More Sequential Circuits, plus Architecture

Transcription

1 equenial v. Combinaional Circui More equenial Circui, plu rchiecure Combinaional circui. Oupu eermine olely by inpu. Can raw olely wih lef-o-righ ignal pah. equenial circui. Oupu eermine by inpu ND previou oupu. Feeback lo. CO6: General Compuer cience hp:// Flip-Fl Clocke Flip-Fl Flip-Fl. =, = (e) Flip bi on. =, = (ree) Fl bi off. = = au quo. = = No allowe. Implemenaion flip fl Inerface Clocke Flip-Fl. ame a flip-fl excep an only acive when clock i. Implemenaion flip fl Clocke flip fl Inerface 3

2 Clocke D Flip-Fl Overview Clocke D Flip-Fl. Oupu follow D inpu while clock i. Oupu i remembere while clock i. D Clocke flip fl Implemenaion Clocke D flip fl D Inerface Compuer an TOY have many ype of memory. Program couner.. Main memory. e implemen each bi of memory wih a clocke D flip-fl. Nee mechanim o organize an manipulae GOP of relae bi. TOY ha 6-bi wor. hierarchy make archiecure manageable. D 6 Bu an-lone egier 6-bi bu. Bunle of 6 wire. 6 k-bi regier. ore k bi. ranfer, regier ranfer. -bi bu. Bunle of wire. TOY memory e. egier conen alway available on oupu. If wrie enable i aere, k inpu bi ge cie ino regier. Ex: Program Couner, 6 TOY regier, 6 TOY memory locaion. x x D D y y -bi bu. Bunle of wire. TOY regier e. 6 reg 6 wrie wrie enable rea x rie D y 7 6-bi egier Inerface 6-bi egier Implemenaion

3 egier File Inerface egier File Implemenaion n-by-k regier file. Bank of n regier; each ore k bi. Implemenaion example: TOY main memory. e 6 6-bi regier. ea an wrie informaion o one of n regier. log n e inpu pecifie which one ee bi alway appear on oupu. If wrie enable an clock are aere, k inpu bi are cie ino ee regier. Example. TOY regier: n = 6, k = 6. TOY main memory: n = 6, k = 6. eal compuer: n = 6 million, k = 3. GB memory ( Bye = bi) wrie 6 6 egfile rea 6 x 6 egier File Inerface 9 Muliplexer an ecoer are combinaional circui. -bi Decoer elec 6 wrie Cl reg reg reg 6 Mux 6 rea egier File Implemenaion: eaing n = for main memory n -o- Muliplexer Implemenaion example: TOY main memory. e 6 6-bi regier. n -o- muliplexer. n elec inpu, n x Muliplexer i combinaional circui. reg inpu, oupu. Cie "elece" inpu bi o oupu. x x reg reg 6 Mux 6 rea x x x x 3 x x x 6 o y x 3 x x x 6 x 7 y x 7 -o- Mux Inerface -o- Mux Implemenaion

4 n = for main memory n -o- Muliplexer n =, k = 6 for main memory n -o- Muliplexer, ih = k n -o- muliplexer. n elec inpu, n inpu, oupu. Cie "elece" inpu bi o oupu. n -o- muliplexer, wih = k. elec from one of n k-bi bue. Cie k "elece" bi o oupu. ayering k n -o- muliplexer. o -o- Mux Inerface -o- Mux Implemenaion 3 x y x -wie -o- x Inerface for -o-, wih = z x 3 x x x y 3 y y y -o- z 3 z z z cie of ame ignal Implemenaion for -o-, wih = egier File Implemenaion: riing n = for main memory n-bi Decoer Implemenaion example: TOY main memory. e 6 6-bi regier. Decoer i combinaional circui. n-bi ecoer. n e inpu, n oupu. ee oupu bi i ; oher are. x x reg x HEE o wrie -bi Decoer elec 6 HT o wrie wrie Cl reg reg HEN o wrie 6 3-Bi Decoer elec x x x x 3 x x x 6 x 7 3-Bi Decoer Inerface x 3 x x x 6 x 7 3-Bi Decoer Implemenaion 7

5 n = for main memory n-bi Decoer egier File Implemenaion: eaing an riing n-bi ecoer. n e inpu, n oupu. ee oupu bi i ; oher are. Implemenaion example: TOY main memory. e 6 6-bi regier. Muliplexer an ecoer are combinaional circui. 3-Bi Decoer elec 3-Bi Decoer Inerface 3-Bi Decoer Implemenaion -bi Decoer elec 6 wrie Cl reg reg reg 6 Mux 6 rea 9 egier File Variaion ea e can be ifferen from rie e! No in Main (one e from inrucion or )! Bu efiniely in TOY regier (rea from an wrie o ifferen regier) 6.3: TOY Machine rchiecure 6 Can have muliple por! TOY regier upply TO value per inrucion! How? Ju ge anoher e of 6-o-, 6-wie muliplexor (an one more -bi e) cual echnologie for regier an memory are ifferen.! egier file are relaively mall an very fa (expenive per bi)! Memorie are relaively large an prey fa (very cheap per bi)! Draic evoluion of echnology over ime (Moore aw) pc for branch, jump for loa, ore pc for jal Daa Daa loa reul of arihmeic, logic, or for loa Daa B Con = > 6 pc ore CO6: General Compuer cience hp://

6 The TOY Machine Deigning a Proceor TOY machine. 6 6-bi wor of memory. 6 6-bi regier. -bi program couner. 6 inrucion ype. ha we've one. rien program for he TOY machine. ofware implemenaion of fech-execue cycle. TOY imulaor. Our goal oay. Harware implemenaion of fech-execue cycle. TOY compuer. Fech Execue How o buil a micrroceor? Devel inrucion e archiecure (I). 6-bi wor, 6 TOY machine inrucion Deermine major componen., memory, regier, program couner Deermine pah requiremen. "flow" of bi Eablih clocking mehoology. -cycle eign: fech, execue nalyze how o implemen each inrucion. eermine eing of conrol ignal 3 Inrucion e rchiecure Deigning a Proceor Inrucion e archiecure (I). 6-bi wor, 6 wor of memory, 6 regier. Deermine e of primiive inrucion. oo narrow cumberome o program oo broa cumberome o buil harware TOY machine: 6 inrucion. Inrucion Inrucion : hal : loa : a 9: ore : ubrac : loa inirec 3: an B: ore inirec : xor C: branch zero : hif lef D: branch poiive 6: hif righ E: jump regier 7: loa e F: jump an link How o buil a micrroceor? Devel inrucion e archiecure (I). 6-bi wor, 6 TOY machine inrucion Deermine major componen., memory, regier, program couner Deermine pah requiremen. "flow" of bi Eablih clocking mehoology. -cycle eign: fech, execue nalyze how o implemen each inrucion. eermine eing of conrol ignal

7 rihmeic ogic ni rihmeic ogic ni: Implemenaion TOY. Big combinaional circui. echnical hack 6-bi bue for inpu an oupu., ubrac, an, xor, hif lef, hif righ, cy inpu. Inpu Inpu 6 6 ~ carry in Inpu 6 & 6, - & ^ <<, >> inpu Inpu 6 hif irecion ubrac 3 6 elec 6, - & ^ <<, >> inpu ubrac ^ << >> hif irecion 3 conrol 7 Main TOY main memory: 6 x 6-bi regier file B B B B3 C C C C3 D D D D3 E E E E3 F F F F3 TOY regier: fancy 6 x 6-bi regier file. an o be able o rea wo regier, an wrie o a hir in he ame inrucion: 3. 3 e inpu, inpu, oupu. ecoer an muxe for aiional por B C D E F 6 rie Daa B C D E F B C D E F B C D E F B 3C 3D 3E 3F B C D E F B C D E F B 6C 6D 6E 6F B 7C 7D 7E 7F B C D E F B 9C 9D 9E 9F B C D E F B B6 B7 B B9 B BB BC BD BE BF C C6 C7 C C9 C CB CC CD CE CF D D6 D7 D D9 D DB DC DD DE DF E E6 E7 E E9 E EB EC ED EE EF F F6 F7 F F9 F FB FC FD FE FF 6 ea Daa rie Daa rie e e B e B C D E F 6 6 Cl rie e Cl rie 9

8 Deigning a Proceor Daapah an Conrol How o buil a micrroceor? Daapah. ayou an inerconnecion of componen. Devel inrucion e archiecure (I). 6-bi wor, 6 TOY machine inrucion Mu accommoae all inrucion ype. Conrol. Choreograph he "flow" of informaion on he pah. Depening on inrucion, ifferen conrol wire are urne on. Deermine major componen., memory, regier, program couner Deermine pah requiremen. "flow" of bi Eablih clocking mehoology. -cycle eign: fech, execue eul of jump or branch E eul of aing o ol pah wire E nalyze how o implemen each inrucion. eermine eing of conrol ignal conrol wire Daapah an Conrol Daapah. ayou an inerconnecion of componen. Mu accommoae all inrucion ype. Conrol. Choreograph he "flow" of informaion on he pah. Depening on inrucion, ifferen conrol wire are urne on. eul of jump or branch E eul of aing o ol pah wire conrol wire

9 eal Micrroceor Chip (Inel Core i7) The TOY Daapah 6 pc for branch, jump for loa, ore pc for jal Daa Daa loa reul of arihmeic, logic, or for loa Daa B Con = > 6 pc ore 3 36 The TOY Daapah: The TOY Daapah: C???? 3 Daa 3 3 Daa 3 Daa 3 Daa C Daa B Con 6 = > C Before fech: pc =, mem[] = 3 fer fech: pc = = 3: [] [3] [] 37 Before execue: pc = = 3: [] [3] [] [3] =, [] = 6 fer execue: pc = [] = C 3

10 Do Try Thi Home Deigning a Proceor 6 How o buil a micrroceor? pc for branch, jump pc for loa, ore pc for jal Daa Daa ore loa reul of arihmeic, logic, or for loa Daa B Con = > 6 Devel inrucion e archiecure (I). 6-bi wor, 6 TOY machine inrucion Deermine major componen., memory, regier, program couner Deermine pah requiremen. "flow" of bi Eablih clocking mehoology. -cycle eign: fech, execue Trace he flow of ome oher inrucion hrough he pah picure. nalyze how o implemen each inrucion. eermine eing of conrol ignal 39 Clocking Mehoology Clocking Mehoology Two cycle eign (fech an execue). e -bi couner o iinguih beween cycle. e wo cycle ince fech an execue phae each acce memory Fech an aler program couner. Clock -bi couner Execue Fech Execue Fech iinguihable epoch. During fech phae. very en of fech phae. During execue phae. very en of execue phae. Ex: can only wrie a very en of execue phae.! Fech ime for one inrucion Daa B clock execue Execue Execue Clock Clock

11 How o buil a micrroceor? Deigning a Proceor Devel inrucion e archiecure (I). 6-bi wor, 6 TOY machine inrucion Conrol Conrol: conrol componen, enable connecion. Inpu: coe, clock, coniional evaluaion. (green) Oupu: conrol wire. (orange) Deermine major componen., memory, regier, program couner Deermine pah requiremen. "flow" of bi Daa Daa Con = > Eablih clocking mehoology. -cycle eign: fech, execue Daa B nalyze how o implemen each inrucion. eermine eing of conrol ignal -bi couner Execue Fech Conrol 3 Conrol Implemenaion of Conrol Conrol: conrol componen, enable connecion. Inpu: coe, clock, coniional evaluaion. (green) Oupu: conrol wire. (orange) coe hal -BIT DECODE a ubrac an hif lef xor hif righ loa loa ore loa inirec ore inirec branch zero branch po jump reg jump link con zero con poiive Inpu fech execue clock Daa Con = > ITE MEM Daa Daa B ITE EECT ED EG -bi couner Opcoe Execue Fech Clock Conrol plu a few more 6

12 Implemenaion of Conrol: ore Conrol: Execue Phae of ore coe hal -BIT DECODE a ubrac an hif lef xor hif righ loa loa ore loa inirec ore inirec branch zero branch po jump reg jump link con zero con poiive fech Inpu execue clock Con Daa ITE MEM ITE EECT Daa Daa B ED EG plu a few more -bi couner Opcoe Execue Fech Clock Conrol 7 an-lone Pipelining 6 6 jump, branch pc execue Pipelining. any inan, proceor i eiher feching inrucion or execuing hem (an o half of circuiry i ile). hy no fech nex inrucion while curren inrucion i execuing? nalogy: waher / ryer. fech clock Inrucion egier clock Iue. Jump an branch inrucion change. "Prefech" nex inrucion. Fech an execue cycle may nee o acce ame memory. oluion: ue wo memory cache. > jump fech bpo link Program Couner jump reg = bzero eul. Beer uilizaion of harware. Can ouble pee of proceor. 9

13 The final ecre " B" OT" " B" OT" " OT" ll hree of our logic primiive can be mae uing a ingle* ype of elecronic primiive: he ranior! *no couning he paive reior