MUNICIPAL BOND CREDIT REPORT Third Quarter 2016 RESEARCH REPORT

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1 MUNICIPAL BOND CREDIT REPORT Third Quarter 2016 RESEARCH REPORT

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents... i Market Summary... 2 Charts & Data... 4 Long-Term Municipal State Issuance, 3Q Long-Term Municipal Issuance by General Use of Proceeds... 6 Build America Bonds... 7 Supply, Yield Curves, Total Return, Spreads & Ratios... 7 Trading Summary... 8 Municipal CDS... 9 Outstanding Municipal Debt A Description of the Terminology in the Municipal Bond Credit Report The report is subject to the Terms of US applicable to SIFMA's website, available here: SIFMA is the voice of the U.S. securities industry. We represent the broker-dealers, banks and asset managers whose nearly 1 million employees provide access to the capital markets, raising over $2.5 trillion for businesses and municipalities in the U.S., serving clients with over $20 trillion in assets and managing more than $67 trillion in assets for individual and institutional clients including mutual funds and retirement plans. SIFMA, with offices in New York and Washington, D.C., is the U.S. regional member of the Global Financial Markets Association (GFMA). For more information, visit i

MARKET SUMMARY Municipal Issuance Overview Primary Market According to Thomson Reuters, long-term public municipal issuance volume totaled $108.4 billion in the third quarter of 2016, a decline of 9.

8 billion), long-term municipal issuance for 3Q 16 was $112.2 billion. Year to date ending September 30, municipal issuance totaled $323.4 billion, well above the ten-year average of $276.5 billion.

3 MARKET SUMMARY Municipal Issuance Overview Primary Market According to Thomson Reuters, long-term public municipal issuance volume totaled $108.4 billion in the third quarter of 2016, a decline of 9.2 percent from the prior quarter ($119.5 billion) but an increase of 25.8 percent year-over-year (y-o-y) ($86.1 billion). Including private placements 1 ($3.8 billion), long-term municipal issuance for 3Q 16 was $112.2 billion. Year to date ending September 30, municipal issuance totaled $323.4 billion, well above the ten-year average of $276.5 billion. Tax-exempt issuance totaled $98.1 billion in 3Q 16, a decline of 29.3 percent but an increase of 29.3 percent, respectively, q-o-q and y-o-y. Taxable issuance totaled $7.9 billion in 3Q 16, an increase of 15.8 percent q-o-q and a 0.6 percent increase y-o-y. AMT issuance was $2.3 billion, a decline of 67.8 percent and 1.5 percent, respectively, q-o-q and y-o-y. By use of proceeds, general purpose led issuance totals in 3Q 16 ($29.0 billion), followed by primary & secondary education ($17.0 billion) and water & sewer facilities ($10.7 billion). Refunding volumes as a percentage of issuance fell slightly from the prior quarter, with 50.6 percent of issuance attributable to refundings compared to 51.2 percent in 2Q 16, but was higher than from 3Q 15 (48.9 percent). Yields, Inflows, and Total Return Ratios of 10-year tax-exempt AAA GOs and similar-maturity Treasuries rose in the third quarter on a q-o-q basis basis, ending at 95.5 percent end-september 2016 from 92.5 percent end-june 2016 but was well below the percent end-september According to the Investment Company Institute (ICI), third quarter net flow into long-term municipal funds was positive, with $16.6 billion of inflow in 3Q 16, down from $19.2 billion of inflow in 2Q 16 but up from the $2.6 billion of outflow at the same time last year. According to Bank of America-Merrill Lynch indices, municipals had a negative total return of 0.31 percent in the third quarter of Build America Bonds (BABs) returned 0.44 percent, underperforming similarly-rated corporates, which were up by 0.89 percent. Within the municipal asset class only transportation had a positive total return in the third quarter, returning 0.11 percent while all other municipals had negative returns. 1 Private placement figures are excluded in charts and tables. 2

Trading Activity and Broker-Dealers Trading activity rose q-o-q to $11.7 billion daily in 3Q 16, a 3.8 percent increase from 2Q 16 ($11.3 billion) and a 54.2 percent increase from 3Q 15 ($7.

4 Trading Activity and Broker-Dealers Trading activity rose q-o-q to $11.7 billion daily in 3Q 16, a 3.8 percent increase from 2Q 16 ($11.3 billion) and a 54.2 percent increase from 3Q 15 ($7.6 billion). By number of trades, however, trading activity continued to fall on a q-o-q and y-o-y basis, falling 8.3 percent and 7.8 percent, respectively. Holdings of municipal bonds by broker-dealers rose to $19.7 billion in 2Q 16, an increase of 4.8 percent q-o-q and an increase of of 3.7 percent y-o-y. Holdings by foreign investors continued to rise to $89.7 billion in 2Q 16 from $88.2 billion in 1Q 16 driven by the need for yield. Bank holdings of both municipal loans and bonds continued to rise in 3Q 16 to $524.1 billion (from $507.5 billion). Loans rose to $165.4 billion in 2Q 16 (from $157.3 billion in 1Q 16), while bonds rose to $358.7 billion from $350.2 billion q-o-q. CDS Update According to DTCC, $154.5 million of credit default swap contracts on municipal names were executed in the third quarter, a decline of 81.3 percent and 92.8 percent, respectively, q-o-q and y-o-y. Illinois led state totals in dollar volume of contracts ($33.0 billion), followed by Florida ($30.0 billion). VRDO and FRN Update Issuance of variable-rate demand obligations (VRDOs), puttable long-term municipal bonds with interest rates that reset periodically, fell in the third quarter, with $2.1 billion issued in 3Q 16, a decline of 29.6 percent q-o-q but an increase of 3.3 percent y-o-y. Year to date, VRDO issuance totaled $6.3 billion, already exceeding volumes from last year. Issuance of floating rate notes ( FRN ) (both LIBOR- and SIFMA- indexed, among others) fell in the third quarter, with issuance of $126.7 million, a decline of 53.7 percent and 71.5 percent, respectively, q-o-q and y-o-y. Year to date, FRN issuance totaled $0.4 million, well below the pace to match 2015 volumes. State & Government Update According to the Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute 2, preliminary tax revenues for the second quarter declined 2.1 percent y-o-y, driven by a weak stock market slowing growth in sales tax and withholding collections. Personal income tax revenue fell 4.5 percent in the second quarter, sales tax grew 2.2 percent, and corporate taxes declined by 9.2 percent; most states expected tax revenue to remain weak in Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute, Weak Stock Market and Declines in Oil Prices Depressed State Tax Revenue, September

5 $ Millions 4 LONG-TERM MUNICIPAL STATE ISSUANCE, 3Q 16 3 CHARTS & DATA Bond Type Tax Type Funding Type Refunding & State Total G.O. Revenue AMT Tax-Exempt Taxable New Financing Refinancing New Refinancing Refunding Alabama 1, , , Alaska American Samoa 0.0 Arizona 1, , ,225.5 Arkansas California 15, , , , , , , ,481.6 Colorado 1, , , Connecticut 2, , , , District of Columbia 0.0 Delaware Florida 5, , , , ,735.7 Georgia 1, , , Guam Hawaii 1, , , Idaho Illinois 4, , , , , , ,701.1 Indiana 2, , , ,037.5 Iowa Kansas 1, , , Kentucky 2, , , Louisiana 1, , Maine Maryland Massachusetts 3, , , , , ,206.3 Michigan 4, , , , ,640.1 Minnesota 2, , , , , ,490.3 Mississippi Missouri 1, , , Montana Nebraska 1, , Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey 2, , , New Mexico New York 11, , , , , , ,435.0 North Carolina 1, , North Dakota Ohio 2, , , , , ,167.3 Oklahoma Oregon 1, , , Pennsylvania 5, , , , , ,803.1 Puerto Rico 0.0 Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee 1, Texas 12, , , , , , ,003.9 Utah Vermont Virgin Islands 0.0 Virginia 1, , Washington 2, , , , West Virginia Wisconsin 3, , , , , ,830.6 Wyoming ALL 108, , , , , , , , ,881.7 QoQ -9.2% -15.4% -5.0% -67.8% -6.8% 15.8% -6.6% -13.9% -9.3% YoY 25.8% 24.1% 27.0% -1.5% 29.3% 0.6% 24.1% 15.2% 33.9% 3 Issuance totals do not include private placements. 4 Due to securities falling into more than one category within subcategories, state breakouts are not identical to other non-state-specific breakdowns, particularly related to coupon types (e.g., zeros are higher by dollar amount when broken out by state but would instead be assigned to the convertible or fixed rate categories when not broken out by state). This is a quirk of the SDC database. 4

6 Coupon Type Variable Rate Variable Rate Variable Rate Short State Total Convertible Fixed Rate Linked Rate Long No Put (VRDO) Zero Alabama 1, , Alaska American Samoa 0.0 Arizona 1, , Arkansas California 15, , Colorado 1, , Connecticut 2, , District of Columbia 0.0 Delaware Florida 5, , Georgia 1, , Guam Hawaii 1, , Idaho Illinois 4, , Indiana 2, , Iowa Kansas 1, , Kentucky 2, , Louisiana 1, , Maine Maryland Massachusetts 3, , Michigan 4, , Minnesota 2, , Mississippi Missouri 1, , Montana Nebraska 1, , Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey 2, , New Mexico New York 11, , North Carolina 1, , North Dakota Ohio 2, , Oklahoma Oregon 1, , Pennsylvania 5, , Puerto Rico 0.0 Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee 1, , Texas 12, , Utah Vermont Virgin Islands 0.0 Virginia 1, , Washington 2, , West Virginia Wisconsin 3, , Wyoming ALL 108, , , QoQ -9.2% -8.4% -53.7% -49.5% -29.6% 148.4% YoY 25.8% 26.0% -71.5% 126.2% 3.3% 185.7% 5

7 LONG-TERM MUNICIPAL ISSUANCE BY GENERAL USE OF PROCEEDS $ Millions Use of Proceeds 3Q'15 2Q'16 3Q'16 Q-o-Q Y-o-Y General purpose /public improvement 22, , , % 31.6% Primary & secondary education 16, , , % 0.9% Water & sewer facilities 7, , , % 43.0% General acute care hospital 3, , , % 206.0% Higher education 8, , , % 24.0% Toll roads, highways & streets 4, , , % -0.9% Mass transportation 4, , , % 6.0% Public power 3, , , % 26.6% Single family housing 2, , , % 36.8% Airports 3, , , % -9.1% Economic development 2, , , % -5.8% Multi family housing , , % 91.8% Cont Care Retirement Community , , % 38.2% Civic & convention centers 1, , % -7.5% Stadiums & sports complexes % 79.7% Seaports /marine terminals % 111.6% Pollution control % 72.4% Libraries & museums % % Gas % 24.8% Government buildings % -50.9% Correctional facilities % 56.0% Combined utilities % 60.0% Parks, Zoos & Beaches % -14.3% Childrens hospital % 41.7% Parking facilities % 134.5% Sanitation % 174.0% Single speciality hospital % 260.3% Assisted Living % -2.6% Other recreation % -45.0% Theatres % 131.7% General Medical % -68.3% Police stations & equipment % % Other education % -36.9% Solid waste % 412.9% Fire stations & equipment % -4.4% Telecommunications % -78.0% Flood control % -57.5% Industrial development % -59.2% Nursing homes % 135.5% Bridges , % -98.3% Agriculture 2.0 Office buildings % % Student loans % 6

8 BUILD AMERICA BONDS 26.5 Build America Bond Average Years to Maturity Oct Sep Years Wells Fargo Build America Bond Index Average Years to Maturity 21.5 Oct-13 Jan-14 Apr-14 Jul-14 Oct-14 Jan-15 Apr-15 Jul-15 Oct-15 Jan-16 Apr-16 Jul-16 Source: Wells Fargo SUPPLY, YIELD CURVES, TOTAL RETURN, SPREADS & RATIOS 20,000 18,000 16,000 Bond Buyer 30-Day Visible Supply Oct. 1, Sep. 30, 2016 $ Billions BB Visible Supply Competitive Negotiated 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Oct-13 Jan-14 Apr-14 Jul-14 Oct-14 Jan-15 Apr-15 Jul-15 Oct-15 Jan-16 Apr-16 Jul-16 Source: Bond Buyer, Bloomberg , 5-, and 10-Year AAA G.O. to Treasury Ratios Oct Sep Percentage MMA 10-Year AAA G.O. To Treasury Ratio MMA 5-Year AAA G.O. To Treasury Ratio MMA 2-Year AAA G.O. To Treasury Ratio MMA Yield Curves Percentage 9/30/2015 6/30/2016 9/30/ Oct-14 Jan-15 Apr-15 Jul-15 Oct-15 Jan-16 Apr-16 Jul-16 Source: Bloomberg 0.0 Years to Maturity Source: MMA 7

9 MCDX (5- and 10- Year) Oct Sep Basis Points 5 Year 10 Year Municipal Total Return :Q3 Percentage Oct-15 Jan-16 Apr-16 Jul-16 Source: Markit -20 YTD Q3 Source: Bank of America-Merrill Lynch Corporate versus Build America BondsTotal Return Oct Sep Percentage Corporates, A-AA Rated BABS -3 Oct-14 Jan-15 Apr-15 Jul-15 Oct-15 Jan-16 Apr-16 Jul-16 Source: Bank of America-Merrill Lynch Transportation Single Family Housing Leasing/Rental Multifamily Housing Tobacco Miscellaneous Hospital Airport State Revenue GO Power Water Pollution Control Local Toll/Turnpike Health Utilities Tax Education TRADING SUMMARY Total Return by Municipal Bond Sector 2016 Year to Date Source: Bank of America-Merrill Lynch Total Number of Trades # of Trades Par Amount (Millions) Customer Bought Customer Sold Inter-Dealer Trade All Trades Customer Bought Customer Sold Inter-Dealer Trade All Trades 2016:Q2 919, , ,897 2,330, , , ,029 $720, :Q3 862, , ,773 2,137, , , ,291 $748,220 %Change -6% -7% -11% -8% 7% 16% -18% 4% # of Trades # of Trades Par Amount (Millions) 0-100, , , ,001-1,000,000 1,000,000+ All Trades 0-100, , , ,001-1,000,000 1,000,000+ All Trades 2016:Q2 80% 13% 3% 4% 2,330,753 9% 11% 7% 74% $720, :Q3 80% 13% 3% 4% 2,137,576 8% 10% 8% 77% $748,220 Trades by Sector Education Health Utility Various Purpose Transportation Tax-Revenue Other Total (Millions) 2016:Q2 20% 11% 12% 11% 9% 7% 30% $720, :Q3 17% 12% 13% 11% 8% 9% 30% $748,220 Trades by Maturity 1 Year or Less 1+ Year to 5 Years 5+ Years to 10 Years 10+ Years to 20 Years 20+ Years Total (Millions) 2016:Q2 6% 10% 15% 35% 34% $720, :Q3 5% 9% 13% 38% 35% $748,220 Trades by Source of Repayment Revenue General Obligation Double Barrel Not Available Total (Millions) 2016:Q2 68% 28% 3% 1% $720, :Q3 72% 26% 2% 0% $748,220 Percent Trades by Coupon Type Fixed Rate Variable Rate Zero Coupon Not Available Total (Millions) 2016:Q2 62% 33% 4% 0% $720, :Q3 52% 45% 4% 0% $748,220 Source: MSRB EMMA 8

10 MUNICIPAL CDS Market Risk Activity of Single-Name Municipal CDS ($ millions) 5 State California Connecticut Florida Illinois Michigan Nevada New Jersey New York Ohio South Carolina Texas New York City Massachusetts TOTAL Average Contract Size Jul Aug , Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Q' Q-o-Q -99.6% -58.5% 28.6% -84.3% -14.6% 8.7% % -29.1% % % -88.7% -90.9% % -81.3% Y-o-Y % -61.8% -82.9% -93.5% -96.7% 0.0% % -74.5% % -21.6% -97.8% % -92.8% Source: DTCC CDS Yield Curves for Single Name States and New York City (bps ) as of September 30, M 1Y 2Y 3Y 4Y 5Y 7Y 10Y CA California CT Connecticut DE Delaware FL Florida IL Illinois MA Massachusetts MD Maryland MI Michigan MN Minnesota NC North Carolina NJ New Jersey NV Nevada NY New York OH Ohio PA Pennsylvania PR Puerto Rico 10, , , , , , , ,483.2 RI Rhode Island SC South Carolina TX Texas UT Utah VA Virginia WA Washington WI Wisconsin NYC New York City Market risk activity (as defined by DTCC): The gross notional and contract counts include transaction types of new trades between two parties, a termination of an existing transaction, or the new leg of an assignment representing the trade between the step-in party and the remaining party. Excludes transactions which do not result in a change in the market risk position of the market participants, and are not market activity. For example, central counterparty clearing, and portfolio compression both terminate existing transactions and re-book new transactions or amend existing transactions. These transactions still maintain the same risk profile and consequently are not included as "market risk transfer activity." 9

11 Outstanding by Type, Maturity, and Security Type 6 $ Millions State Total Outstanding G.O. Revenue Due in 13 Months OUTSTANDING MUNICIPAL DEBT Long-Term 2016:Q2 Total Outstsandin AK Alaska 9, , , , , , % AL Alabama 32, , , , , , % AR Arkansas 13, , , , , , % AS American Samoa % AZ Arizona 48, , , , , , % CA California 515, , , , , , % CO Colorado 53, , , , , , % CT Connecticut 48, , , , , , % DC District of Columbia 29, , , , , , % DE Delaware 6, , , , , % FL Florida 134, , , , , , % GA Georgia 65, , , , , , % GU Guam 2, , , , % HI Hawaii 17, , , , , , % IA Iowa 19, , , , , , % ID Idaho 6, , , , , % IL Illinois 153, , , , , , % IN Indiana 46, , , , , , % KS Kansas 23, , , , , , % KY Kentucky 33, , , , , , % LA Louisiana 33, , , , , , % MA Massachusetts 92, , , , , , % MD Maryland 50, , , , , , % ME Maine 7, , , , , % MI Michigan 75, , , , , , % MN Minnesota 49, , , , , , % MO Missouri 45, , , , , , % MS Mississippi 16, , , , , , % MT Montana 3, , , , , % NC North Carolina 47, , , , , , % ND North Dakota 5, , , , , % NE Nebraska 18, , , , , , % NH New Hampshire 7, , , , , % NJ New Jersey 113, , , , , , % NM New Mexico 13, , , , , , % NV Nevada 24, , , , , , % NY New York 373, , , , , , % OH Ohio 103, , , , , , % OK Oklahoma 18, , , , , , % OR Oregon 34, , , , , , % OT Other Territories 10, , , , , % PA Pennsylvania 119, , , , , , % PR Puerto Rico 99, , , , , , % RI Rhode Island 10, , , , , % SC South Carolina 41, , , , , , % SD South Dakota 4, , , , % TN Tennessee 36, , , , , , % TT Trust Territories % TX Texas 315, , , , , , % UT Utah 19, , , , , , % VA Virginia 57, , , , , , % VI Virgin Islands 2, , , , % VT Vermont 4, , , , % WA Washington 80, , , , , , % WI Wisconsin 45, , , , , , % WV West Virginia 10, , , , % WY Wyoming 2, , , , % TOTAL (9/30/2016) 3,256, ,054, ,202,102.8 #### 2,953, ,254, % TOTAL (6/30/2016) 3,254, ,056, ,198,323.5 #### 3,091,523.4 % Change 0.1% -0.2% 0.2% 86.0% -4.5% % Change 6 Outstanding includes both short- and long-term municipal debt, including certain preferred fund shares (e.g., VRDPS). Due in 13 months looks at original maturity and will not include securities with short puts unless original maturity is within 13 months. Outstanding does not include refunded (inclusive of prerefunded) debt and derivatives. See additional tables for prerefunded and derivatives debt. The chart replaces Outstanding by Insurance from prior municipal reports. For comparability against Federal Reserve s Flow of Funds, aggregate prerefunded with outstanding but not derivatives; differences between the two aggregates afterward are due to underlying database differences (Fed: Mergent; these tables: Bloomberg). 10

12 Outstanding and by Tax Status, Coupon, Use of Proceeds, Industry 7 $ Millions State Total Outstanding Tax- Exempt AMT Taxable Fixed Zero Other AK Alaska 9, , , , ,142.2 AL Alabama 32, , , , , ,590.7 AR Arkansas 13, , , , ,068.7 AS American Samoa AZ Arizona 48, , , , , ,581.4 CA California 515, , , , , , ,511.1 CO Colorado 53, , , , , , ,595.8 CT Connecticut 48, , , , , ,280.2 DC District of Columbia 29, , , , , , ,246.4 DE Delaware 6, , , , ,363.7 FL Florida 134, , , , , , ,051.9 GA Georgia 65, , , , , ,214.7 GU Guam 2, , , HI Hawaii 17, , , , , IA Iowa 19, , , , ,817.3 ID Idaho 6, , , , IL Illinois 153, , , , , , ,049.7 IN Indiana 46, , , , , ,997.2 KS Kansas 23, , , , ,051.3 KY Kentucky 33, , , , , ,153.2 LA Louisiana 33, , , , , ,941.5 MA Massachusetts 92, , , , , , ,681.6 MD Maryland 50, , , , , ,066.5 ME Maine 7, , , , ,007.3 MI Michigan 75, , , , , , ,029.0 MN Minnesota 49, , , , , ,366.5 MO Missouri 45, , , , , ,378.2 MS Mississippi 16, , , , ,329.7 MT Montana 3, , , , ,095.8 NC North Carolina 47, , , , , ,466.7 ND North Dakota 5, , , , NE Nebraska 18, , , , ,675.2 NH New Hampshire 7, , , , ,816.2 NJ New Jersey 113, , , , , , ,441.8 NM New Mexico 13, , , , ,346.0 NV Nevada 24, , , , , ,416.3 NY New York 373, , , , , , ,085.2 OH Ohio 103, , , , , , ,835.1 OK Oklahoma 18, , , , ,992.3 OR Oregon 34, , , , , ,994.1 OT Other Territories 10, , , , ,756.7 PA Pennsylvania 119, , , , , , ,283.3 PR Puerto Rico 99, , , , , ,759.8 RI Rhode Island 10, , , , , SC South Carolina 41, , , , , , ,131.3 SD South Dakota 4, , , , TN Tennessee 36, , , , , ,435.3 TT Trust Territories TX Texas 315, , , , , , ,655.1 UT Utah 19, , , , ,702.0 VA Virginia 57, , , , , , ,709.8 VI Virgin Islands 2, , , VT Vermont 4, , , , ,487.3 WA Washington 80, , , , , , ,242.0 WI Wisconsin 45, , , , , ,063.5 WV West Virginia 10, , , , , ,534.3 WY Wyoming 2, , , TOTAL (9/30/2016) 3,256, ,494, , , ,587, , ,312.2 TOTAL (6/30/2016) 3,254, ,491, , , ,576, , ,831.8 % Change 0.1% 0.1% -2.8% 0.5% 0.4% -2.3% 19.9% 7 Outstanding does not include refunded (inclusive of prerefunded) debt and derivatives. See additional tables for prerefunded and derivatives debt. The chart replaces Outstanding by Insurance from prior municipal reports. For comparability against Federal Reserve s Flow of Funds aggregate prerefunded with outstanding but not derivatives; differences between the two aggregates afterward are due to underlying database differences (Fed: Mergent; these tables: Bloomberg) as well as the growth of the municipal direct loan market, which is largely not CUSIP-based. Fixed rate debt does not include those multimodal bonds that are currently in long-term fixed rate mode. 11

13 Addendum Tables Build America Bonds, Prerefunded, Derivatives, and Rating 8 $ Millions State Total Outstanding BAB Only Prerefunded Only All Refunded Derivatives Only Rated AAA AA A BBB HY AK Alaska 9, , , , AL Alabama 32, , , , , , , , ,877.1 AR Arkansas 13, , , , , AS American Samoa AZ Arizona 48, , , , , , , , , , ,054.1 CA California 515, , , , , , , , , , ,550.9 CO Colorado 53, , , , , , , , , , CT Connecticut 48, , , , , , , , , DC District of Columbia 29, , , , , , , , , DE Delaware 6, , , , , FL Florida 134, , , , , , , , , , GA Georgia 65, , , , , , , , , , GU Guam 2, , , HI Hawaii 17, , , , , , , IA Iowa 19, , , , , , , ,493.5 ID Idaho 6, , , , IL Illinois 153, , , , , , , , , , ,056.2 IN Indiana 46, , , , , , , , , , KS Kansas 23, , , , , , , , KY Kentucky 33, , , , , , , , , LA Louisiana 33, , , , , , , , ,490.9 MA Massachusetts 92, , , , , , , , , , MD Maryland 50, , , , , , , , , ME Maine 7, , , , MI Michigan 75, , , , , , , , , , ,231.8 MN Minnesota 49, , , , , , , , MO Missouri 45, , , , , , , , , MS Mississippi 16, , , , , , , MT Montana 3, , , , NC North Carolina 47, , , , , , , , , ND North Dakota 5, , , , NE Nebraska 18, , , , , , , NH New Hampshire 7, , , , NJ New Jersey 113, , , , , , , , , , ,460.0 NM New Mexico 13, , , , , , NV Nevada 24, , , , , , , , NY New York 373, , , , , , , , , , ,810.7 OH Ohio 103, , , , , , , , , , ,362.9 OK Oklahoma 18, , , , , OR Oregon 34, , , , , , , OT Other Territories 10, , , , , PA Pennsylvania 119, , , , , , , , , , ,069.7 PR Puerto Rico 99, , , , , ,967.9 RI Rhode Island 10, , , , , ,956.8 SC South Carolina 41, , , , , , , , SD South Dakota 4, , , , TN Tennessee 36, , , , , , , , , TT Trust Territories TX Texas 315, , , , , , , , , , ,539.3 UT Utah 19, , , , , , , , VA Virginia 57, , , , , , , , , ,241.2 VI Virgin Islands 2, , ,068.9 VT Vermont 4, , , , WA Washington 80, , , , , , , , , , WI Wisconsin 45, , , , , , , , , WV West Virginia 10, , , , ,808.2 WY Wyoming 2, , , , TOTAL (9/30/2016) 3,256, , , , , ,958, , ,571, , , ,145.4 TOTAL (6/30/2016) 3,254, , , , ,951, , ,484, , , ,964.9 % Change 0.1% -0.2% 6.5% -5.9% 0.2% 0.0% 5.9% -10.0% -1.4% 1.3% 8 Rating based on the lowest long-term rating assigned to the bond by Fitch Ratings, Moody s Investor Services, or Standard and Poor s; split-rated debt are therefore included in the HY category. 12

14 A DESCRIPTION OF THE TERMINOLOGY IN THE MUNICIPAL BOND CREDIT REPORT Long-Term Municipal Issue: municipal securities with a maturity of 13 months or longer at the time the municipal security is issued. 9 General Obligation (G.O.) Bonds: bonds issued by state or local units of government. The bonds are secured by the full faith, credit and taxing power of the municipal bond issuer. Such bonds constitute debts by the issuer and often require approval by election prior to issuance. In the event of default, bondholders of G.O. bonds have the right to compel a tax levy or legislative appropriation to cover debt service. Revenue Bonds: bonds payable from a specific source of revenue and to which the full faith and credit of an issuer and its taxing power are not pledged. Revenue bonds are payable from identified sources of revenue and do not permit the bondholders to compel taxation or legislative appropriation of funds not pledged for payment of debt service. Pledged revenues may be derived from sources such as the operation of the financed project, grants or a dedicated specialized tax. Generally, no voter approval is required prior to issuance of such obligations. Ratings: are evaluations of the credit quality of bonds and other debt financial instruments made by rating agencies. Ratings are intended to measure the probability of the timely repayment of principal and interest on municipal securities. Ratings are typically assigned upon initial bond issuance. Ratings are periodically reviewed and may be amended to reflect changes in the issue or issuer s credit position. The ratings may be affected by the credit worthiness of the issuer itself or from a credit enhancement feature of the security such as guarantor, letter of credit provider, and bond insurer. Some rating agencies provide both long-term and short-term ratings on variable rate demand obligations. The ratings described herein are long-term ratings that is, ratings applied to municipal bond issues with original maturity of 13 months or longer. State Rating: indicates the G.O. credit rating a rating agency may apply to a state. The rating on a specific municipal bond issue or issuer located with the state may differ from the state rating. Rating Agency: is a company that provides ratings that indicate the relative credit quality or liquidity characteristics of municipal securities as well as other debt securities. Moody s Investors Service ( Moody s ) and Standard and Poor s are the largest agencies in terms of municipal securities rated, followed by Fitch Ratings. Moody s Ratings 10 Moody s describes its municipal credit ratings as opinions of the investment quality of issuers and issues in the U.S. municipal and tax-exempt markets. These ratings incorporate a rating agency s assessment of the probability of default and loss severity of issuers and issues. Moody s ratings are based upon the analysis of four primary factors relating to municipal finance: economy, debt, finances and administrative/management strategies. The rating classifications are defined as: Aaa: obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, with minimal credit risk. Aa: obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk. A: obligations rated A are considered upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk. Baa: obligations rated Baa are subject to moderate credit risk. They are considered medium-grade and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics. Ba: obligations rated Ba are judged to have speculative elements and are subject to substantial credit 9 Authors own definition. 10 Moodys.com, Ratings Definitions. 13

15 risk. B: obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk. Caa: obligations rated Caa are judged to be of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk. Ca: obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest. C: obligations rated C are the lowest rated class of bonds and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest. 11 Standard and Poor s Ratings 12 Standard and Poor s describes a municipal issue credit rating as a current opinion of the credit worthiness with respect to a specific financial obligation(s) or a specific program. It takes into consideration the credit worthiness of credit enhancement on the obligation. Long-term issue credit ratings are based on: Likelihood of payment capacity and willingness to meet the financial commitment in accordance with the terms of the obligation; Nature of and provisions of the obligation; and Protection afforded by, and relative position of, the obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors rights. AAA: extremely strong capacity to meet its financial commitments the highest rating category. AA: very strong capacity to meet financial commitments. A: strong capacity to meet its financial commitments but is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligors in the higher rated categories. BBB: adequate capacity to meet its financial commitments though adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity to meet financial commitments. Rating BB, B, CCC, and CC are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. BB indicates the least degree of speculation and CC the highest. BB: less vulnerable in the near term than other lower-rated obligors. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties and exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments. B: an obligation rated B is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated BB, but the capacity to meet its financial commitment. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the capacity or willingness to meet financial obligations. CCC: currently vulnerable, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions to meet financial commitments. CC: highly vulnerable and is dependent upon favorable business, financial and economic conditions. Fitch Ratings Fitch Ratings provides an opinion on the ability of an entity or a securities issue to meet financial commitments such as interest, preferred dividends, or repayment of principal, on a timely basis. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of repayment in accordance with the terms on which they invested. Thus, the use of credit ratings defines their function: "investment grade" ratings (long-term 'AAA' - 'BBB' categories) indicate a relatively low probability of default, 11 The lowest rating is a D at both Moody s and Standard and Poor s. 12 Standardandpoors.com Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings, May 17,

16 while those in the "speculative" or "non-investment grade" categories (international long-term 'BB' - 'D') may signal a higher probability of default or that a default has already occurred. Entities or issues carrying the same rating are of similar but not necessarily identical credit quality since the rating categories do not fully reflect small differences in the degrees of credit risk. The ratings are based on information obtained directly from issuers, other obligors, underwriters, their experts, and other sources Fitch believes to be reliable. Fitch does not audit or verify the truth or accuracy of such information. Ratings may be changed or withdrawn as a result of changes in, or the unavailability of, information or for any other reasons. Credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, these ratings do not deal with the risk of loss due to changes in interest rates and other market considerations. Note: Not rated refers to municipal bonds that were not rated by one of the major rating agencies listed above. General Use of Proceeds: Refers to the type of project the proceeds or funds received from bond issuance are used. In the Municipal Bond Credit Report, the use of proceed classifications are general government use, education, water, sewer and gas, health care and a miscellaneous category, other. 13 Municipal G.O. to Treasury Ratio: is a common measure of credit risk of municipal bonds relative to risk-free securities, Treasuries. It is a measure comparable to the spread to Treasury measure in the taxable markets. Typically the municipal yield is typically less than 100 percent of the Treasury yield due to the tax-free nature of municipal securities. Credit Enhancement: is the use of the credit of an entity other than the issuer to provide additional security in a bond. The term is usually used in the context of bond insurance, bank letters of credit state school guarantees and credit programs of federal and state governments and federal agencies but also may apply more broadly to the use of any form of guaranty secondary source of payment or similar additional credit-improving instruments. Bond Insurance: is a guaranty by a bond insurer of the payment of principal and interest on municipal bonds as they become due should the issuer fail to make required payments. Bond insurance typically is acquired in conjunction with a new issue of municipal securities, although insurance also is available for outstanding bonds traded in the secondary market. Letter of Credit: a commitment, usually made by a commercial bank, to honor demands for payment of a debt upon compliance with conditions and/or the occurrence of certain events specified under the terms of the commitment. In municipal financings, bank letters of credit are sometimes used as additional sources of security with the bank issuing the letter of credit committing to in the event the issuer is unable to do so. 13 Authors own definition. 15

17 Kyle Brandon Managing Director, Director of Research Sharon Sung Assistant Vice President, Research SIFMA RESEARCH Yina Qiao Research Intern General Research Contact: MUNICIPAL DIVISION Leslie Norwood Managing Director, Associate General Counsel, Co-Head of the Municipal Division Michael Decker Managing Director, Co-Head of the Municipal Division 16

MUNICIPAL BOND CREDIT REPORT First Quarter 2017 RESEARCH REPORT

MUNICIPAL BOND CREDIT REPORT First Quarter 217 RESEARCH REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents... i Market Summary... 2 Charts & Data... 4 Long-Term Municipal State Issuance, 1Q 17... 4 Long-Term Municipal