ArcelorMittal Electrical Steels

Transcription

1 ArcelorMittal Electrical Steels July 2017

2 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Presentation Outline Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support ArcelorMittal electrical steels Introduction Grades for automotive applications Hyundai specification ArcelorMittal technical support Magnetic Impact new grades Mechanical Fatigue Notes: ArcelorMittal is a key supplier for large high efficiency machines for power generation, rail traction, industrial motors We supply customers worldwide, also because we follow our global customers in all their production sites 1

3 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal In terms of production capacity, ArcelorMittal together with its sister company Aperam could produce up to 800kt of ES Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team AM Hamilton, Dofasco (CRML) AM Indiana Harbor (CRML) AM Florange (SP&FP NO) Aperam (FeNi&FeCo) AM St-Chély (FP NO) Automotive grades AM Eisenhüttenstadt (SP) AM Frýdek Místek (GO) AM Fos-ur-Mer (PS) Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support Aperam (GO&FP NO) Acronyms: SP: Semi processed FP: Fully processed NO: Non Oriented GO: Grain Oriented CRML : Cold Rolled Motor Lamination Volume: ca. 800 kt produced in 8 plants A wide range of GRAIN ORIENTED as well as NON ORIENTED electrical steels (ES) 90m invested in 2012 to the development of breakthrough NO ES in SAINT-CHELY plant (FR) Complemented with FeNi and FeCo alloys (produced in France) DEDICATED COMMERCIAL & TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TEAMS 2

4 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Dedicated commercial and technical teams in Europe with a strong local supports (Asia, Usa ) Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support Thanks to his global presence, ArcelorMittal can demonstrate high reactivity to support your global needs. ArcelorMittal key contact list is as below: Philippe Aubron is the CMO of ArcelorMittal Automotive in Europe Contact details: T M philippe.aubron@arcelormittal.com Ir. Sigrid Jacobs is the Portfolio Director for ES. She is in charge of the R&D Contact details: M sigrid.jacobs@arcelormittal.com Jérôme Salvia, as KAM Hyundai Kia, is reporting to Pierre Fabre Contact details: T M Jerome.Salvia@arcelormittal.com Salih Ozkan, as Electrical Steel CMO, is reporting to Philippe Aubron Contact details: T M salih.ozkan@arcelormittal.com Sarah Snellinx is acting as commercial technical support to automotive customers for ES Contact details: T M sarah.snellinx@arcelormittal.com 3

5 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal St-Chély d Apcher plant with its 100 years of History has developed a unique know how on NO ES for Automotive Key Dates Certifications Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support 1917: Plant built for ferro-alloys production Aciéries et Forges de Firminy 1924: Production of electrical steel with a hot rolled sheet process 1968: Abandon of the hot rolling process and replacement by a continuous cold rolling and annealing process 1983: The St.-Chély plant joins the Usinor Group 1989: Integration of St.-Chély plant into Ugine 1991: Abandon of iron alloys production 1993: Concentration of all the fully processed production from Ugine in St.- Chély plant 1999: St.-Chély plant becomes Sollac 2002: Creation of Arcelor 2006: Merger with Mittal: ArcelorMittal St.- Chély d Apcher 2012: Investment of 90 million euros in a new annealing designed for Automotive market 4

6 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Overview of the Continuous Annealing Line (CAL) Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support Copyright ArcelorMittal

7 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Fully Processed production using a new Continuous Annealing Line (CAL) Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support 6

8 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal ArcelorMittal has the capability to extend mill s capacity to 180 kt in less than one month Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support EXTENSION CAN BE COMPLETED IN LESS THAN ONE MONTH 7

9 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal and even to 250kt if required Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support EXTENSION CAN BE COMPLETED IN LESS THAN ONE MONTH 8

10 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal ArcelorMittal St-Chély d Apcher plant is using green energy Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support The watermill of Vergne is located on Bès river and has a total power of 13,350 KVA and a flow of 12m 3 per second. The height of fall is 144 meters. The watermill of Ranc is located on Tryuère river and has a total power of 2,600 KVA and a flow of 12 m 3 per second. The height of fall is 19 meters. 9

11 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal ArcelorMittal is able to produce both Non Oriented (NO) and Grain Oriented (GO) Electrictal Steel (ES) Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support ArcelorMittal is committed to meet your needs by providing: A complete portfolio of electrical steels Volume to meet required needs High levels of quality Logistics and on-time delivery Technical support at all stages of the product development lifecycle - from co-engineering to serial production 10

12 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal icare : Our answer for electro-mobility Automotive Offer icare is ArcelorMittal range of innovative Non-Oriented Fully Processed electrical steels dedicated to powertrain applications. Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support icare is the way toward innovative (i) and environmentally friendly (e) solutions for the CAR of tomorrow. To meet the requirements of e-mobility, icare offer has been adapted, i.e. change in our reference of measurement and designation: higher frequency (400 Hz.). Strong customer support by collaboration in early development phase of e-machine has lead to material offer adapted to every customer needs. icare launched in 2012 and in serial production on mass production lines. The complete description of icare offer is available at automotive.arcelormittal.com/icare 11

13 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Fully Processed electrical steel product families Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support 12

14 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal icare : Our answer for electro-mobility (1/2) What s in a name? Name structure for Non Grain Oriented Steel grades according to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) used in EN, JIS and ASTM. Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support Example EN10106 Magnetic Steel Maximum Iron and 50 Hz x 100 = 3,30 W/Kg Gauge mm x 100 = 0.35 mm M330-35A 5 IEC for 50Hz A = Non-Oriented Fully Processed K = Non-Oriented Semi-Processed Example EN10303 Non Grain Oriented Gauge mm x 100= 0.20 mm NO Maximum Iron and 400 Hz x 100 = 15,0 W/Kg Electrical steels are sold in fixed thicknesses therefore the thickness is part of the name. For automotive we need electrical steels with guarantees at 1,0T & 400 Hz. 13

15 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal icare : Our answer for electro-mobility (2/2) What s in a name? Name structure for icare offer is similar but not alike to underline its adaptation for automotive applications Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support Save Torque Speed icare Grade Family Gauge mm x 100 Family Specific Characteristic: maximum Iron 1T and 400 Hz for Save and Torque grades or Minimum Yield Strength for Speed grades. Name structure similar to EN 10303, icare offers however other guarantees. 14

16 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal icare Save (1/2) Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support Save is steel with very low losses, to save weight, to save energy, to improve efficiency. Save is in particular useful for the stators of high frequency machines. Save or Save Save or Save Save or Save Save 30-14,5 Save or Save Save or Save Thickness: first 2 digits (e.g. 20 stands for 0.20 mm) Guaranteed 1T&400Hz: last 2 digits Guaranteed 5000A/m: 1,60T 15

17 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal icare Save (2/2) Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support icare Save is steel with very low losses, ideal for the efficiency of the electrical machine. Its key role is to optimise the current used from power coming from the battery. Magnetic properties Conventional density (kg/dm 3 ) Max loss (W/kg) Min polarisation (T) Max anisotropy of loss (±%) At 400 Hz at 1T At 700 Hz at 1T At 2,500 A/m At 5,000 A/m At 10,000 A/m at 400 Hz at 1T Min number of bends Min stacking factor Guaranteed Indicative Guaranteed Guaranteed Indicative Guaranteed Guaranteed Guarantee d Save % Save % Save % Save % Save % Save % Save % Save % Save % Save % Save %

18 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal icare Torque (1/2) Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support Torque is steel with high permeability, to improve airgap flux, to obtain high motor torque or high current supply for a generator. A stator using Torque improves the motor s brakeaway torque. Torque Torque 25-12,5 or Torque 27-13,5 or Torque 30-14,5 or Torque or Torque Thickness: first 2 digits (e.g. 20 stands for 0.20 mm) Guaranteed 1T&400Hz: last 2 digits Guaranteed 5000A/m: 1,64/1,65T 17

19 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal icare Torque (2/2) Presentation outline ES Footprint icare Torque is steel with high permeability which can achieve the highest levels of mechanical power output for a Motor or current supply for a generator. Magnetic properties ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Conventional density (kg/dm 3 ) At 400 Hz at 1T Max loss (W/kg) Min polarisation (T) Max anisotropy of At 700 Hz at 1T At 2,500 A/m At 5,000 A/m At 10,000 A/m loss (±%) at 400 Hz at 1T Min numbe r of bends Min stacking factor Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support Guarantee d Indicative Guarantee d Guarantee d Indicative Guaranteed Guaran teed Torque 20-15* Guarantee d Torque ,94 Torque Torque ,94 Torque Torque ,95 Torque ,95 Torque Torque Torque * on request 18

20 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal icare Speed (1/2) Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support Speed steel has high strength for high speed rotors which maintain high levels of magnetic performance. These grades allow the machine to be more compact and have a higher power density. Speed Speed Thickness: first 2 digits (35 stands for 0.35 mm) Guaranteed yield strength: last 3 digits Guaranteed 1T&400Hz: 23 and 28 W/kg Guaranteed 5000A/m: 1,62T 19

21 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal icare Speed (2/2) Presentation outline ES Footprint icare Speed is specific high strength electrical steel for high speed rotors which maintain high levels of magnetic performance. These grades allow the machine to be more compact and have a higher power density. ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support Magnetic properties Conventional density (kg/dm 3 ) Max loss (W/kg) Min polarisation (T) Max anisotropy of loss (±%) At 400 Hz at 1T At 700 Hz at 1T At 2,500 A/m At 5,000 A/m At 10,000 A/m at 400 Hz at 1T Min number of bends Min stacking factor Guaranteed Indicative Guaranteed Guaranteed Indicative Guaranteed Guaranteed Guaranteed Speed Speed Mechanical properties (Re & Rm only) guaranteed in rolling direction (other values are indicative) Direction R e (MPa) R m (MPa) R e /R m A80 (%) HV Speed L T Speed L T

22 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Advanced technical support for icare Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support Support to optimally exploit ES, from machine design to machine construction Via advanced characterisation of electrical steel, technical service, co-engineering, modelling support 21

23 1. Magnetic characterization & modelling Support to optimally exploit ES, from machine design to machine construction Via advanced characterisation of ES, technical service, co-engineering, modelling support 22

24 New Save and Torque grades: Impact on machine performance 23

25 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Calculation of benefit via icare Traction motor performance (vs. its bill of materials) is compared, for different electrical steels MATERIALS: fully processed non-oriented ES grades ( 0.35 mm) mainly icare Torque and Save ( mm) MACHINES: traction motors for hybrid/electric vehicles synchronous machines, w/wo permanent magnets 400 Hz) asynchronous machine 200 Hz) PERFORMANCE indicators: efficiency, torque density, machine compactness (weight & volume) 24

26 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Iron loss modelling in electrical machines Finite element machine modelling (at customer/by ArcelorMittal) Modelling: Post-processing of iron loss Validation: Machine construction & prototyping (at customer) Advanced characterisation of material data including: effect of rotational losses effect of higher harmonics effect of punching effect of mechanical stresses effect of temperature... Machine measurements (losses) (at customer) 26

27 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Iron loss model I: Homogeneous magnetic properties (a) Classical Bertotti Loss Model (three k i - parameters) Hysteresis Class eddy Excess P Fe k h J 2 max f 0 k cf J 2 max f 2 0 k ex J 1.5 max f (b) Enhanced ArcelorMittal Loss Model (five parameters: s i,a,b) (+ rotational loss, higher harmonics, saturation effects, flux distortion) P( J, f ) s 1 ( r( J J ) 1) J f s J nf s J nf a bj min p 0 hyst p p 0 eddy p, n exc p, n J 0 0 p n 1 n 1 Physt Physt,rot Peddy,f0 + Pexc,f0 + Peddy,HH Pexc,HH f 0 = fundamental frequency HH = high harmonics 27

28 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Performance comparison of different ES: Numerical approach By electromagnetic machine + material modelling taking advantage of in-house developed methodology to calculate magnetic losses in electrical machines Material comparison for equal mechanical power (for each operation point): fixed machine torque & fixed mechanical power identical 2D design of stator & rotor lamella Iso-torque for different materials: obtained by modifying stack height higher torque density translates into better machine compactness As a consequence, the following properties are varying: machine volume and mass losses of all active materials* power density *: active materials : electrical steel, Cu or Al conductors, permanent magnets 28

29 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal STUDY 1: Synchronous machines PMSM & WRSM What is different? rotor topology & axial length PMSM: permanent magnet synchronous machine buried permanent magnets in rotor concentrated stator windings WRSM: wound rotor synchronous machine concentrated rotor windings concentrated stator windings ES Cu PM Cu axial length: m ref. material: M330-35A Tnom = 62 Nm axial length: m ref. material: M330-35A Tnom = 62 Nm 29

30 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Main nominal speed (4800rpm/400Hz) PMSM Torque density (Nm /m axial length) Compactness (m 3 ) Active material loss (nominal) Active material efficiency (nominal) Industry Standard Industry High Perm icare Save icare Torque M330-35A M330P-35A Save Save Save Torque Torque Torque Torque Ref. 2,2% -0,4% 0,7% 0,4% 1,1% 0,8% 1,3% 1,6% Ref. -2,1% 0,4% -0,7% -0,4% -1,1% -0,8% -1,3% -1,6% Ref. 15% -21% -16% -15% -21% -19% -16% -14% Ref. -0,52% 0,77% 0,56% 0,54% 0,72% 0,68% 0,55% 0,52% WRSM Torque density (Nm /m axial length) Compactness (m 3 ) Active material loss (nominal) Active material efficiency (nominal) Industry Standard Industry High Perm icare Save icare Torque M330-35A M330P-35A Save Save Save Torque Torque Torque Torque Ref. 4,4% -1,7% 0,5% 0,2% 1,0% 0,6% 1,5% 2,1% Ref. -4,2% 1,8% -0,5% -0,2% -1,0% -0,6% -1,5% -2,1% Ref. 8% -17% -12% -12% -17% -15% -13% -13% Ref. -0,33% 0,67% 0,49% 0,47% 0,66% 0,61% 0,50% 0,51% 30

31 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal STUDY 2: Asynchronous machine for traction Aluminium rotor cage Distributed stator windings Pnom = 78kW at 6000rpm (200Hz) ES Cu Al IM Stator current (at nominal operation) Energy losses due to active materials (at nominal operation) Active material efficiency (at nominal operation) Industry Standard Industry High Perm icare Save icare Torque M330-35A M330P-35A Save Save Torque Torque Torque Ref. -7,4% 2,9% -0,7% -1,3% -2,8% -4,3% Ref. 11% -18% -14% -16% -9% -14% Ref. -0,44% 0,72% 0,53% 0,61% 0,37% 0,53% 31

32 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Main findings for the studied machine types icare Save: high efficiency (= best use of battery power) high efficiency due to low iron losses smaller batteries possible for same drive range if best efficiency is most important, regardless extra cost, then Save 20 comes first change of torque density is limited compared to M330-35A icare Torque: less copper consumption good compromise between high torque production (Torque 30) and low iron losses (Torque 25) better compromise than M330P-35A higher torque density enables smaller machines, hence saving on copper and magnets OR: higher torque density in equal sized machines leads to better vehicle performance: better break-away torque and better acceleration, more powerful enables design mods on teeth/yoke width and Cu slot-area (other trade-off Fe-Cu-PM) icare Save and Torque grades in 0.27 and 0.30 mm: good compromise best value/cost ratio (during construction and exploitation) 32

33 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal ArcelorMittal further icare development We are developing in lower loss grades in the Save Torque family of electrical steels Hyundai specs (partim) mm? B50 typ 1,67T? So J50 typ 1,66T? W10/400 14,1-12,3-11,xW/kg? Re typ 406MPa? Torque grades Is there interest to check a different grade by Hyundai? Gauge, Losses, Induction, Mechanical Samples can be provided of newly developed grades. 33

34 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal 2. Mechanical characterisation for mechanical modelling Support to optimally exploit ES, from machine design to machine construction Via advanced characterisation of ES, technical service, coengineering, modelling support 34

35 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Mechanical material data for machine design Nothing prescribed by standard Routine industrial characterisation: Static tensile tests transverse to the rolling direction (yield strength, tensile strength, fracture elongation) Vickers Hardness Room temperature Real machine operating conditions: Mechanical strength in every direction is important Mechanical loads also have a dynamic component Elevated temperature Need for advanced mechanical characterisation for (high speed) motor design 35

36 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Static mechanical characterisation Tests to determine E and Setup: elastic tensile test using sample with bi-directional strain gauge Upper clamp Furnace Sample to test Dummy sample to complete half SG bridge Lower clamp 36

37 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Static mechanical characterisation Elevated temperature tensile test equipment Tensile Equipment: Zwick Z010 Max. Force: 10 kn Temperature: -80 C to +250 C ΔT max = ± 3.5 C Furnace (slides in position) Extensometer Grips 37

38 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Elevated temperature fatigue tests Furnace for elevated temperature testing in use Two zone furnace for temperature uniformity For the installation of the furnace, grips have to be further apart Therefore used together with the longer version of the spark eroded fatigue samples (250 mm long) Furnace requires longer samples 38

39 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Fatigue failure observation 39

40 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Stress (MPa) Standard practice (on request) Elevated temperature and HCF with R> R = 0.4 R = 0.1 Endurance S limit R= e N S S e N Endurance S limit R=0.1 2 Estimate for R=-1 value: -using Haigh diagram -using internal AM fit based on static properties S-N curve(s) (R>0, polished samples) Number of cycles + Safe area - for polished samples - at room temperature -p F = 50 % 40

41 ArcelorMittal All rights reserved for all countries Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Fatigue characterization available methods Smooth + polished edges (Intrinsic material properties) Punched 45 EDM with a notch R2,5 K t = 2.2, no subsequent polishing Notch detail 45 R2,5 x Custom (special tests based on customer requirements) Notch detail R100 R (42) 185 (40) 162,9 R (42) 41

42 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal Mechanical design of electrical motors Little data available in literature for electrical steels (ES) and the influence of service factors (temperature, notches, etc.) Due to lack of data, mechanical motor designers rely on general design rules for steels ES Cu PM ω ω ArcelorMittal provides you with extensive static and dynamic characterisation of ES, with different edge conditions, at different temperatures and links this experimental info to general design rules ω F centrifugal Δ ω ΔF centrifugal Schematic front view Thanks to ArcelorMittal data, it is possible to Reduce the amount of prototypes needed Make tighter mechanical design conditions, to optimise the power density of the machines Permanent Magnet Location of cyclic loads 42

43 Cannot be disclosed, used, or reproduced without prior written specific authorization of ArcelorMittal General conclusion Presentation outline ES Footprint ArcelorMittal Team Focus on St-Chely d Apcher plant (FR) Electrical steel offer Advance Technical Support ArcelorMittal, as electrical steel producer, is offering to help the electrical traction machine designer to meet the tough challenge of defining maximal power density output electrical machines. icare ES steel grades for automotive 1. magnetically very soft types for the stator: Save for compact high efficiency and Torque for machines with high mechanical output 2. mechanically very hard types for the rotor called Speed. Conclusion We wish to assist our customers further, by also providing the design engineers advanced magnetic and mechanical technical data to make the machine design calculations more precise. Furthermore we have developed our own iron loss calculation tools to better estimate the iron losses of our grades when built into e-machines. 43

44 Thank you for your attention! For more info about our electrical steel products and solutions, go to: automotive.arcelormittal.com/icare industry.arcelormittal.com/electricalsteels 44