Chandra s PSF: Use it Wisely
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1 Chandra s PSF: Use it Wisely Diab Jerius Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 2014 Chandra Calibration/Ciao Workshop Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
2 All you need to know Outline 1 All you need to know 2 The Hardware Wolter I Optics Energy Response Focal Surface 3 PSF 1D 2D 4 Detector Effects ACIS HRC-I 5 Analysis Approaches 6 Resources Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
3 All you need to know All you need to know (almost... ) The best Astrophysical X-ray mirrors ever made 1 resolution Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
4 The Hardware Outline 1 All you need to know 2 The Hardware Wolter I Optics Energy Response Focal Surface 3 PSF 1D 2D 4 Detector Effects ACIS HRC-I 5 Analysis Approaches 6 Resources Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
5 The Hardware Wolter I Optics Grazing vs. Normal Incidence Optics X-ray optics are unlike most visible optics systems they are grazing incidence, not normal incidence Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
6 The Hardware Wolter I Optics Grazing vs. Normal Incidence Optics X-ray optics are unlike most visible optics systems they are grazing incidence, not normal incidence Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
7 Normal Incidence The Hardware Wolter I Optics Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
8 The Hardware Grazing Incidence (Wolter I) Wolter I Optics Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
9 The Hardware Wolter I Optics Grazing Incidence, A schematic view Thermal Precollimator Paraboloidal Mirrors Hyperboloidal mirrors Thermal Postcollimator MP1 MP3 MP4 MP6 Central Aperture Plate (CAP) Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
10 The Hardware Wolter I Optics Peculiarities of Wolter I Optics The projected geometric area is small Optics are nested to increase the projected geometric area Grazing angles are different for each nested shell, so the energy response differs Focal surface is not a plane, but curved Each nested shell has a differently shaped focal surface. Good on-axis PSF, degrading off-axis Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
11 The Hardware Total Effective Area (A eff ) Energy Response [cm 2 ] Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
12 The Hardware Energy Response Fractional contributions of Shells to A eff Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
13 The Hardware Geometric Focal Surfaces Focal Surface Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
14 The Hardware Focal Surface Combined Energy Dependent Focal Surfaces Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
15 The Hardware Focal Surface Focal Surface & Detectors How do the imaging detectors interact with the focal surface?... The ACIS-I chips are tilted to approximate the low-energy focal surface... The ACIS-S array is curved to match the gratings Rowland surface.... The S3 chip is fairly tangent to the focal surface on-axis... HRC-I is tangent to the focal surface on-axis Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
16 ACIS Layout The Hardware Focal Surface I0 I1 } x I2 I3 ACIS-I S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 + } ACIS-S Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
17 ACIS Layout The Hardware Focal Surface Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
18 Vignetting The Hardware Focal Surface Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
19 PSF Outline 1 All you need to know 2 The Hardware Wolter I Optics Energy Response Focal Surface 3 PSF 1D 2D 4 Detector Effects ACIS HRC-I 5 Analysis Approaches 6 Resources Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
20 PSF On-Axis Enclosed Counts Fraction (ECF) 1D Enclosed Count Fraction Low Energies Radius [arcsec] High Energies Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
21 PSF On-Axis Enclosed Counts Fraction (ECF) 1D Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
22 Off-Axis - 85% ECF PSF 1D Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
23 On-Axis PSF Ideal Detector (HRC-I pixels) 2D Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
24 Off-Axis: 1.49 kev PSF 2D 1.49 kev " Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
25 Off-Axis: 6.4 kev PSF 2D 6.4 kev " Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
26 Artifact PSF 2D There is an anomalous blob 0.6 from the PSF Core. Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
27 Detector Effects Outline 1 All you need to know 2 The Hardware Wolter I Optics Energy Response Focal Surface 3 PSF 1D 2D 4 Detector Effects ACIS HRC-I 5 Analysis Approaches 6 Resources Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
28 Detector Effects ACIS Pileup (Mrk 421 OBSID 1714) Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
29 Pileup: Definition Detector Effects ACIS Pileup occurs when 2 or more photons arrive in a 3 3 detect island in a single ACIS frame. + = + = Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
30 Detector Effects ACIS Pileup: Effects Pileup results in: Spectral distortion... 2 photons 1 event with higher energy Grade distortion... merging charge clouds morph good events bad ones... loss of event Pileup effects the PSF via: Loss of events in dense regions of PSF craters grade morphing confuses Sub-pixel Event Reconstruction (SER) Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
31 HRC-I: Ghosts Detector Effects HRC-I HRC-I artifacts (ghost jets ) are usually filtered out of evt2 files, but residues may remain for bright sources evt1: pre-filtering evt2: post-filtering AR Lac (OBSID 13182) Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
32 Detector Effects HRC-I HRC-I: Bright source PSF broadening Some events have an additional blur component if they: occur less than 50 msec after their preceding event are physically proximate to the preceding event Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
33 Analysis Approaches Outline 1 All you need to know 2 The Hardware Wolter I Optics Energy Response Focal Surface 3 PSF 1D 2D 4 Detector Effects ACIS HRC-I 5 Analysis Approaches 6 Resources Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
34 Analysis Approaches Overview The Chandra PSF is... marvelous... complex... marvelously complex It varies with energy and source off-axis and azimuthal position The detectors don t necessarily follow the focal surface The detectors aren t perfect The optics aren t perfect Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
35 Analysis Approaches Skepticism To best use it: Be Skeptical Understand the vagaries of the PSF Understand how the detectors interact with it Be sure that structure is real. Simulate, Simulate, Simulate Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
36 Analysis Approaches Example: Low-count confusion Counts = 10 Counts = 20 Counts = 50 Jet? Multiple Sources? No! Off-axis point source. Counts = 100 Counts = 200 Counts = 500 Counts = 1000 Counts = 2000 Counts = 5000 Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
37 Analysis Approaches Simulation Tools MARX... a first-order model of the mirrors... models of the HRC and ACIS detectors... models of the HETG and LETG gratings... point and extended sources SAOTrace... a detailed model of the mirrors... point and extended sources It relies on MARX or the CIAO psf project ray tool to model detectors. ChaRT... web front-end to SAOTrace... does not simulate telescope dither... point sources only Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
38 Analysis Approaches Quantitative Analysis Techniques But... Monte-Carlo simulations of observations... sensitivity analysis of source parameters... explore systematics in system models 1D and 2D Source fits... CIAO provides sherpa fitting package The models are not perfect Understand the limitations of the Optic and Detector models Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
39 Analysis Approaches How good are the models? SAOTrace Backed by ground calibration 1D model good to 10 Still working on PSF wings (beyond 10 ) 2D model qualitatively correct A eff & Vignetting correct MARX Detectors Semi-emperical Not physics-based Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
40 Analysis Approaches Qualitative Analysis Techniques ACIS Sub pixel Event Reconstruction (SER) uses ACIS event grades to improve image resolution on by default in standard products not calibrated use to identify interesting structure; use non-ser data for quantitative measurements Deconvolution CIAO provides Lucy-Richardson via arestore. use SAOTrace (or ChaRT) simulations does not preserve flux; use to identify interesting structure; use non-ser data for quantitative measurements Not everything you see is real. Adaptive Smoothing CIAO provides csmooth, dmimgadapt. does not preserve flux; use to identify interesting structure; use non-ser data for quantitative measurements Not everything you see is real. Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
41 Analysis Approaches What s Possible X-ray w/ HST Contours CH Cyg X-ray w/ VLA 5GHz Contours Karovska et al., ApJ Letters, , 2010 Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
42 Resources Outline 1 All you need to know 2 The Hardware Wolter I Optics Energy Response Focal Surface 3 PSF 1D 2D 4 Detector Effects ACIS HRC-I 5 Analysis Approaches 6 Resources Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
43 Resources Resources Calibration web site Calibration Workshop Presentations CIAO Imaging Threads and Guides CXC Help Desk Others have done this before. Check the literature, especially if you re trying something tricky WebChaser Chandra Data Archive bibliography search Diab Jerius (SAO) Chandra s PSF CCCW / 41
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