China s 40 Years of Reform and Development:

Transcription

1 Figures Figure 1.1 China s GDP (LHS) and growth rate (RHS), Figure 1.2 China s GDP per capita (LHS) and growth rate (RHS), Figure 1.3 China s poverty population (hundred million), Figure 1.4 China s export share of GDP, Figure 1.5 Changing trend of age structure and population window of opportunity...15 Figure 1.6 China s GDP growth decomposition, Figure 1.7 Contribution of consumption, investment and exports to China s GDP growth, Figure 1.8 China s consumption and investment share of GDP, Figure 3.1 China s economic development, Figure 3.2 Phases of reform...62 Figure 5.1 Political structure and the autonomous government...82 Figure 7.1 China s score on the Corruption Perceptions Index, Figure 7.2 Corruption Perceptions Index scores of 176 countries/territories in Figure 7.3 China s GDP growth rate, (constant 2010 US$) Figure 7.4 GDP growth rates of high-income countries, (constant 2010 US$) Figure 7.5 GDP growth rate in BRIC countries and Turkey, (constant 2010 US$) Figure 7.6 GDP growth rate in high-performance export-oriented countries, (constant 2010 US$) Figure 11.1 Aggregate demand and the current account: Share of nominal GDP Figure 11.2 Saving and investment by sector: Flow of funds, share of GDP Figure 11.3 Household and nonhousehold expenditure: Flow of funds, share of GDP Figure 11.4 Income by sector: Flow of funds, share of gross domestic income. 194 Figure 11.5 Household sector actual and adjusted: Share of GDP ix

2 China s 40 Years of Reform and Development: Figure 11.6 Household disposable income: Share of GDP Figure 11.7 International comparison of expenditure composition: Share of gross national expenditure, , cumulative Figure 11.8 International comparison of consumption and investment growth: Maximum 20-year annualised rate Figure 11.9 Residential investment: Share of nominal GDP Figure Saving, investment and leverage: Share of nominal GDP Figure Components of the return to capital Figure Return to capital and corporate borrowing cost Figure 13.1 Birth rate, death rate and natural growth rate of population in China Figure 13.2 Expansion and composition of nonagricultural employment Figure 14.1 Average marketisation index score, Figure 14.2 NERI index for progress in marketisation in Chinese provinces Figure 14.3 Standard deviation of marketisation index, Figure Scores for the five aspects of marketisation, Figure 16.1 Incremental capital output ratio in China, Figure 16.2 Composition of nonfinancial leverages, 2014 (percentage of GDP) Figure 16.3 Index of China s systemic financial risk, Figure 16.4 Index of effectiveness of China s financial regulation, Figure 16.5 The sentiment index of China s fintech industry, Figure 17.1 Behaviour pattern of CFETS index and its components Figure 18.1 Return on assets of state and private industrial enterprises, (per cent) Figure 18.2 Gross industrial output of state enterprises, (percentage of total gross industrial output) Figure 18.3 Growth of state and private investment, (per cent, year over year) Figure 19.1 Number of state-holding enterprises, Figure 19.2 Changing relative position of state-holding enterprises, (per cent) x

3 Figures Figure 19.3 Returns on assets of industrial enterprises by ownership type, (per cent) Figure 19.4 Returns on equity of industrial enterprises by ownership type, (per cent) Figure A19.1 Total assets of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises, (RMB billion, current price) Figure A19.2 Output value of state-holding enterprises, (RMB billion, current price) Figure A19.3 Average size of industrial enterprises by ownership type, (total assets, RMB billion, current price) Figure A19.4 Average size of industrial enterprises by ownership type, (sales output, RMB billion, current price) Figure 21.1 China s rural workforce working in nonfarm jobs Figure 21.2 Age distribution of migrant workforce (full sample) Figure 21.3 Current job tenure for workers aged 40 and above Figure 21.4 Education distribution by gender Figure 21.5 Education distribution by birth cohort and gender Figure 21.6 Log monthly earnings gap between city and rural hometown Figure 21.7 Log monthly real wages/income by gender and employment status Figure 21.8 Monthly hours worked by employment status Figure 21.9 Hourly real log earnings/net income, by employment status Figure Years since first migration and current job experience Figure Returns to different levels of education, Figure City earnings premium relative to Guangzhou, by coastal and inland regions, Figure Correlations between city-level variables Figure 22.1 Supply of construction land versus GDP growth rate Figure 22.2 Relationship between land supply and GDP Figure 22.3 Supply structure of industrial land in different areas Figure 22.4 Supply structure of state-owned construction land Figure 23.1 National income comparison between urban and rural populations xi

4 China s 40 Years of Reform and Development: Figure 23.2 Regional distribution of city NUIs in China Figure 23.3 Relationship between NUI and urbanisation rate Figure 23.4 Relationships between new urbanisation, the urbanisation rate and economic development Figure 23.5 Spatial distributions of NUI and urbanisation rate rankings of cities above prefecture level in China Figure 23.6 Ranking mismatches in the urbanisation rate and the NUI Figure 23.7 China s new urbanisation dimensional spatial pattern Figure 26.1(a) Changes in aggregate carbon dioxide emissions in selected countries and regions, (1 million metric tonnes) Figure 26.1(b) Changes in per capita carbon dioxide emissions in selected countries and regions, (metric tonnes) Figure 26.2 Future demographic trends (1,000 people, medium fertility rate) Figure 27.1 China s share of world manufacturing exports, (per cent) Figure 27.2 Regional distribution of industrial value added, (per cent) Figure 27.3 China s share of world trade growth, (per cent) Figure 28.1 Number of antidumping measures against China by trading partners, Figure 28.2 The evolution of China s share of world trade (per cent) Figure 28.3 The share of processing trade in China s exports (per cent) Figure 28.4 The evolution of China s exports by region (per cent) Figure 28.5a Market distribution of destinations for Chinese exports, Figure 28.5b Market distribution of destinations for Chinese exports, Figure 28.6a Ownership structure of China s exports, Figure 28.6b Ownership structure of China s exports, Figure 28.7 Evolution of relative prices and quality of export products in China Figure 29.1 FDI inflows into China, (current US$) Figure 29.2 Sources of FDI in China by the end of Figure 29.3 FDI inflows into China by region, (current US$) xii

5 Figures Figure 29.4 Regional distribution of FDI in China by the end of Figure 29.5 FDI inflows into China by sector, (current US$) Figure 29.6 Sectoral distribution of FDI in China by the end of Figure 29.7 Export performance of FDI firms, (current US$) Figure 30.1 Development stages of China s ODI flows ($ billion) Figure 30.2 Shares of central SOEs and local enterprises in China s ODI flows and stock, Figure 31.1 China current account balance (percentage of GDP) Figure 31.2 US trade balance in goods (percentage of GDP) xiii

6 This text is taken from China s 40 Years of Reform and Development: , edited by Ross Garnaut, Ligang Song and Cai Fang, published 2018 by ANU Press, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.