1/23/2012 WORK AND RETIREMENT. The Importance of Work in Adulthood. THE JOURNEY OF ADULTHOOD Barbara R. Bjorklund

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1 THE JOURNEY OF ADULTHOOD Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 7 WORK AND RETIREMENT The Importance of Work in Adulthood Jobs occupy significant part of people s lives Often determine where, how well we live Provide part of identity and self-esteem Over lifetime, job history constitute career 1

2 Super s Theory of Career Development Life-span/life-space theory: Individuals develop careers in stages Career decisions are not isolated from other aspects of their lives. Super s Theory of Career Development Application in Career Counseling Adult Career Concerns Inventory (ACCI) Career Development Inventory (CDI) Work Value Inventory (WVI) Gender Differences in Career Patterns Significantly more men work full time than women. Demographics. Biological and social factors (e.g., child rearing). Women tend to move in and out of full-time jobs more. Women work in part-time jobs more than men do. 2

3 Do you know how gender differences are affected by public policy? Selecting a Career Theories of career selection Effects of gender Family influences Role of genetics Theories of Career Selection Holland: people seek work environments that fit vocational interests. Basic vocational interests: Social Investigative Realistic Enterprising Artistic Conventional 3

4 Holland s Types of People Based on Vocational Interests Theories of Career Selection Marcia: career selection part of identity achievement occurring in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Stages of career identity: Diffusion Foreclosure Moratorium Commitment The Effects of Gender Gender: major factor in career choice Pink-collar jobs STEM areas 4

5 Why are young men and women still choosing to pursue his and hers jobs? Family Influences Families influence occupational choice Educational attainment Models of career choice within family Marital status of parents Role of Genetics Cognitive strengths and physical abilities are inherited. Impact of genetic influence affects gender differences in occupation/career aspirations and choice. Social welfare programs that promote equal access to higher education highlight this influence. 5

6 Age Trends in Work Experiences Job Performance Job performance does not appear to change significantly with age. Ability/expertise trade-off may occur. Job Training and Retraining Older workforce Career recycling Nontraditional college students Work and Personal Life Work and the individual Work and marriage Work and parenthood Work and caregiving for adult family members Household labor 6

7 Work and the Individual Job burnout Unemployment Job insecurity Work and Marriage Work influences: Relationship commitment Contact with children Career path (gender differences) Work and Parenthood Men tend to remain in the labor force while women tend to move in and out of employment due to factors such as family obligations. Men may react to fatherhood with increased workload and income. Parents work-related stress can affect family well being. 7

8 And so What recommendations does the APA make for the family work intersection? Let s take a look at Table 7.3 and find out. Work and Caregiving for Adult Family Members Women between ages of 40 and 60 often deal with caregiving demands of older adults. Financial situation, makeup of family, caregiver s health and resources, support services available, and workplace conditions all contribute to outcome. Household Labor What are the tasks of a family? Who completes these tasks? Are there gender differences? How does this change when family members work outside the home? 8

9 Theories and Facts and Other Ideas We spend as many hours doing unpaid family work as we spend doing paid job-related work. Women do more of this work than men (about three times as much). Why? Gender-division model Relative resource model Specialization model Retirement Preparation Gender difference: men prepare more often than women and have less retirement income. Timing Age of retirement increasing worldwide. Figure 7.4: The proportion of US adults in workforce has increased slightly for older age groups over the last two decades; trend expected to continue into

10 Reasons for Retirement Finances Work-related value Retirement-related value Health Family Career Commitment Leisure-Time Interests Effects of Retirement Figure 7.6: Sources of Income for US Population aged 65 and older Retirement affects change in income for many people. Retirement and Poverty Statistics may be misleading. Near poor and age Ethnicity differences Feminization of poverty 10

11 Changes in Residence In regard to residence, many retirees move. Amenity move: climate recreation. Kinship move: close to children and familiar surroundings. Institutional move: e.g., assisted living arrangement. Seasonal migration Nonstandard Exits from the Labor Force Shunning retirement Returning to the workforce/second careers Gradual retirement and part-time work after retirement Volunteer work Phased retirement Bridge job Volunteer work Phased retirement Gradual Retirement 11

12 Chapter Review 1. For most adults, is a lifelong pattern of full-time and part-time work, time out for family responsibilities and retraining, and ultimately retirement pursuits. 2. The major theory in the field of vocational psychology for decades has been the theory of Donald Super Chapter Review 3. There are gender differences in the typical career paths of men and women. are less apt to work full time, more apt to move in and out of the labor force, and more apt to work part time. 4. The best-known theory of career selection is that of, who suggests that people are happiest in job environments that fit their vocational interests. Chapter Review 5. is a time of identity achievement, as young people go through the stages of identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium and commitment, with career decisions being a large part of this identity. 6. is a big factor in career selection. Both men and women tend to select careers that are stereotypically defined as appropriate. 12

13 Chapter Review 7. Although physical, sensory, and cognitive declines accompany age, measures of actual job performance show no age-related declines. One explanation is that the of older adults compensates for decline in abilities. 8. can have negative effects on the individual, including burnout, but not having a job can be even worse. Chapter Review 9. seems to increase work performance and goals for both men and women. 10. Men are apt to work hours the more children they have. Chapter Review 11.There are many factors that influence the decision to. Among them are finances, health, family, career commitment, and leisure-time interests. 12. ways to leave the labor force include shunning retirement, taking a less stressful job, working part time, and working as a volunteer. 13