value of 2 = < Critical Value Hypothesis Accepted implying Association of Education & Economic Improvement Does not Exist. Conclusion: Education of a woman and her Economic Improvement are Independent 132

38 Summary of Hypothesis # 3 The relations between Socio-Economic improvements and demographic variables are tabulated below: Table Summary results of various Associations Demographic Parameter Socio-Economic Parameter Social Economical Age No Yes Education No No 133

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