Performance Pillar. P1 Performance Operations. Wednesday 1 September 2010

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1 Performance Pillar P1 Performance Operations Instructions to candidates Wednesday 1 September 2010 You are allowed three hours to answer this question paper. You are allowed 20 minutes reading time before the examination begins during which you should read the question paper and, if you wish, highlight and/or make notes on the question paper. However, you will not be allowed, under any circumstances, to open the answer book and start writing or use your calculator during this reading time. You are strongly advised to carefully read ALL the question requirements before attempting the question concerned (that is all parts and/or subquestions). ALL answers must be written in the answer book. Answers written on the question paper will not be submitted for marking. You should show all workings as marks are available for the method you use. ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY. Section A comprises 8 sub-questions and is on pages 2 to 5. Section B comprises 6 sub-questions and is on pages 6 to 8. Section C comprises 2 questions and is on pages 10 to 13. Maths tables and formulae are provided on pages 15 to 18. The list of verbs as published in the syllabus is given for reference on page 19. Write your candidate number, the paper number and examination subject title in the spaces provided on the front of the answer book. Also write your contact ID and name in the space provided in the right hand margin and seal to close. Tick the appropriate boxes on the front of the answer book to indicate which questions you have answered. P1 Performance Operations TURN OVER The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants 2010

2 SECTION A 20 MARKS [Note: The indicative time for answering this section is 36 minutes] ANSWER ALL EIGHT SUB-QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION Instructions for answering Section A: The answers to the eight sub-questions in Section A should ALL be written in your answer book. Your answers should be clearly numbered with the sub-question number then ruled off, so that the markers know which sub-question you are answering. For multiple choice questions, you need only write the sub-question number and the letter of the answer option you have chosen. You do not need to start a new page for each sub-question. For sub-questions 1.6 to 1.8 you should show your workings as marks are available for the method you use to answer these sub-questions. Question One 1.1 Which ONE of the following is NOT considered to be a cost of holding inventory? A B C Loss of goodwill as a result of being unable to complete customer orders due to lack of inventory Insurance cost of inventory Storage cost of inventory D Interest on cash invested in inventory (2 marks) 1.2 The following information has been calculated for a business: Trade receivables collection period Trade payables payment period 54 days 67 days If the working capital cycle is 102 days, the inventory turnover period is A B C D 19 days 115 days 89 days 13 days (2 marks) Performance Operations 2 September 2010

3 1.3 A project requires an initial investment of $200,000. It has a life of five years and generates net cash inflows in each of the five years of $55,000. The net present value of the project when discounted at the company s cost of capital of 8% is $19,615. The sensitivity of the investment decision to a change in the annual net cash inflow is: A 35.7% B 25.0% C 9.8% D 8.9% (2 marks) Section A continues on the next page TURN OVER September Performance Operations

4 The following data are given for sub-questions 1.4 and 1.5 below A company can choose from four mutually exclusive investment projects. The net present value of the projects will depend on market conditions. The table below details the net present value for each possible outcome: Market conditions Projects A B C D Poor $400,000 $700,000 $450,000 $360,000 Average $470,000 $550,000 $500,000 $400,000 Good $600,000 $300,000 $800,000 $550, If the company applies the maximin rule it will invest in: A B C D Project A Project B Project C Project D (2 marks) 1.5 If the company applies the minimax regret rule it will invest in: A B C D Project A Project B Project C Project D (2 marks) 1.6 PJ sells goods to customers on credit. It is forecast that credit sales for July will be $36,000 and that sales will increase by $2,000 per month for the next six months. Based on past experience PJ expects 50% of customers to pay in the month after sale, 25% of customers to pay 2 months after sale and the remainder to pay 3 months after sale. PJ has a trade receivables balance outstanding at the beginning of July of $65,000. Calculate the cash that PJ will receive from credit customers during the six month period to the end of December. (3 marks) Performance Operations 4 September 2010

5 1.7 The estimated production volume of a new product for the first year is 2,000 units. The management accountant has produced the following table showing the possible production costs and their associated probabilities at this level of output. The probabilities of the different levels of fixed production costs and variable production costs are totally independent. Total fixed production costs Total variable production costs $ Probability $ Probability 80, , , , , , (i) Calculate the expected value of total production costs for the production of 2,000 units. (ii) Calculate the probability of total production costs for 2,000 units being $180,000 or greater. (4 marks) 1.8 A $1,000 bond has a coupon rate of 10% per annum and will repay its face value in five years time. Similar bonds have a yield to maturity of 8% per annum. Calculate the current expected market value of the bond. (3 marks) (Total for Section A = 20 marks) Reminder All answers to Section A must be written in your answer book. Answers to Section A written on the question paper will not be submitted for marking. End of Section A Section B begins on page 6 TURN OVER September Performance Operations

6 SECTION B 30 MARKS [Note: The indicative time for answering this section is 54 minutes] ANSWER ALL SIX SUB-QUESTIONS. YOU SHOULD SHOW YOUR WORKINGS AS MARKS ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE METHOD YOU USE. Question Two (a) JP has been offered credit terms by a supplier that will allow JP to claim a cash discount of 2.5% if payment is made within 15 days of the date of the invoice or to pay on normal credit terms within 45 days of the date of the invoice. Required: (i) (ii) Calculate, to the nearest 0.1%, the effective annual interest rate offered to JP from accepting the cash discount and paying within 15 days. You should assume a 365 day year and use compound interest methodology. (3 marks) State TWO other methods that the supplier could use to reduce its level of outstanding trade receivables. (2 marks) (Total for sub-question (a) = 5 marks) (b) BB manufactures a range of electronic products. The supplier of component Y has informed BB that it will offer a quantity discount of 1.0% if BB places an order of 10,000 components or more at any one time. Required: Details of component Y are as follows: Cost per component before discount $2.00 Annual purchases 150,000 components Ordering costs $360 per order Holding costs $3.00 per component per annum (i) Calculate the total annual cost of holding and ordering inventory of component Y using the economic order quantity and ignoring the quantity discount. (2 marks) (ii) Calculate whether there is a financial benefit to BB from increasing the order size to 10,000 components in order to qualify for the 1.0% quantity discount. (3 marks) (Total for sub-question (b) = 5 marks) Performance Operations 6 September 2010

7 (c) Explain why a backflush cost accounting system may be considered more appropriate than a traditional cost accounting system, in a company that operates a just-in-time production and purchasing system. (5 marks) (d) XY, a not-for-profit charity organisation which is funded by public donations, is concerned that it is not making the best use of its available funds. It has carried out a review of its budgeting system and is considering replacing the current system with a zero-based budgeting system. Required: Explain the potential advantages AND disadvantages for the charity of a zero-based budgeting system. (5 marks) (e) QR uses an activity based budgeting (ABB) system to budget product costs. It manufactures two products, product Q and product R. The budget details for these two products for the forthcoming period are as follows: Product Q Product R Budgeted production (units) 80, ,000 Number of machine set ups per batch 4 2 Batch size (units) 5,000 4,000 The total budgeted cost of setting up the machines is $74,400. Required: (i) Calculate the budgeted machine set up cost per unit of product Q. (3 marks) (ii) State TWO potential benefits of using an activity based budgeting system. (2 marks) (Total for sub-question (e) = 5 marks) Section B continues on the next page TURN OVER September Performance Operations

8 (f) A university is trying to decide whether or not to advertise a new post-graduate degree programme. The number of students starting the programme is dependent on economic conditions. If conditions are poor it is expected that the programme will attract 40 students without advertising. There is a 60% chance that economic conditions will be poor. If economic conditions are good it is expected that the programme will attract only 20 students without advertising. There is a 40% chance that economic conditions will be good. If the programme is advertised and economic conditions are poor, there is a 65% chance that the advertising will stimulate further demand and student numbers will increase to 50. If economic conditions are good there is a 25% chance the advertising will stimulate further demand and numbers will increase to 25 students. The profit expected, before deducting the cost of advertising, at different levels of student numbers are as follows: Number of students Profit $ 15 (10,000) 20 15, , , , , , ,000 The cost of advertising the programme will be $15,000. Required: Demonstrate, using a decision tree, whether the programme should be advertised. (5 marks) (Total for Section B = 30 marks) End of Section B Section C begins on page 10 Performance Operations 8 September 2010

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10 SECTION C 50 MARKS [Note: The indicative time for answering this section is 90 minutes] ANSWER BOTH QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION. EACH QUESTION IS WORTH 25 MARKS. YOU SHOULD SHOW YOUR WORKINGS AS MARKS ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE METHOD YOU USE. Question Three FX Corporation produces a single product RG. The company operates a standard absorption costing system and a just-in-time purchasing system. Standard production cost details per unit of product RG are: $ Materials (5 kg at $20 per kg) 100 Labour (4 hours at $10 per hr) 40 Variable overheads (4 hours at $5 per hr) 20 Fixed overheads (4 hours at $12.50 per hr) Fixed and variable overheads are absorbed on the basis of labour hours. Budget data for product RG for July are detailed below: Production and sales 1,400 units Selling price $250 per unit Fixed overheads $70,000 Actual data for product RG for July are as follows: Production and sales 1,600 units Selling price $240 per unit Direct materials 7,300 kg costing $153,300 Direct labour 5,080 hours at $9 per hour Variable overheads $25,400 Fixed overheads $74,000 Required: (a) Produce a statement that reconciles the budgeted and actual gross profit for product RG for July showing the variances in as much detail as possible. (13 marks) Performance Operations 10 September 2010

11 (b) The following details have been extracted from the company s accounting records for August. Budget Actual Output of RG 800 units 890 units Materials 4,000kg 4,375kg Cost per kg $20.00 $21.60 It has now been realised that the standard cost per kg of the material should have been $ Calculate the following materials variances for August: (i) The total materials cost variance. (ii) The planning variance for materials price. (iii) The operational variances for materials price and materials usage. (6 marks) (c) Discuss THREE advantages of using a standard costing system that identifies both planning and operational variances. (6 marks) (Total for Question Three = 25 marks) Section C continues on the next page TURN OVER September Performance Operations

12 Question Four The management of a hotel is considering expanding its facilities by providing a gymnasium and spa for the use of guests. It is expected that the additional facilities will result in an increase in the occupancy rate of the hotel and in the rates that can be charged for each room. The cost of refurbishing the space, which is currently used as a library for guests, and installing the spa is estimated to be $100,000. The cost of the gymnasium equipment is expected to be $50,000. The gymnasium and spa will need to be refurbished and the equipment replaced every four years. The equipment will be sold for $15,000 cash at the end of year 4. This amount includes the effect of inflation. The hotel s accountants have produced a feasibility report at a cost of $10,000. The key findings from their report, regarding occupancy rates and room rates are as follows: Current occupancy rate: 80% Number of rooms available: 40 Current average room rate per night: $250 Occupancy rates, following the opening of the gymnasium and spa, are expected to rise to 82% and the average room rate by 5%, excluding the effect of inflation. The hotel is open for 360 days per year. Other relevant information from the accountants report is listed below: 1. Staffing of the gymnasium and spa Number of employees : 4 Average salary per employee: $30,000 per annum 2. Overheads The current budgeted overhead absorption rate for the hotel is $80 per square metre per annum. The area required for the gymnasium and spa is 400 square metres. The hotel s overheads are expected to increase by $42,000 directly as a result of opening the gymnasium and spa. 3. Inflation Inflation is expected to be at a rate of 4% per annum and will apply to sales revenue, overhead costs and staff costs. The rate of 4% will apply from Year 2 to each of the subsequent years of the project. 4. Taxation The hotel s accountants have provided the following taxation information: Tax depreciation available on all costs of refurbishing, installation and equipment: 25% reducing balance per annum. Taxation rate: 30% of taxable profits. Half of the tax is payable in the year in which it arises, the balance is paid the following year. Any losses resulting from this investment can be set against taxable profits made by the company s other business activities. The company uses a post-tax money cost of capital of 12% per annum to evaluate projects of this type. Performance Operations 12 September 2010

13 Required: (a) Calculate the net present value (NPV) of the gymnasium and spa project. (16 marks) (b) Calculate the post-tax money cost of capital at which the hotel would be indifferent to accepting / rejecting the project. (4 marks) (c) Discuss an alternative method for the treatment of inflation that would result in the same NPV. Your answer should consider the potential difficulties in using this method when taxation is involved in the project appraisal. (5 marks) (Total for Question Four = 25 marks) (Total for Section C = 50 marks) End of question paper Maths tables and formulae are on pages 15 to 18 September Performance Operations

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15 PRESENT VALUE TABLE Present value of $1, that is ( 1+ r ) n where r = interest rate; n = number of periods until payment or receipt. Periods Interest rates (r) (n) 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% Periods Interest rates (r) (n) 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20% September Performance Operations

16 Cumulative present value of $1 per annum, Receivable or Payable at the end of each year for n years n 1 (1+ r ) r Periods (n) Interest rates (r) 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% Periods (n) Interest rates (r) 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20% Performance Operations 16 September 2010

17 FORMULAE PROBABILITY A B = A or B. A B = A and B (overlap). P(B A) = probability of B, given A. Rules of Addition If A and B are mutually exclusive: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) If A and B are not mutually exclusive: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) Rules of Multiplication If A and B are independent: P(A B) = P(A) * P(B) If A and B are not independent: P(A B) = P(A) * P(B A) E(X) = (probability * payoff) DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Arithmetic Mean x = x n fx x = (frequency distribution) f Standard Deviation SD = INDEX NUMBERS ( x x) n SD = fx x (frequency distribution) f Price relative = 100 * P 1/P 0 Quantity relative = 100 * Q 1/Q 0 P1 w P o Price: x 100 w Q1 w Q o Quantity: x 100 w TIME SERIES Additive Model Multiplicative Model Series = Trend + Seasonal + Random Series = Trend * Seasonal * Random September Performance Operations

18 FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS Compound Interest (Values and Sums) Future Value S, of a sum of X, invested for n periods, compounded at r% interest S = X[1 + r] n Annuity Present value of an annuity of 1 per annum receivable or payable for n years, commencing in one year, discounted at r% per annum: PV = r [1 + r ] n Perpetuity Present value of 1 per annum, payable or receivable in perpetuity, commencing in one year, discounted at r% per annum: PV = r 1 LEARNING CURVE Y x = ax b where: Y x = the cumulative average time per unit to produce X units; a = the time required to produce the first unit of output; X = the cumulative number of units; b = the index of learning. The exponent b is defined as the log of the learning curve improvement rate divided by log 2. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Economic Order Quantity EOQ = 2C D where: C o = cost of placing an order C h = cost of holding one unit in inventory for one year D = annual demand C o h Performance Operations 18 September 2010

19 LIST OF VERBS USED IN THE QUESTION REQUIREMENTS A list of the learning objectives and verbs that appear in the syllabus and in the question requirements for each question in this paper. It is important that you answer the question according to the definition of the verb. LEARNING OBJECTIVE VERBS USED DEFINITION Level 1 - KNOWLEDGE What you are expected to know. List Make a list of State Express, fully or clearly, the details/facts of Define Give the exact meaning of Level 2 - COMPREHENSION What you are expected to understand. Describe Communicate the key features Distinguish Highlight the differences between Explain Make clear or intelligible/state the meaning or purpose of Identify Recognise, establish or select after consideration Illustrate Use an example to describe or explain something Level 3 - APPLICATION How you are expected to apply your knowledge. Level 4 - ANALYSIS How are you expected to analyse the detail of what you have learned. Level 5 - EVALUATION How are you expected to use your learning to evaluate, make decisions or recommendations. Apply Calculate Demonstrate Prepare Reconcile Solve Tabulate Analyse Categorise Compare and contrast Construct Discuss Interpret Prioritise Produce Advise Evaluate Recommend Put to practical use Ascertain or reckon mathematically Prove with certainty or to exhibit by practical means Make or get ready for use Make or prove consistent/compatible Find an answer to Arrange in a table Examine in detail the structure of Place into a defined class or division Show the similarities and/or differences between Build up or compile Examine in detail by argument Translate into intelligible or familiar terms Place in order of priority or sequence for action Create or bring into existence Counsel, inform or notify Appraise or assess the value of Advise on a course of action September Performance Operations

20 Performance Pillar Operational Level Paper P1 Performance Operations September 2010 Performance Operations 20 September 2010