Tool 1. Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
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- Donald Kory Cook
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1 Chapter 7: Factoring Review Tool 1 Greatest Common Factor (GCF) This is a very important tool. You must try to factor out the GCF first in every problem. Some problems do not have a GCF but many do. When you factor out the GCF you may recognize the expression inside the parentheses as a term that can be factored further by one of the other types of factoring tools. Example 1 Example 2 Factor: 5x 2 y + 20xy 5y (the GCF is 5y) Factor: 10x 3 20x x (the GCF is 10x) 5x 2 y 5y + 20xy 5y 5y 5y 10x 3 10x 20x 2 10x + 50x 10x = 5y(x 2 + 4x 1) =10x(x 2 2x + 5) Tool 2 Factor By Grouping Method Factoring by Grouping requires four terms. You group the first two terms together and the last two terms together and then factor out the GCF in the first group and factor out the GCF in the second group. The final step requires that you take out the common binomial in each term. You will then have the final factored form which is the product of two binomials. Example 3 Example 4 Factor: Factor: 6x 2 4x 15x x x 5x 3 2x (3x 2) 5 (3x 2) 4x (5x + 3) 1 (5x + 3) (3x 2) ( 2x 5) (5x + 3) ( 4x 1) Factoring Review Page Eitel
2 Tool 3A Factoring The Difference of Two Perfect Squares This tool requires Two Terms that are Perfect Squares separated by a sign. The factors of The Difference of Two Perfect Squares are the product of the sum and difference of the factors that make up each of the perfect squares. Example 5 Example 6 Factor: 4x 2 25 Factor: 9x 2 25y 2 4x 2 = 2x 2x and 25 = 5 5 9x 2 = 3x 3x and 5y 2 = 5y 5y = (2x + 5)(2x 5) = (3x + 5y)(3x 5y) Tool 3B The SUM of Two Perfect Squares This tool requires Two Terms that are Perfect Squares separated by a + sign. The Sum of Two Perfect Squares Does NOt Factor (DNF) Example 7 Example 8 9x Does not factor DNF 4x Does not factor DNF Factoring Review Page Eitel
3 Tool 4A Factoring The Difference of Two Perfect Cubes This tool requires Two Terms that are Perfect Cubes separated by a sign. Factor: a 3 b 3 = ( a b) a 2 + ab + b 2 ( a b) is found by perfect cube root of the first term keep the same sign perfect cube root of the last term is found by ( a b) a 2 + ab + b 2 ( First Last) First 2 change sign First Last always + Last 2 Example 9 Example 10 Factor: 8x Factor: 64x 3 27 = (2x) = ( 2x 5) ( 4x x + 25) F L F 2 cs F L + L 2 = (4x) ( 4x 3) ( 4x x + 9) F L F 2 cs F L + L 2 Factoring Review Page Eitel
4 Tool 4B The SUM of Two Perfect Cubes This tool requires Two Terms that are Perfect Cubes separated by a + sign. Factor: a 3 + b 3 Factoring The Sum of Two Perfect Cubes = ( a + b) a 2 ab + b 2 ( a + b) is found by perfect cube root of the first term keep the same sign perfect cube root of the last term is found by ( a + b) a 2 ab + b 2 ( First Last) First 2 change sign First Last always + Last 2 Example 11 Example 12 Factor: 27x 3 8 Factor: 125x = (3x) ( 3x + 2) ( 9x 2 6x + 4) F L F 2 cs F L + L 2 = (5x) ( 5x + 4) ( 25x 2 20x + 16) F L F 2 cs F L + L 2 Factoring Review Page Eitel
5 Tool 5A Factoring Easy Trinomials that have 1x 2 as the first term and ends with a positive number (C is positive). Factor 1x 2 + Bx + C into ( x + D ) ( x + E ) D and E must MULTIPLY to + C and ADD to + B Example 13 Example 14 Example 15 Factor x 2 9x Factor x + 9x Factor x 7x + 12 into ( x + D ) ( x + E ) into ( x + D ) ( x + E ) into ( x + D ) ( x + E ) x 2 9x x + 9x x 7x + 12 we need two numbers we need two numbers we need two numbers D and E that D and E that D and E that multiply to + 20 multiply to + 18 multiply to + 12 and add to 9 and add to + 9 and add to 7 4 and 5 work + 3 and + 6 work 3 and 4 work Answer:(x 4) (x 5) Answer:(x + 3) (x + 6) Answer: (x 3) (x 4) Factoring Review Page Eitel
6 Tool 5B Factoring Easy Trinomials that have 1x 2 as the first term and ends with a negative number (C is negative). Factor 1x 2 + Bx C into ( x + D ) ( x + E ) D and E must Multiply to C and SUBTRACT to + B Example 16 Example 17 Example 18 Factor x 2 x 20 Factor x 2 + 3x 18 Factor x 2 4x 12 into ( x + D ) ( x + E ) into ( x + D ) ( x + E ) into ( x + D ) ( x + E x 2 x 20 x 2 + 3x 18 x 2 4x 12 we need two numbers we need two numbers we need two numbers D and E that D and E that D and E that multiply to 20 multiply to 18 multiply to 12 and subtract to 1 and subtract to + 3 and subtract to 4 5 and 4 work + 6 and 3 work + 6 and 2 work Answer: (x 5) (x + 4) Answer:(x + 6) (x 3) Answer: (x + 6) (x 2) Factoring Review Page Eitel
7 Tool 6A Factoring Hard Trinomials like Ax 2 ± Bx ± C where A > 1 that END with a POSITIVE number (C is POSITIVE) by the Creating an Easy Trinomial Method Example 19 Factor: 2x 2 9x +10 Step 1: The GCF must be taken out first (if there is one) before factoring the hard trinomial. Step 2: Create an Easy Trinomial by moving the coefficient of the 2 x 2 term to the end of the trinomial and multiplying the 2 and the 10 to get the easy trinomial x 2 9x + 20 Step 3: Factor the easy trinomial by finding the 2 numbers that multiply to + 20 and add to 9 5 and 4 ( x 5) ( x 4) Step 4: In step 1 you multiplied the constant 10 by the 2 that was the coefficient of the 2 x 2 term. Now divide BOTH of the constants in (x 5 )( x 4) by 2 x 5 2 x 4 2 reduce each fraction x 5 x 2 2 Step 5: "glide" the denominator of each fraction (if there is one) to the front of the x term x 5 2 x 2 2 Answer: ( 2x 5 ) ( x 2) Factoring Review Page Eitel
8 Tool 6B Factoring Hard Trinomials like Ax 2 ± Bx ± C where A > 1 that END with a NEGATIVE number (C is NEGATIVE) by the Creating an Easy Trinomial Method Example 20 Factor: 6x 2 x 1 Step 1: The GCF must be taken out first (if there is one) before factoring the hard trinomial. Step 2: Create an Easy Trinomial by moving the coefficient of the 6 x 2 term to the end of the trinomial and multiplying the 6 and the 1 to get the easy trinomial x 2 x 6 Step 3: Factor the easy trinomial by finding the 2 numbers that multiply to 6 and subtract to 1 3 and + 2 ( x 3 ) ( x + 2 ) Step 4: In step 1 you multiplied the constant 1 by the 6 that was in front of the x 2 term. Now divide BOTH of the constants in ( x 3 ) ( x + 2 ) by 6 x 3 6 x reduce each fraction x 1 2 x Step 5: "glide" the denominator of each fraction (if there is one) to the front of the x term 2 x 1 2 x Answer: ( 2x 1 ) ( 3x +1) Factoring Review Page Eitel
9 Tool 7A Factoring Hard Trinomials like Ax 2 ± Bx ± C where A > 1 that END with a POSITIVE number (C is POSITIVE) by the AC Factoring By Grouping Method Example 21 Factor: 3x 2 + 7x + 2 Factoring Review Page Eitel
10 Tool 7B Factoring Hard Trinomials like Ax 2 ± Bx ± C where A > 1 that END with a NEGATIVE number (C is NEGATIVE) by the AC Factoring By Grouping Method Example 22 Factor: 12x 2 + 5x 2 Factoring Review Page Eitel
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