Counting Women s Work in South Africa

Transcription

1 in South Africa Development Policy Research Unit University of Cape Town MASA, 9-10 November 2015 in SA

2 Table of Contents Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification Data in SA

3 Acknowledgements This research is made possible by, a multi-country research project sponsored by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada, and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation in SA

4 National Transfer Accounts Justification Table of Contents Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification Data in SA

5 National Transfer Accounts Justification National Transfer Accounts Focus on the generational economy How societies produce, consume, share and save over the lifecycle C(x) Y l (x) }{{} Lifecycle deficit = τ + (x) τ (x) }{{} Net transfers + Y A (x) S(x) }{{} Asset-based reallocations For country/society as a whole; increased attention on sub-groups C(x) and Y l (x) underlie projections of the support ratio and the (first) demographic dividend in SA

6 National Transfer Accounts Justification South Africa s Lifecycle Deficit, Relative to Mean Labour Income for year olds Labour Income Labour Income IQR Consumption Consumption IQR Lifecycle Deficit Age in SA

7 Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification National Transfer Accounts in SA

8 National Transfer Accounts Justification National Transfer Accounts NTA link to national accounts NTA suffers from same problems: non-market services Particularly problematic for disaggregated analysis in terms of gender Result is impression that men generate the surpluses, women consume them in SA

9 National Transfer Accounts Justification Why Count Women s Work? Support systems differ for men and for women Access to education, health Labour market experiences Ability to accumulate savings for retirement Availability of familial support; inheritance regimes; taxation in SA

10 National Transfer Accounts Justification Why Count Women s Work? Support systems differ for men and for women Access to education, health Labour market experiences Ability to accumulate savings for retirement Availability of familial support; inheritance regimes; taxation Argument that conventional NTA still does not provide complete picture of dependency in SA

11 National Transfer Accounts Justification Why Count Women s Work? Support systems differ for men and for women Access to education, health Labour market experiences Ability to accumulate savings for retirement Availability of familial support; inheritance regimes; taxation Argument that conventional NTA still does not provide complete picture of dependency Societal norms around gender specialisation in particular (often time-inflexible) activities How might these differ across the life course? How might these be changing over time? How might we expect changes to interact with processes of popuation ageing? in SA

12 Data Table of Contents Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification Data in SA

13 Data Data Time-Use Survey hour day (half-hour slots from 4am); the day before today ; multitasking means splitting the time Two respondents per household, ages 10+ Specific prompts around care Third-party criterion (Reid 1934) Labour Market Dynamics Survey 2010 Income and Expenditure Survey 2010/2011 National accounts and administrative data in SA

14 Data Production Calculate time spent by each respondent across activities: employment, cooking, HH maint, child/elder care, volunteering Calculate mean time for each sex at each age in each activity Smooth profiles Consumption Allocate production of the non-market services to consumers within and outside the household (per capita, regression, rule-based) Transfer in-/outflows Based on production and consumption in SA

15 Table of Contents Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification Data in SA

16 For NTTA, we categorise 15 productive household activities (cleaning; laundry; cooking; household maintenance; household management; pet care; travel; purchases; collecting fuel and water); care of household members (childcare; adultcare; unspecified care); care of non-household members (childcare; adultcare; volunteering) So, what do people do all day? in SA

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22 Introduction in SA

23 Time spent in market production Hours per day Age Men's total productive activities Men's SNA production Men's household production Women's total productive activities Women's SNA production Women's household production in SA

24 Time spent in household production Hours per day Age Men's total household production Men's housework Men's care work Men's interhousehold Women's total household production Women's housework Women's care work Women's interhousehold in SA

25 Time spent in household production Hours per day Age Men's total household production Men's housework Men's care work Men's interhousehold Women's total household production Women's housework Women's care work Women's interhousehold in SA

26 Time spent in household production Hours per day Age Men's total household production Men's housework Men's care work Men's interhousehold Women's total household production Women's housework Women's care work Women's interhousehold in SA

27 Introduction Time transfers in SA

28 Time transfers Transfer deficit 30 Hours per day Transfer surplus Age Men's net time transfers Men's total household consumption Men's total household production Women's net time transfers Women's total household consumption Women's total household production in SA

29 Time transfers Transfer deficit 30 Hours per day Transfer surplus Age Men's net time transfers Men's total household consumption Men's total household production Women's net time transfers Women's total household consumption Women's total household production in SA

30 Engagement in productive activities by age and gender Men specialise in market production Peak during late 30s at over 6 hours per day Ranges between 15 times and two times time spent by women (ages 20-60) in SA

31 Engagement in productive activities by age and gender Men specialise in market production Peak during late 30s at over 6 hours per day Ranges between 15 times and two times time spent by women (ages 20-60) Women specialise in household production More hours in household production at every age than men Ranges between 15 times and three times time spent by men (ages ) Girls spend significant amounts of time in household production: 2 hours per day at age 14; 3 hours by age 17 in SA

32 Engagement in productive activities by age and gender Men specialise in market production Peak during late 30s at over 6 hours per day Ranges between 15 times and two times time spent by women (ages 20-60) Women specialise in household production More hours in household production at every age than men Ranges between 15 times and three times time spent by men (ages ) Girls spend significant amounts of time in household production: 2 hours per day at age 14; 3 hours by age 17 Women generate time transfer surpluses; men don t Girls start generating surpluses at age 14 (compared to early 20s in developed countries for which we have data) in SA

33 Gender specialisation, over the lifecycle Cleaning Laundry Cooking HH maintenance HH management Pet care Male-to-Female Ratio Travel Purchases Fuel & water Childcare (in HH) Childcare (ex HH) Adultcare (in HH) Adultcare (ex HH) Care (in HH) Volunteering Employment Employment related Sleeping Learning Nothing All other in SA

34 Combining market production and household production Hours per day Age Men's total productive activities Men's SNA production Men's household production Women's total productive activities Women's SNA production Women's household production in SA

35 Combining market production and household production Hours per day Age Men's total productive activities Men's SNA production Men's household production Women's total productive activities Women's SNA production Women's household production in SA

36 Combining market production and household production Hours per day Age Men's total productive activities Men's SNA production Men's household production Women's total productive activities Women's SNA production Women's household production in SA

37 Value inputs as unable to value outputs Opportunity cost vs replacement cost Specialist vs generalist vs average wage replacement in SA

38 Value inputs as unable to value outputs Opportunity cost vs replacement cost Specialist vs generalist vs average wage replacement Specialist: If you had to pay someone else to perform the task, how much would it cost? (1) NTTA (2) Budlender and Brathaug (2004) in SA

39 Value inputs as unable to value outputs Opportunity cost vs replacement cost Specialist vs generalist vs average wage replacement Specialist: If you had to pay someone else to perform the task, how much would it cost? (1) NTTA (2) Budlender and Brathaug (2004) Generalist: (1) Domestic worker wage (2) Economy-wide wage in SA

40 Mean wages Activity Generalist Specialist DomWork Economywide NTTA Bud & Brath Cleaning Laundry Cooking HH maintenance HH management Pet care Travel Purchases Collecting fuel/water Childcare (in HH) Childcare (ex HH) Adultcare (in HH) Adultcare (ex HH) Care (unsp, in HH) Volunteering in SA

41 Household activities Household care Non-HH care Total Hours per year Billions Domworker Value GDP % Fem % Economy-wide Value GDP % Fem % NTTA Value GDP % Fem % Bud & Brath Value GDP % Fem % in SA

42 Household production and consumption relative to GDP pc Relative to GDP per capita (%) Production - Male Production - Female Consumption - Male Consumption - Female Age in SA

43 Combining market and household production 04 Relative to mean labour income for year olds Total difference (F-M) Market difference (F-M) Household difference (F-M) Age in SA

44 Combining market and household production 04 Relative to mean labour income for year olds Total difference (F-M) Market difference (F-M) Household difference (F-M) Age in SA

45 Table of Contents Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification Data in SA

46 and next steps Marked gender specialisation in productive activities in SA Within household production, women specialise in care activities and cooking, laundry and cleaning; men in household maintenance and non-household adultcare Implications of/for changing LF participation Implications of/for population ageing Women generate household production surpluses from age 14 (men generate surpluses at ages 20/21 of up to 115s per day) Evidence of double shift : Women spend more time in productive activities than men, at every age in SA

47 and next steps Complete 2010 consumption profiles Incorporate opportunity cost wages Support ratio, projected time deficits and surpluses, and gender dividend in SA