Leora Klapper, Senior Economist, World Bank Inessa Love, Senior Economist, World Bank
|
|
- Josephine McLaughlin
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Presentation prepared by Leora Klapper, Senior Economist, World Bank Inessa Love, Senior Economist, World Bank We thank the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, the Development Research Group at the World Bank, and the IFC for financial support. 1
2 1 Introduction & Methodology 2
3 1.1 Why a dataset on entrepreneurship? To meet the demand of governments and policymakers for: Diagnosis of private sector development and growth Monitoring and evaluation of policy reforms Data to motivate reforms to increase participation in the formal sector To evaluate the impact of macroeconomic and financial shocks on new firm registration 1. Introduction & Methodology 3
4 1.2 What is Measured? What is Entrepreneurship? The activities of an individual or a group aimed at carrying out commercial activities in the formal sector under a legal form of business Unit of Measurement Private companies with limited liability. Notably, this is the same definition used by the World Bank s Doing Business report. It is also the most prevalent business form in most economies around the world (Doing Business, 2010). Variable of interest Entry Density, calculated as the number of newly registered limitedliability firms in the corresponding year as a percentage of the country s working age population (ages 15-65), normalized by 1, Introduction & Methodology 4
5 1.2 What is Measured? (cont.) The WBGES focuses on the formal sector and its advantages, such as police and judicial protection (and less vulnerability to corruption and the demand for bribes), access to formal credit institutions, the ability to use formal labor contracts, and greater access to foreign markets. Data on the informal sector has been excluded from this analysis because the only way to enumerate firms in the informal sector is through economic censuses, which due to their high costs are infrequently collected Formal Sector Self Employment Corporations Partnerships Sole Proprietorships Measured Businesses New Economic Units Informal Sector Micro Businesses The WBGES facilitates the analysis of the growth of the formal private sector, relative to the informal sector, and the identification of factors that encourage firms to begin operations in or transition to the formal sector. 1. Introduction & Methodology 5
6 1.3 Survey & Methodology Survey: Number of newly registered limited liability firms, by year Questions about registration process Translated into four languages (English, Spanish, French, Russian) Methodology & Data: Sent directly to data sources by and fax Follow-up phone calls Data checking from outside sources, previous versions of WBGES Sent to over 150 countries and received 125 responses Comparable data for 112 countries 1. Introduction & Methodology 6
7 1.4 Data Sources Business Registries Reasons Documents entry into the formal sector Information source for other government agencies Challenges Different registration and annual filing requirements Available legal forms Identification of exited firms Re-registrations Paper-based registries Decentralized registry systems Data Sources 1.7% 28.7% 69.6% Registry/Ministry Statistical Office Consultants 1. Introduction & Methodology 7
8 Entry Density Entry Density 1.5 Final Data Final Data Excludes: Informal Sector Data not gathered, despite relevance Sole proprietorships, partnerships Data not gathered, not uniform across countries Measures of active & closed firms Data gathered but excluded because of reliability issues due to different definitions / procedures Countries classified as offshore financial centers by the IMF Data gathered but excluded because some firms not representative of entrepreneurship Informal Economy (% GDP) Non offshore Offshore 1. Introduction & Methodology 8
9 2 Summary Statistics 9
10 2.1 Summary Statistics, by country, averages 2. Summary Statistics 10
11 2.2 Summary Statistics, by region, averages High Income East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa WBGES data shows that there is wide variation in new entry across regions and income groups. In other words, there are, on average, about 4 new firms registered every year per 1,000 people in industrialized countries, between 1 and 3 in LAC and ECA, and less than 1 new firm registered in many other regions. 2. Summary Statistics 11
12 2.3 Summary Statistics, averages Entry Density, GDP per capita, and Financial Development Entry density 5 Entry density Lowest Highest 0 Lowest Highest Economies ranked by GDP per capita (2000 US$), quintiles Economies ranked by financial development (measured by domestic credit as % of GDP), quintiles These figures show the strong and significant relationship between new business entry density and financial development 2. Summary Statistics 12
13 3 Registration, Reforms, and the Business Environment 13
14 3.1: Ease of Doing Business Entry Density 2010 WGBES data shows that various components of a country s business environment are significant indicators of new firm registrations, even after controlling for the overall level of economic development. As a summary measure of the various business environment indicators in a country, Doing Business data contain a country s overall rank. There is a strong positive correlation between a country s overall rank in Doing Business and entry density Ease of Doing Business Rank 3. Registration, Reforms & the Business Environment 14
15 Entry Density Entry Density 3.2 Ease of Starting a Business Subindices Entry Density 10 Panel A: Number of Procedures Panel B: Time (in days) Procedures to start a business Days to start a business Panel C: Cost of starting a business Cost to start a business (% GNI) Three Doing Business indicators on starting a business show the impact of the business environment and barriers to entry on new firm registration. There is a strong negative correlation between these measures and entry density. A formal econometric analysis extends these simple correlations. The results show that the initial business environment is important for subsequent new business registrations, which suggests a causal relationship. In addition, to ensure that the results are driven by the business environment rather than the overall level of development in a country, the analysis controls for GDP per capita. 3. Registration, Reforms & the Business Environment 15
16 Entry Density Entry Density 3.3 Corporate Tax Rate & Governance In order to consider the overall economic, political and financial conditions of the surveyed countries over time, entry density is compared to measures of country-level governance. For example, the figure on the right shows the strong and positive correlation between entry density and the governance composite index. The governance composite is on a scale of -2.5 to 2.5, with higher values indicating less risk. Entry density is also compared to the corporate tax rate for 77 countries from KPMG (left), and a strong negative correlation between new firm registration and tax rate can be observed. The strong relationship between entry density and governance and entry density and corporate tax rate are upheld when controlling for the income-level of the country in a multivariate econometric analysis Corporate Tax Rate Kauffman/Kray Governance Index 3. Registration, Reforms & the Business Environment 16
17 3.4 How do Firms Register? Automating a business registry is a phased process going from a paper-based decentralized registry to an electronic registry, which facilitates remote access and registration. The percentage of countries entering the automation process (electronic data storage) is similar regardless of their stage of economic development. But differences arise as the process advances, resulting in a wide gap between industrialized and developing countries in the latter steps. Very few of the low-income countries surveyed have implemented remote registration and none have implemented internet registration, compared to over 60 percent of high-income countries. High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Electronic data storage Data remote access Registration outside capital city Remote Registration Internet Registration 3. Registration, Reforms & the Business Environment 17
18 Entry Density, Internet Registration Days to start a business 1 0 No internet registration Incomplete internet registration Complete internet registration 10 0 No internet registration Incomplete internet registration Complete internet registration Cost to start a business It is difficult to isolate the causality between the implementation of electronic registration, improvements in the business environment, and the registration of new businesses. But the data suggest that business registry modernization provides a more favorable business environment for starting a business and facilitates the business registration process. During 2009, average new entry density was highest in countries where the complete business registration process was available online. Countries with remote registration (internet, telephone, one-stop shops, etc) require 30 percent less time to start a business, and costs are reduced by 50 percent (Doing Business Report 2009). 3. Registration, Reforms & the Business Environment 18
19 3.6 Implementation of One-stop Shop t-3 t-2 t-1 t t+1 t+2 t+3 Implementation of One-Stop Shop Azerbaijan Belarus Burkina Faso Croatia Rwanda Senegal This figure illustrates the evolution of entry density three years before and after implementation of a One-Stop Shop for six developing countries. The data suggest a strong relation between the implementation of electronic registration and the number of new business registered. A necessary caveat is that business registration modernization might be part of a broader package of regulatory reforms, and we do not control for business cycle effects. 3. Registration, Reforms & the Business Environment 19
20 4 Entrepreneurship and the Financial Crisis 20
21 Entry Density 4.1 Impact of the Crisis, by income group % Change in New Firms 35% 5 30% 25% 4 20% 3 15% 10% 2 1 5% 0% -5% -10% % High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income Nearly all economies experienced a sharp drop in business entry during the crisis. Only 20 percent of the countries experienced growth in business entry between 2008 and 2009, while 74 percent did between 2006 and With the onset of the financial crisis, new business registration slowed down, first in advanced economies and then in the rest of the world, paralleling the spread of the crisis. 4. Entrepreneurship and the Financial Crisis 21
22 New Firms 4.2 Impact of the Crisis, selected countries 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, The figure above displays time series data for 10 selected countries, organized by decreasing GDP per capita. The y-axis displays annual new firm registration in absolute figures to get a better sense of the scale of new firm registration. As evident in the previous figures, the crisis had a significant and negative impact on new firm registration in almost all countries. Richer countries, such as Ireland, Denmark, Latvia and Argentina, felt the crisis beginning in 2008 and experienced two years of large drops in new firm entry. Moving down the income scale, however, it becomes apparent that new firm registration in lower income countries was not impacted until New firm registration in some countries, such as Jordan and Uganda, was relatively unaffected by the crisis, possibly because of isolation from the global financial system or due to recent private sector reforms that mitigated the impact of the crisis. 4. Entrepreneurship and the Financial Crisis 22
23 Growth in new firms (%), Heterogeneous Impact of the Crisis Domestic credit (% GDP) Did the crisis affect business entry in some countries more than others? An econometric analysis confirms that countries with higher GDP per capita experienced sharper declines in new registrations during the crisis. Countries in which financial markets play a larger part in the domestic economy also experienced sharper contractions in new firm registration. One plausible channel for this is through firms access to external finance, which is more important in countries with higher levels of financial development. This channel suggests that countries where startups rely more on the banking sector were more likely to experience larger contractions in new firm registration as a result of the credit crunch and withdrawal of finance that characterized the crisis. The analysis also reveals that the ratio of domestic credit to GDP is a more powerful predictor of the impact of the crisis on new firm registration than GDP per capita a notable result, given the high correlation between the two measures of development. 4. Entrepreneurship and the Financial Crisis 23
24 Avg. Yearly % Change in New Firms Firm Entry and Crisis Turbulence 40% 30% 20% Jordan 10% Brazil 0% Lithuania Morocco -10% -20% Bulgaria -30% The degree to which the crisis affected new firm registration is highly correlated with measures of the severity of the crisis. Using an index from Calderon and Didier (2009) that measures the crisis-related turbulence in 65 countries (with lower numbers indicating greater effects from the crisis), the analysis shows that countries that were hit harder by the crisis also had larger shocks to new firm registration. For example, Brazil and Morocco, which were less affected by the crisis, experienced no decline in new firm registration. But Bulgaria and Lithuania, among those most affected because of the near collapse of their financial markets, saw a drastic drop in new firm registration. -40% Crisis Turbulence Index (Didier, 2009) 4. Entrepreneurship and the Financial Crisis 24
25 5 Conclusion 25
26 5.1 Conclusion The 2010 World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Snapshots facilitate a more comprehensive examination of the relationship between business registration, the business environment, and the recent financial crisis. The findings suggest: Dynamic business registration occurs in countries that provide entrepreneurs with reduced red tape and a stable investment climate. Nearly all countries experienced a sharp drop in business entry during the crisis, and that the degree to which the crisis impacted new firm registration is highly correlated with measures of crisis severity. The WBGES database will continue to be updated on a biennial basis for the foreseeable future. Forthcoming editions of the WBGES database will provide insight into how the fiscal and monetary policies implemented by governments in response to the crisis affected the revival of new firm registration. It will also be possible to examine the pre-crisis financial and institutional characteristics that encouraged a rapid and strong recovery in new business registration in the wake of the crisis. 5. Conclusion 26
27 Annex Regression Results 27
28 A.1 The impact of the Business Environment on New Firm Registration The dependent variable is the five year average of Entry Density, 2005 to All explanatory variables are as of *, **, and *** indicate significance at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. Panel A: Business Environment Indicators Variables Starting Cost (2004) ** [0.020] Log Starting Days (2004) * [0.066] Log Starting Procedures (2004) *** [0.000] Employment Rigidity (2004) [0.668] Financial Depth (2004) [0.440] Corporate Tax Rate (2004) ** [0.013] Log GDP per capita (2004) 0.713*** 0.767*** 0.558*** 0.854*** 0.729*** 1.002*** [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] Constant *** *** *** * [0.010] [0.123] [0.136] [0.000] [0.000] [0.057] Observations R-squared Adjusted R-squared Annex: Regression Results 28
29 A.2 The impact of the Business Environment on New Firm Registration The dependent variable is the five year average of Entry Density, 2005 to All explanatory variables are as of *, **, and *** indicate significance at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. Panel B: Governance Indicators Variables Governance Composite (2004) 1.038*** [0.007] Voice & Accountability (2004) 0.628** [0.023] Political Stability (2004) [0.132] Government Effectiveness (2004) 0.939*** [0.005] Regulatory Quality (2004) 1.235*** [0.001] Rule of Law (2004) 0.633** [0.039] Control of Corruption (2004) 0.624* [0.068] Log GDP per capita (2004) 0.360** 0.558*** 0.698*** 0.356** 0.281* 0.543*** 0.532*** [0.037] [0.000] [0.000] [0.031] [0.078] [0.000] [0.002] Constant ** *** ** * [0.549] [0.038] [0.005] [0.486] [0.797] [0.045] [0.096] Observations R-squared Adjusted R-squared Annex: Regression Results 29
30 A.3 The Impact of Business Environment Reform on New Firm Registration This table uses an unbalanced six-year panel dataset of 95 countries for 2004 to The dependent variable is annual entry density. All models include country and year fixed effects, and standard errors clustered at the country-level. *, **, and *** indicate significance at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively Variables Lagged Starting Cost 0 [0.774] Lagged Log Starting Days * [0.065] Lagged Log Starting Procedures *** [0.008] Lagged Employment Rigidity ** [0.042] Lagged Governance Composite [0.443] Lagged Financial Depth [0.842] Lagged Log GDP per capita [0.751] [0.863] [0.881] [0.824] [0.628] [0.926] Constant [0.967] [0.771] [0.638] [0.822] [0.927] [0.788] Observations R-squared Adjusted R-squared Annex: Regression Results 30
31 A.4 The Impact of the Crisis on New Firm Creation This table uses an unbalanced six-year panel dataset of 95 countries for 2004 to The dependent variable is annual entry density, defined in Table 1. Trend is a linear trend variable equal to 1 in 2004, equal to 2 in 2005, etc., Crisis Dummy, 2009 is equal to 1 in 2009 and 0 otherwise; Crisis Dummy, 2008 is equal to 1 in 2008, and 0 otherwise. All models include country fixed effects and standard errors clustered at the country-level. *, **, and *** indicate significance at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively Variables Full sample High Income Low/Middle Income Crisis Dummy *** *** *** *** *** *** [0.000] [0.000] [0.002] [0.007] [0.001] [0.004] Crisis Dummy *** * * [0.009] [0.104] [0.069] Trend 0.147*** 0.199*** 0.242*** 0.317*** 0.107*** 0.144*** [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.001] Constant 1.636*** 1.531*** 3.178*** 3.027*** 1.016*** 0.939*** [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] Observations R-squared Adjusted R-squared Annex: Regression Results 31
32 A.5 Heterogeneous Response to the Crisis This table uses an unbalanced six-year panel dataset of 95 countries for 2004 to Variables are defined in Table 1. The dependent variable is annual entry density. Trend is a continuous variable equal to 1 in 2004, equal to 2 in 2005, etc., Crisis Dummy, 2009 is equal to 1 in 2009 and 0 otherwise. Financial Turbulence is an index that measures the degree to which a country has been affected by the crisis; a lower number indicates greater crisis intensity (Calderon and Didier, 2010). All models include country fixed effects and standard errors clustered at the country-level. *, **, and *** indicate significance at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. Variables Crisis Dummy, ** [0.481] [0.022] [0.198] [0.260] [0.154] Crisis09 *Log GDP per capita ( ) ** [0.048] [0.662] [0.283] Crisis09* PC/GDP per capita ( ) ** ** ** *** [0.011] [0.039] [0.014] [0.009] Crisis09 *Financial Turbulence (2009) 0.383** 0.375** [0.026] [0.034] Trend 0.150*** 0.150*** 0.151*** 0.176*** 0.176*** [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] Constant 1.653*** 1.648*** 1.666*** 2.138*** 2.138*** [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] Observations R-squared Adjusted R-squared Annex: Regression Results 32
Entrepreneurship and Economic Development
Entrepreneurship and Economic Development Adapted from Leora F. Klapper & Juan Manuel Quesada Delgado Development Economics Research Group Finance and Private Sector Development The World Bank Why a study
More informationThe Impact of Business Environment Reforms on New Registrations of Limited Liability Companies
The Impact of Business Environment Reforms on New Registrations of Limited Liability Companies Leora Klapper and Inessa Love* Panel data for 91 countries are used to study how the ease of registering a
More informationMeasuring Financial Inclusion: The Global Findex Dataset
Measuring Financial Inclusion: The Global Findex Dataset Leora Klapper Lead Economist Development Research Group World Bank 1 Why collect Global Findex data? Sources of Financial Inclusion Data In depth
More informationMeasuring Financial Inclusion:
Measuring Financial Inclusion: The Global Findex Data Leora Klapper Finance and Private Sector Development Team Development Research Group World Bank GLOBAL FINDEX Financial Inclusion data In depth data
More informationPPI data update note 28 November Private activity in infrastructure down, but still around peak levels
PPI data update note 28 November 29 Private activity in infrastructure down, but still around peak levels Private activity in infrastructure showed mixed results in 28, according to just-released data
More informationAppendix B: Methodology and Finding of Statistical and Econometric Analysis of Enterprise Survey and Portfolio Data
Appendix B: Methodology and Finding of Statistical and Econometric Analysis of Enterprise Survey and Portfolio Data Part 1: SME Constraints, Financial Access, and Employment Growth Evidence from World
More informationClick to edit Master title style. Presented by Sylvia Solf Private and Financial Sector Vice-presidency World Bank Group
Doing Business 2009 Presented by Sylvia Solf Private and Financial Sector Vice-presidency World Bank Group 2007 Starting a business Dealing with construction permits Employing workers Registering property
More informationAUTHOR ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
AUTHOR ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT FINAL PUBLICATION INFORMATION Heterogeneity in the Allocation of External Public Financing : Evidence from Sub-Saharan African Post-MDRI Countries The definitive version of the
More informationThe World Bank. Asia (ECA) Economic Update. Annual Meetings Istanbul October 3, 2009
The World Bank Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Economic Update Annual Meetings Istanbul October 3, 2009 More than $350 billion of ECA s foreign debt matures in 2010 Source: World Bank, DEC Prospects Group
More informationFINANCIAL INTEGRATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A CASE OF PORTFOLIO EQUITY FLOWS TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
FINANCIAL INTEGRATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A CASE OF PORTFOLIO EQUITY FLOWS TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA A Paper Presented by Eric Osei-Assibey (PhD) University of Ghana @ The African Economic Conference, Johannesburg
More informationImproving the Investment Climate in Sub-Saharan Africa
REALIZING THE POTENTIAL FOR PROFITABLE INVESTMENT IN AFRICA High-Level Seminar organized by the IMF Institute and the Joint Africa Institute TUNIS,TUNISIA,FEBRUARY28 MARCH1,2006 Improving the Investment
More informationLatin America. and the Rising South. Changing World, Changing Priorities. Augusto de latorre, Tatjana Didier, Alain Ize,
Latin America and the Rising South Changing World, Changing Priorities Augusto de latorre, Tatjana Didier, Alain Ize, Daniel Lederman, and Sergio L. Schmukler WORLD BANK GROUP Contents Foreword Acknowledgments
More informationDoing Business 2011 Paying Taxes
Doing Business 011 Paying Taxes Marcin Piątkowski Senior Economist Warsaw, Poland November, 010 1 Paying Taxes as part of a broader project The Doing Business project measures business regulations taking
More informationHow would an expansion of IDA reduce poverty and further other development goals?
Measuring IDA s Effectiveness Key Results How would an expansion of IDA reduce poverty and further other development goals? We first tackle the big picture impact on growth and poverty reduction and then
More informationOn Minimum Wage Determination
On Minimum Wage Determination Tito Boeri Università Bocconi, LSE and fondazione RODOLFO DEBENEDETTI March 15, 2014 T. Boeri (Università Bocconi) On Minimum Wage Determination March 15, 2014 1 / 1 Motivations
More informationGrowth prospects and challenges in EBRD countries of operation. Sergei Guriev Chief Economist
Growth prospects and challenges in EBRD countries of operation Sergei Guriev Chief Economist Post-crisis slowdown in convergence became more protracted, affected emerging markets globally Is this slowdown
More informationKey findings: Economic Outlook
Key findings: Economic Outlook Asia s growth is declining to 6% in 2013 from 6.1% in 2012 before picking up to 6.2% in 2014 The two giants growth is moderating despite signs of advanced economies recovery
More informationWhat Firms Know. Mohammad Amin* World Bank. May 2008
What Firms Know Mohammad Amin* World Bank May 2008 Abstract: A large literature shows that the legal tradition of a country is highly correlated with various dimensions of institutional quality. Broadly,
More informationThe Great Recession: Economic and Social Impact in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
The Great Recession: Economic and Social Impact in Eastern Europe and Central Asia Lire Ersado Human Development Sector Unit Europe and Central Asia Region PREM Learning Week April 30, 2010 Outline of
More informationContraCeptive SeCurity index user S Guide
ContraCeptive SeCurity index user S Guide December 2006 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by the DELIVER project. DELIVER
More informationEase of Doing Business Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia 2018
Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia 2018 GEORGIA S RANKING 2018 Georgia s Ranking In 2012 2018 In 2018 - th place amongst 10 countries Overall distance to frontier (DTF) 82.04 score
More informationDiscussion of The initial impact of the crisis on emerging market countries Linda L. Tesar University of Michigan
Discussion of The initial impact of the crisis on emerging market countries Linda L. Tesar University of Michigan The US recession that began in late 2007 had significant spillover effects to the rest
More informationFreeBalance Case Studies
Case Studies FreeBalance Government Clients On the Path to Governance Success Carlos Lipari FreeBalance Governance Advisory Services FreeBalance Government Clients On the Path to Governance Success Introduction
More informationGLOBAL ENTERPRISE SURVEY REPORT 2009 PROVIDING A UNIQUE PICTURE OF THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FACING BUSINESSES ACROSS THE GLOBE
GLOBAL ENTERPRISE SURVEY REPORT 2009 PROVIDING A UNIQUE PICTURE OF THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FACING BUSINESSES ACROSS THE GLOBE WELCOME TO THE 2009 GLOBAL ENTERPRISE SURVEY REPORT The ICAEW annual
More informationGlobal Business Cycles
Global Business Cycles M. Ayhan Kose, Prakash Loungani, and Marco E. Terrones April 29 The 29 forecasts of economic activity, if realized, would qualify this year as the most severe global recession during
More informationThreats to Financial Stability in Emerging Markets: The New (Very Active) Role of Central Banks. LILIANA ROJAS-SUAREZ Chicago, November 2011
Threats to Financial Stability in Emerging Markets: The New (Very Active) Role of Central Banks LILIANA ROJAS-SUAREZ Chicago, November 2011 Currently, the Major Threats to Financial Stability in Emerging
More informationBOX 1.3. Recent Developments in Emerging and Developing Country Labor Markets
BOX 1.3 Recent Developments in Emerging and Developing Country Labor Markets GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS JUNE 215 chapter 1 3 BOX 1.3 Recent Developments in Emerging and Developing Country Labor Markets
More informationDOING BUSINESS Augusto Lopez-Claros, Director Global Indicators Group
DOING BUSINESS 2016 Augusto Lopez-Claros, Director Global Indicators Group November 19, 2015 What does Doing Business measure? Doing Business indicators: Focus on regulations relevant to the life cycle
More informationTABLE I SUMMARY STATISTICS Panel A: Loan-level Variables (22,176 loans) Variable Mean S.D. Pre-nuclear Test Total Lending (000) 16,479 60,768 Change in Log Lending -0.0028 1.23 Post-nuclear Test Default
More informationStarting. a Business. Doing Business Transparency of information at business registries
Doing Business 218 Starting a Business Transparency of information at business registries Governments and civil society have come together in recent years to increase the transparency of business information.
More informationIMF/AMF High-Level Seminar on
Mr. Robert Beschel Lead Public Sector Specialist, MENA World Bank The Impact of Large Governments on Development and Growth in the MENA Region Presented at IMF/AMF High-Level Seminar on Institutions and
More informationDETERMINANTS OF EMERGING MARKET BOND SPREAD: EVIDENCE FROM TEN AFRICAN COUNTRIES ABSTRACT
DETERMINANTS OF EMERGING MARKET BOND SPREAD: EVIDENCE FROM TEN AFRICAN COUNTRIES ABSTRACT This paper investigates the determinants of bond market spreads over the period 1991-2012 in 10 African countries.
More informationLiving Conditions and Well-Being: Evidence from African Countries
Living Conditions and Well-Being: Evidence from African Countries ANDREW E. CLARK Paris School of Economics - CNRS Andrew.Clark@ens.fr CONCHITA D AMBROSIO Université du Luxembourg conchita.dambrosio@uni.lu
More information2. SAVING TRENDS IN TURKEY IN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
2. SAVING TRENDS IN TURKEY IN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON Saving Trends in Turkey in International Comparison 2.1 Total, Public and Private Saving 7 7. Total domestic saving in Turkey, which is the sum of
More informationClosing the Gap: The State of Social Safety Nets 2017 Safety Nets where Needs are Greatest
Public Disclosure Authorized Closing the Gap: The State of Social Safety Nets 217 Safety Nets where Needs are Greatest Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
More informationCharacteristics of Prolonged Users
48 PART I, CHAPTER IV CHAPTER IV Characteristics of Prolonged Users 1. This chapter describes some of the main characteristics of the prolonged users in terms of performance and key economic indicators
More informationNumber of countries Average Median
GLOBAL financial DEVELOPMENT REPORT 05/06 appendix A 57 MAP A. DEPTH FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS To approximate financial institutions depth, this map uses domestic private credit to the real sector by deposit
More informationHamid Rashid, Ph.D. Chief Global Economic Monitoring Unit Development Policy Analysis Division UNDESA, New York
Hamid Rashid, Ph.D. Chief Global Economic Monitoring Unit Development Policy Analysis Division UNDESA, New York 1 Global macroeconomic trends Major headwinds Risks and uncertainties Policy questions and
More informationSession 1: Overview of Current and Future Payment Ecosystems
Session 1: Overview of Current and Future Payment Ecosystems Perspective from PSDG, World Bank W3C Workshop Harish Natarajan Senior Payment Systems Specialist The World Bank 1 Public Policy Objectives
More informationFINANCIAL INCLUSION IN AFRICA: THE ROLE OF INFORMALITY Leora Klapper and Dorothe Singer
FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN AFRICA: THE ROLE OF INFORMALITY Leora Klapper and Dorothe Singer OVERVIEW Global Findex: Goal to collect comparable cross-country data on financial inclusion by surveying individuals
More information5 SAVING, CREDIT, AND FINANCIAL RESILIENCE
5 SAVING, CREDIT, AND FINANCIAL RESILIENCE People save for future expenses a large purchase, investments in education or a business, their needs in old age or in possible emergencies. Or, facing more immediate
More informationDoing Business Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. Augusto Lopez-Claros
Doing Business 2013 Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Augusto Lopez-Claros alopezclaros@ifc.org December 2012 1 Pace of reforms remains strong in 2011/12: share of economies with
More informationWorld Developments in Insolvency Regulation
World Developments in Insolvency Regulation Kiev, Ukraine February 2012 Mahesh Uttamchandani Global Product Leader Debt Resolution & Business Exit World Bank IFC MIGA Outline 1. Problems and challenges
More informationEmerging Market Sovereign Bonds: Does It Cost More To Issue Under English Law?
Consultation Draft April 10, 2014 Emerging Market Sovereign Bonds: Does It Cost More To Issue Under English Law? Sergio Kurlat and Dilip Ratha Development Prospects Group The World Bank 1 Introduction
More informationHouseholds Indebtedness and Financial Fragility
9TH JACQUES POLAK ANNUAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE NOVEMBER 13-14, 2008 Households Indebtedness and Financial Fragility Tullio Jappelli University of Naples Federico II and Marco Pagano University of Naples
More informationOnline Appendices for
Online Appendices for From Made in China to Innovated in China : Necessity, Prospect, and Challenges Shang-Jin Wei, Zhuan Xie, and Xiaobo Zhang Journal of Economic Perspectives, (31)1, Winter 2017 Online
More informationPrepared by Iordanis Petsas To Accompany. by Paul R. Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld
Chapter 22 Developing Countries: Growth, Crisis, and Reform Prepared by Iordanis Petsas To Accompany International Economics: Theory and Policy, Sixth Edition by Paul R. Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld Chapter
More informationInclusive growth in Russia: Achievements and Challenges
Inclusive growth in Russia: Achievements and Challenges Ana Revenga Senior Director Poverty and Equity Global Practice, The World Bank Moscow, 7 April 2015 Growth is the main driver of improved economic
More informationCorporate Governance Department World Bank Group
Corporate Governance Department World Bank Group Global Good Practices in Corporate Governance Alex Berg Corporate Governance Department The World Bank December 19, 2006 Outline Presentation Outline What
More informationDOING BUSINESS 2015 GOING BEYOND EFFICIENCY. Augusto Lopez Claros, Director, Global Indicators Group. Global Indicators Group DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
DOING BUSINESS 2015 GOING BEYOND EFFICIENCY Global Indicators Group DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS Augusto Lopez Claros, Director, Global Indicators Group WTO, Geneva November 5, 2014 What does Doing Business measure?
More informationIntroduction CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1 Introduction The onset of the financial crisis was evident as early as mid-2007 when the real estate bubble began to deflate throughout the United States and parts of Western Europe, triggering
More informationFiscal Policy and Long-Term Growth
Fiscal Policy and Long-Term Growth Sanjeev Gupta Deputy Director of Fiscal Affairs Department International Monetary Fund Tokyo Fiscal Forum June 10, 2015 Outline Motivation The Channels: How Can Fiscal
More informationThe Quantification of Structural Reforms in OECD countries. Balázs ÉGERT OECD, Economics Department
The Quantification of Structural Reforms in OECD countries Balázs ÉGERT OECD, Economics Department Questions Renewed interest in quantifying the impact of reforms on growth - Long-term benefits of structural
More informationImproving the Business Environment in Iraq Through Secured Transactions
Improving the Business Environment in Iraq Through Secured Transactions Murat Sultanov Beirut, October 17, 2011 CONTENTS What is Secured Transactions? Economic Importance 1 Why these systems are underdeveloped
More informationNew data from the Enterprise Surveys indicate that senior managers in Georgian firms devote only 2 percent of
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WORLD BANK GROUP COUNTRY NOTE NO. 6 29 ENTERPRISE SURVEYS COUNTRY NOTE SERIES Running
More informationTaking Stock: Coverage
1 Taking Stock: Coverage External Economic Environment Recent Economic Developments in Vietnam Special Topic 1: Trade Facilitation, Competitiveness, and Growth in Vietnam Special Topic 2: Corruption and
More informationWhy Do Firms Evade Taxes? The Role of Information Sharing and Financial Sector Outreach The Journal of Finance. Thorsten Beck Chen Lin Yue Ma
Why Do Firms Evade Taxes? The Role of Information Sharing and Financial Sector Outreach The Journal of Finance Thorsten Beck Chen Lin Yue Ma Motivation Financial deepening is pro-growth This literature
More informationWhich domestic benefit from FDI? Evidence from selected African countries
UNU-WIDER Conference on Learning to Compete: Industrial Development and Policy in Africa Helsinki, 24-25 June 2013 Which domestic benefit from FDI? Evidence from selected African countries Francesco Prota
More informationEast Asia & Pacific. Hulya Ulku Senior Economist Doing Business, DECIG Joanna Nasr Private Sector Dev. Specialist Doing Business, DECIG
East Asia & Pacific Hulya Ulku Senior Economist Doing Business, DECIG Joanna Nasr Private Sector Dev. Specialist Doing Business, DECIG October 26, 216 I. About Doing Business II. Findings of Doing Business
More informationCapital Flows, House Prices, and the Macroeconomy. Evidence from Advanced and Emerging Market Economies
Capital Flows, House Prices, and the Macroeconomy Capital Flows, House Prices, and the Evidence from Advanced and Emerging Market Economies Alessandro Cesa Bianchi, Bank of England Luis Céspedes, U. Adolfo
More informationAssessing Labor Markets in the Developing World
Assessing Labor Markets in the Developing World David Newhouse, Labor Economist Social Protection and Labor, World Bank Labor Market Core Course May 6, 2013 Labor Market Assessment I. Indicators (10) II.
More informationEastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA)
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Regional Profile: Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) 2012 The International Bank for
More informationRegional Profile: Europe and Central Asia (ECA)
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Regional Profile: Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 2 2013 The International Bank for Reconstruction
More informationOverview of Presentation
Overview of Presentation Fiscal Outlook and Challenges How to Address Fiscal Challenges? 2 Fiscal Outlook and Challenges 3 While the fiscal drag is waning in AE, EMEs would need to start rebuilding buffers
More informationUruguay Country Profile Region: Latin America & Caribbean Income Group: Upper middle income Population: 3,318,592 GNI per capita: US$6,380.
Uruguay Country Profile 2010 Region: Latin America & Caribbean Income Group: Upper middle income Population: 3,318,592 GNI per capita: US$6,380.00 Contents Introduction Business Environment Obstacles Average
More informationThere is poverty convergence
There is poverty convergence Abstract Martin Ravallion ("Why Don't We See Poverty Convergence?" American Economic Review, 102(1): 504-23; 2012) presents evidence against the existence of convergence in
More informationParallel Session 1: Empirical trade analysis (1)
ASIA-PACIFIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING NETWORK ON TRADE ARTNeT CONFERENCE ARTNeT Trade Economists Conference Trade in the Asian century - delivering on the promise of economic prosperity 22-23 rd September
More informationThe Labor Market Consequences of Adverse Financial Shocks
The Labor Market Consequences of Adverse Financial Shocks November 2012 Unemployment rate on the two sides of the Atlantic Credit to the private sector over GDP Credit to private sector as a percentage
More informationMacro- and micro-economic costs of cardiovascular disease
Macro- and micro-economic costs of cardiovascular disease Marc Suhrcke University of East Anglia (Norwich, UK) and Centre for Diet and Physical Activity Research (Cambridge, UK) IoM 13-04 04-2009 Outline
More informationMeasuring banking sector outreach
Financial Sector Indicators Note: 7 Part of a series illustrating how the (FSDI) project enhances the assessment of financial sectors by expanding the measurement dimensions beyond size to cover access,
More informationSt. Vincent and the Grenadines Country Profile 2010
St. Vincent and the Grenadines Country Profile 2010 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Region: Latin America & Caribbean
More informationFiscal Policy: Ready for The Next Shock?
Fiscal Policy: Ready for The Next Shock? Franziska Ohnsorge December 217 Duration of Global Expansions: Getting Older Although Not Yet Dying of Old Age 18 Global expansions (Number of years) 45 Expansions
More informationImportance of financial infrastructure to increase Access to Finance
Building a high performance SME business in the MENA Region Arab Monetary Fund & International Finance Corporation Dubai, 7-8 May 2013 Importance of financial infrastructure to increase Access to Finance
More informationEmpirical appendix of Public Expenditure Distribution, Voting, and Growth
Empirical appendix of Public Expenditure Distribution, Voting, and Growth Lorenzo Burlon August 11, 2014 In this note we report the empirical exercises we conducted to motivate the theoretical insights
More informationWho is Poorer? Poverty by Age in the Developing World
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The note is a joint product of the Social Protection and Labor & Poverty and Equity Global
More informationA Micro Data Approach to the Identification of Credit Crunches
A Micro Data Approach to the Identification of Credit Crunches Horst Rottmann University of Amberg-Weiden and Ifo Institute Timo Wollmershäuser Ifo Institute, LMU München and CESifo 5 December 2011 in
More informationIs finance a binding constraint for SME participation in trade?
Is finance a binding constraint for SME participation in trade? Evidence from 8,080 Asian Firms Ganeshan Wignaraja and Yothin Jinjarak Director of Research and Research Fellow, ADBI January 2014 1 Structure
More informationMEASURING FINANCIAL INCLUSION: THE GLOBAL FINDEX. Asli Demirguc-Kunt & Leora Klapper
MEASURING FINANCIAL INCLUSION: THE GLOBAL FINDEX APEC conference "Improving Efficiency of the National Strategies for Financial Literacy" Asli Demirguc-Kunt & Leora Klapper OVERVIEW Goal to collect comparable
More informationIV. THE BENEFITS OF FURTHER FINANCIAL INTEGRATION IN ASIA
IV. THE BENEFITS OF FURTHER FINANCIAL INTEGRATION IN ASIA The need for economic rebalancing in the aftermath of the global financial crisis and the recent surge of capital inflows to emerging Asia have
More informationANALYSIS OF THE LINKAGE BETWEEN DOMESTIC REVENUE MOBILIZATION AND SOCIAL SECTOR SPENDING
ANALYSIS OF THE LINKAGE BETWEEN DOMESTIC REVENUE MOBILIZATION AND SOCIAL SECTOR SPENDING NATHAN ASSOCIATES INC. Leadership in Public Financial Management II (LPFM II) 1 MOTIVATION Strengthening domestic
More informationDeindustrialization and Economic Diversi cation
Deindustrialization and Economic Diversi cation Tiago Berriel PUC-Rio Marco Bonomo Insper Carlos Carvalho PUC-Rio January 2014 Motivation Debate about consequences of deindustrialization in western economies
More informationMEASURING FINANCIAL INCLUSION: THE GLOBAL FINDEX. Asli Demirguc-Kunt & Leora Klapper
MEASURING FINANCIAL INCLUSION: THE Asli Demirguc-Kunt & Leora Klapper OVERVIEW What is the Global Findex? The first individual-level database on financial inclusion that is comparable across countries
More informationCharting the Diffusion of Power Sector Reform in the Developing World Vivien Foster, Samantha Witte, Sudeshna Gosh Banerjee, Alejandro Moreno
Charting the Diffusion of Power Sector Reform in the Developing World Vivien Foster, Samantha Witte, Sudeshna Gosh Banerjee, Alejandro Moreno Green Growth Knowledge Platform Annual Conference 2017 November
More informationUnemployment Compensation in a Worldwide Recession
Unemployment Compensation in a Worldwide Recession by Dr. Wayne Vroman The Urban Institute wvroman@urban.org and Dr. Vera Brusentsev The University of Delaware brusentv@udel.edu June 2009 The views expressed
More informationDeep Determinants. Sherif Khalifa. Sherif Khalifa () Deep Determinants 1 / 65
Deep Determinants Sherif Khalifa Sherif Khalifa () Deep Determinants 1 / 65 Sherif Khalifa () Deep Determinants 2 / 65 There are large differences in income per capita across countries. The differences
More informationPlanning Global Compensation Budgets for 2019
Planning Global Compensation Budgets for 2019 As we prepare for 2019 global financial budgeting, it is helpful to take a look at both the historical trends in salary increases and some key local economic
More informationThe Rise of China and the International Monetary System
The Rise of China and the International Monetary System Masahiro Kawai Asian Development Bank Institute Macro Economy Research Conference China and the Global Economy Hosted by the Nomura Foundation Tokyo,
More informationBusiness Regulations and Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for regulatory Reform
Business Regulations and Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for regulatory Reform Katoka Ben PhD Candidate benka@snu.ac.kr Graduate School of Public Administration Seoul National
More informationWorking Paper. An Analysis of Emerging Market Spreads NO.3. Shin Oya. November 2001 JBIC INSTITUTE JAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
JBICI Working Paper An Analysis of Emerging Market Spreads Shin Oya NO.3 November 21 JBIC INSTITUTE JAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION JBIC Working Paper is based on the research done by staffs of
More informationLATIN AMERICAN ENTREPRENEURS MANY FIRMS BUT LITTLE INNOVATION
LATIN AMERICAN ENTREPRENEURS MANY FIRMS BUT LITTLE INNOVATION Daniel Lederman, Julián Messina Samuel Pienknagura, Jamele Rigolini Chief Economist Office for Latin America and the Caribbean World Bank More
More informationLabour formalization and declining inequality in Argentina and Brazil in the 2000s. A dynamic approach
Labour formalization and declining inequality in Argentina and Brazil in the 2000s. A dynamic approach Roxana Maurizio Universidad de General Sarmiento and CONICET Argentina Jornadas sobre Análisis de
More informationData ENCJ Survey on the Independence of Judges. Co-funded by the Justice Programme of the European Union
Data ENCJ Survey on the Independence of Judges 2016-2017 Co-funded by the Justice Programme of the European Union Table of content 1. Introduction 3 2. Executive Summary of the outcomes of the survey 4
More informationAll Members, India ranks 62 nd among 74 emerging economies on an Inclusive Development Index 2018
All Members, India ranks 62 nd among 74 emerging economies on an Inclusive Development Index 2018 According to the World Economic Forum s Inclusive Development Index 2018, Norway remains the world's most
More informationCROATIA S EU CONVERGENCE REPORT: REACHING AND SUSTAINING HIGHER RATES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH, Document of the World Bank, June 2009, pp.
CROATIA S EU CONVERGENCE REPORT: REACHING AND SUSTAINING HIGHER RATES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH, Document of the World Bank, June 2009, pp. 208 Review * The causes behind achieving different economic growth rates
More informationOrganization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA)
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Regional Profile: Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA)
More informationThe ILO Social Security Inquiry SSI
Steve Brandon The ILO Social Security Inquiry SSI Florence Bonnet Social Security Department International Labour Office (ILO) The Social Security Inquiry Outline Why Main objective and rationale What
More informationHOUSEHOLDS LENDING MARKET IN THE ENLARGED EUROPE. Debora Revoltella and Fabio Mucci copyright with the author New Europe Research
HOUSEHOLDS LENDING MARKET IN THE ENLARGED EUROPE Debora Revoltella and Fabio Mucci copyright with the author New Europe Research ECFin Workshop on Housing and mortgage markets and the EU economy, Brussels,
More informationPART TWO: GOVERNMENT HEALTH EXPENDITURE
PART TWO: GOVERNMENT HEALTH EXPENDITURE CHAPTER 3: SPENDING ON HEALTH BY DEVELOPING COUNTRY GOVERNMENTS With the steady growth in development assistance for health (DAH) going to developing countries,
More informationThe Role of Financial Inclusion and Financial Literacy for Development Leora Klapper
The Role of Financial Inclusion and Financial Literacy for Development Leora Klapper Lead Economist Development Economics Research Group The World Bank The World Bank s Global Findex Database In 2014,
More informationANNEX 3. The ins and outs of the Baltic unemployment rates
ANNEX 3. The ins and outs of the Baltic unemployment rates Introduction 3 The unemployment rate in the Baltic States is volatile. During the last recession the trough-to-peak increase in the unemployment
More information