Africa Upstream Fiscal Systems: Evaluation and Rating, and Analysis of State Company Participation
|
|
- Jasper Phelps
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Africa Upstream Fiscal Systems: Evaluation and Rating, and Analysis of State Company Participation - CHAPTER 3: FISCAL SYSTEMS BACKGROUND & CONTEXT Prepared by: Rodgers Oil & Gas Consulting July, 2017
2 CHAPTER 3: FISCAL SYSTEMS BACKGROUND Fiscal Systems Classification: World fiscal systems are typically identified as one of three types: Concessions (under General Legislation / Regulation); Production Sharing Contracts (PSC s); and, Service Fee Contracts (SFC). There are two bases for classification: Legal; and, Economic. Classification on a legal basis distinguishes between: Concessions (often referred to as royalty and tax or R/T systems); and, Contracts (contracts can be applied in jurisdictions where the predominant mechanism is the concession, but usually they are associated with a production sharing contract or a service fee contract). Economic classification distinguishes on the basis of who pays; there are two alternatives: The contractor pays the government - (this category includes both concessions and PSC s); and, The government pays the contractor; (This situation is reflected in service or risk/service contracts). Figure 3.1 helps further illustrate the three fiscal system types. Concessionary systems generally apply in jurisdictions with well-developed and trusted private property rights; e.g., Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Norway, United States, etc. Concession systems allow private ownership of the jurisdiction s resources. Title to the jurisdiction s resources is granted to the developer, with the jurisdiction retaining, under law, the right to apply certain fiscal levies, including royalties. Production sharing systems had their first major application in Indonesia. Production is divided into two broad categories, referred to as cost petroleum and profit petroleum. Profit petroleum is 1
3 the portion of total production after cost petroleum. Profit petroleum is shared between the producer (often referred to as the contractor) and the government. The share of production permitted for cost recovery is most often limited in a given period. This limit is typically 45% to 65% of what is referred to as allocation petroleum. Allocation petroleum is total petroleum less allowable deductions. In some instances there are no deductions; however, where royalty is paid, the royalty is most often an allowed deduction in determining allocation petroleum. The Egyptian variation addressed the situation where actual cost in a period are less than the allowed cost limit for the period. While this difference is often shared on the same basis as the generally agreed government-contractor split of the profit share, the Egyptian variation allows for a different sharing of the excess, with 100% often going to the government. Whereas production sharing is a net profits concept, the Peruvian variation is based on gross revenue essentially a royalty but delayed until costs are recovered. Under production sharing arrangements resource ownership is legally retained by the state with the concept of sharing applied to the production. The difference between concessions and PSC s is largely one of legal nuance. From a financial or economic perspective, the two systems are very similar. The service fee system is different. This system arises from jurisdictions that explicitly prohibit foreign ownership of the nation s oil and gas resources. For example, Iraq, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia. In this case government retains the full resource value with investment facilitated by the jurisdiction agreeing to pay the developer a fee that is commensurate with the developer s investment in the jurisdiction. 1 Table 3.1 summarizes the distribution of fiscal systems by system type and by geographic region. 2 1 This fee would be determined in much the same way as would be the developer s share under concession and PSC systems. Where applicable, corporate income tax payable is determined on the basis of the revenue from the fee. Saudi Arabia and Mexico have recently taken steps to allow more foreign ownership. 2 Based on World Fiscal Systems for Oil & Gas 2012, co-produced by Van Meurs Corporation, Rodgers Oil & Gas Consulting, and PFC Energy. 2
4 PSC s are the predominant system applied in the Middle East and many African countries, and to a lesser extent, in Asia. Concession systems represent 100% of the North American systems. 3 By contrast, concessions in the Middle East jurisdictions account for only 21%, while PSC s account for 70%. Similarly, in Africa, concessions account for 25% of the systems while PSC s account for 75%. Overall, 67% of the world s fiscal systems are concessionary, 31% are PSC s and 1% are service fee contracts. Excluding North America and Europe, the world-wide share of PSC s is 53%. Many international oil companies (IOC s) prefer contractual systems over concessions as they feel that a contract provides greater financial certainty. 4 Table 3.2 identifies the fiscal system type by jurisdiction. On a country basis, petroleum fiscal systems are more-or-less equally divided between concessions (90) and contracts (88). State Company Participation: An important component of many resource management systems is state or national oil company (NOC) participation. While there are exceptions, NOC s tend to be the policy instrument through which many jurisdictions manage their oil and gas resources, particularly in jurisdictions applying contractual systems PSC s and SFC S. Table 3.3 identifies the various jurisdictions around the world that have state equity participation as part of their resource management/fiscal regime. Overall, 75 jurisdictions are identified as applying some form of NOC participation. 3 Although rare, concession systems can accommodate contracts; for example, the royalty/profit share component of the fiscal system applied to the Hibernia project in the Newfoundland and Labrador offshore on Canada s East coast. 4 An important drawback of many production sharing systems and the service fee approach is that the associated reserves may not be able to be fully booked as company assets. 3
5 Figure 3.1 Illustration of Fiscal System Types Table 3.1 Distribution of Fiscal System Type by Geographic Region 4
6 Table 3.2 Fiscal System Type by Jurisdiction Rodgers Oil & Gas Consulting, based on World Fiscal Systems for Oil & Gas
7 Table 3.3(a) Jurisdictions with State Petroleum 6
8 Table 3.3(b) Jurisdictions with State Petroleum (Continued) 7
9 World Fiscal Instruments: Both the concessionary and production sharing systems are typically made up of a number, or hybrid, of different fiscal instruments or levies; for example, property tax, import duties, value added tax, royalties, and corporate income tax. The various fiscal instruments are combined to address two broad government revenue objectives: (1) recover costs for services provided and (2) capture economic rent. 5 The combination of fiscal instruments designed to capture economic rent are generally referred to as royalties, the royalty system, or the fiscal system. Table 3.4 identifies the broad types of fiscal instruments and the base on which each levy is applied. There are important differences among these instruments, particularly in their performance in addressing fiscal system design criteria; and in their impact on investor returns and the level of risk that is shared between the resource owner and producers. 5 In this instance costs refers to the cost of being a member of society as reflected in the benefits received by the oil company from, for example, local research and education facilities, transportation infrastructure, and emergency services. Economic policy instruments may be for example directed to protecting domestic industry or helping ensure fair competition. The common characteristic of these instruments is that they are applied generally to all sectors of the economy and to all corporations operating in the jurisdiction. Those instruments used to capture economic rent are oil and gas sector specific and tend to be applied on a project basis. 8
10 Table 3.4 Fiscal System Taxonomy 9
11 Fiscal System Design Considerations: In addition to combining the various fiscal instruments in a manner that reflects the jurisdiction s resource development goals there are also fiscal system design considerations that are taken into account. There are three key goals for fiscal system design neutrality, equity, and efficiency. Neutrality: Economists identify two aspects of neutrality - inter-sectoral and inter-generational. Inter-sectoral neutrality means that the fiscal system should not discriminate between, for example, resource industries and other industries. Inter-generational neutrality means that the fiscal system should not alter the timing of normal investment decisions. Equity: Equity also reflects two conceptual variations - horizontal equity and vertical equity. Horizontal equity involves consideration of the fiscal system effects on one project, corporation, or individual, and another. To satisfy the criterion of horizontal equity the fiscal system would ensure that the relative ranking of equally attractive projects would not change after the fiscal system is imposed. Vertical equity considers how to treat projects with different - unequal - levels of attractiveness. This involves questions of fairness, implying that higher incomes should be taxed at a higher level than lower incomes. Efficiency: Efficiency can be considered under four headings; namely, administrative, investment, productive, and economic rent recovery. Administrative efficiency requires the minimization of administrative and compliance costs. Investment efficiency reflects neutrality and equity considerations, requiring that otherwise economically viable projects not be made unviable by the fiscal system, that the economic ranking of a project not change as a result of the system. Productive efficiency is concerned with maximizing the long run value of output - production. For example, a high ad valorem royalty might fail this test, as it would cause production to stop before it otherwise would. 6 6 While high ad valorem royalties are considered to be counterproductive in that they cause production to be curtailed prematurely, this system is a key feature of all oil and gas fiscal systems in the United States. USA jurisdictions favor this approach on the basis that it a high minimum share for the resource own tends to provide a strong incentive for developers to both innovate and minimize costs. This system is also more transparent and less costly to administer than a profit sharing system; these characteristics are particularly important for private resource owners. On the other hand, high ad valorem royalty systems fail to recognize up-front risks, which contributes to a lower government share. 10
12 Economic rent efficiency requires the system to be sensitive to profitability. This is sometimes referred to as system flexibility or robustness. Profit sharing systems do the best job in meeting these design policy considerations. There are however three important concerns: Profit sharing systems require higher administration costs than systems that do not require the tracking and auditing of project costs and other parameters; Profit sharing systems tend to be associated with increased complexity and reduced system transparency; and, Profit sharing systems risk the creation of gold plating effects. 7 Notwithstanding the concerns with profit sharing systems, good fiscal system design is extremely important. Good design can contribute to reduced risk and to win-win opportunities for both oil companies and governments. Fiscal Systems as Risk Sharing: Sharing of risk is a key consideration in fiscal system design and application. This, plus differing economic circumstances, resource characteristics, and economic policies, produce unique combinations of fiscal instruments for each jurisdiction. No single objective better accounts for the differences across fiscal systems than that of risk management. Table 3.5 illustrates the risk sharing options as a continuum ranging from the government accepting no risk to government sharing full risk comparable to that of the investor. 7 Gold plating refers to a situation where the fiscal system may encourage project developers to increase rather than decrease costs the royalty savings from higher costs may be greater than the costs. This situation was rather famously a characteristic of the Papua New Guinea system and currently is a characteristic of the new system being adopted in Mexico. Rate of return based systems tend to be susceptible to gold plating. 11
13 Table 3.5 Risk Sharing Options In the no-risk-sharing case the contractor pays the government a signature bonus for the lease and whatever rentals and fees may be required. If the prospect proves to be a dry well or otherwise uneconomic, the government still receives the bonus and rentals and fees, thereby accepting no risk. 8 With excise tax or units-based royalties the government accepts the risk associated with production but not price. Units based levies see the government receiving the same amount per unit produced, irrespective of the price for which the commodity can be sold. In the more traditional royalty where the government receives a share of revenue or resource value risk to government s share also comes from the price component. With fixed rate or ad-valorem royalties the government accepts the risk that production or price could be different than anticipated. Under profit-based systems the government is also accepting the risks that project timing and costs will be different than expected. Full risk sharing is represented in the situation where the government exercises the option to have a state company participate (share) in all project costs and revenues in exactly the same way as the investors. 8 Signature bonus refers to a fixed up-front payment, typically as the basis on which property rights are awarded or a requirement on the effective date of a contract. 12
14 A somewhat lower level of risk sharing occurs when the state company participates but does not share in all of the costs. This is referred to as a carried interest where the contractor carries the state company for its share of costs usually the exploration costs. Sometimes the cost of the carry is repaid either in part or in full and without or with interest. To help manage risks, most jurisdictions apply a combination of options 1, 2, and 3. As shown in Tables 3.3(a) and 3.3(b) above, 75 countries (48%) of the 155 countries surveyed also incorporate some form of option 4 - state company participation. Only 15 countries apply full working interest participation with a further 36 exercising a carried interest that is repaid, either fully or partially. Figure 3.1 illustrates that the fiscal system typically attempts to strike a win-win balance for both investors and resource owners; taking into account the various fiscal instruments available, the government s policy goals, and the respective tolerances for risk. Figure 3.1 Win-Win Fiscal Nexus 13
Course Outline. Applied Upstream Petroleum Fiscal Modeling & Economics. Course Leader: Barry Rodgers
Course Outline Applied Upstream Petroleum Fiscal Modeling & Economics Course Leader: Barry Rodgers Upstream Petroleum Fiscal Modeling & Economics Day 1 Morning (0830:12:00) Introduction Participants Introductions
More informationEvaluating and Comparing Fiscal Regimes for EI
Evaluating and Comparing Fiscal Regimes for EI NATURAL RESOURCE TAXATION IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION A forum on the design, implementation and evaluation of fiscal regimes for extractive industries Jakarta,
More informationState Participation and Fiscal Treatment of National Resource Companies
Philip Daniel State Participation and Fiscal Treatment of National Resource Companies Asia-Pacific Natural Resource Taxation Conference Jakarta, August 11-13, 2015 State participation is popular. Chart
More informationCan Bonus Bids Capture Economic Rent? Should Governments Opt for Increased Reliance on Bonus Bids Over Royalties?
Can Bonus Bids Capture Economic Rent? Should Governments Opt for Increased Reliance on Bonus Bids Over Royalties? The Toronto based C.D. Howe Institute (Institute) has recommended that governments should
More informationDANIEL DUMAS ESCP Europe Business School London, 14 November 2013
Taxation of Natural Resources Features, Principles, Issues DANIEL DUMAS ESCP Europe Business School London, 14 November 2013 Disclaimer The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author
More informationParallel Roundtable 2: Fiscal Regimes and Legal Reform to Attract Investment in the Energy Sector. Background Paper
Parallel Roundtable 2: Fiscal Regimes and Legal Reform to Attract Investment in the Energy Sector India New Delhi Background Paper Disclaimer The observations presented herein are meant as background for
More informationAlberta Royalty Myths
Alberta Royalty Myths This article dispels three myths about Alberta s royalty system: 1. Comparison with Norway is not relevant; 2. Comparison with the United States is not appropriate; and, 3. Alberta
More informationPrinciples And Practice
Surrey Energy Economics Centre Mining And Petroleum Taxation: Principles And Practice Carole Nakhle Revenue Mobilization and Development IMF, DC, 2011 1 Economic Contribution in 52 Developing Countries
More informationFOR OIL & GAS WORLD FISCAL SYSTEMS BAC.
BAC ACCREDITED WORLD FISCAL SYSTEMS FOR OIL & GAS DATE: LOCATION: 03-07 March 2014 Singapore 09-13 June 2014 Amsterdam, The Netherlands 16-20 November 2014 Dubai, UAE Receive the most comprehensive overview
More informationJOINT VENTURE REVIEW
JOINT VENTURE REVIEW The joint venture has been widely misunderstood as being a separate type of petroleum agreement. It is not usually so. It is a partnership arrangement wherein the State, either directly
More informationMexican Energy Reform Adrian Lajous Center on Global Energy Policy June 2014
UPSTREAM REFORM Round Zero, which deals with Pemex legacy assets, already underway The opening of the Mexican upstream to private investment will be a multi-stage, complex process. The first stage known
More informationReadings in the International Oil and Gas Agreements: the Governance of Petroleum Resources
H. Abdo / International Energy Journal 9 (2008) 163-174 163 Readings in the International Oil and Gas Agreements: the Governance of Petroleum Resources www.serd.ait.ac.th/reric Hafez Abdo Abstract This
More informationPETROLEUM INDUSTRY REFORM IN NIGERIA: SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF ITS IMPACT ON DEEPWATER E&P ECONOMICS
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY REFORM IN NIGERIA: SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF ITS IMPACT ON DEEPWATER E&P ECONOMICS OMOWUNMI O. ILEDARE, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF PETROLEUM ECONOMICS & POLICY RESEARCH DIRECTOR, ENERGY INFORMATION
More informationPolicy Options for Revenue Distribution. Andrew Bauer Senior Economic Analyst, NRGI Yangon, Myanmar June 30, 2015
Policy Options for Revenue Distribution Andrew Bauer Senior Economic Analyst, NRGI Yangon, Myanmar June 30, 2015 Revenue distribution options Government natural resource revenues Sub-national entities
More informationInfrastructure Finance Prof. A. Thillai Rajan Department of Management Studies Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Infrastructure Finance Prof. A. Thillai Rajan Department of Management Studies Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Lecture - 18 Project Finance Markets Welcome back to this course on Infrastructure
More informationFiscal Regimes for Extractive Industries Design and Implementation
Fiscal Regimes for Extractive Industries Design and Implementation Peter Mullins Fiscal Affairs Department Conference on Natural Resource Taxation in the Asia-Pacific Region Jakarta, Indonesia August 11,
More informationGlobal Construction 2030 Expo EDIFICA 2017 Santiago Chile. 4-6 October 2017
Global Construction 2030 Expo EDIFICA 2017 Santiago Chile 4-6 October 2017 Graham Robinson Global Construction Perspectives Global Construction 2030 is the fourth in a series of global studies of the construction
More informationSpecial feature: Current issues on reporting tax revenues
Revenue Statistics 2016 Statistiques des recettes publiques 2016 OECD/OCDE 2016 Chapter 2 Special feature: Current issues on reporting tax revenues 61 2.1. Introduction The release of the final version
More informationOman EPSA (PSC) Fiscal Terms Guide Prepared by Palantir
Oman EPSA (PSC) Fiscal Terms Guide Prepared by Palantir Palantir Solutions 5 th Floor, Watling House, 33 Cannon Street, London, UK, EC4M 5SB Tel: +44 (0) 20 7901 3700 Registered in England and Wales No.
More informationGovernment Fiscal Take
Government 1. Executive Summary Government s share from development of natural resources can include many components. It is not limited to the taxes and e.g. royalties applicable to the extractive industry
More informationAngola s E&P Fiscal Regime In a Global Context. Delivering commercial insight to the global energy industry
Angola s E&P Fiscal Regime In a Global Context www.woodmac.com Agenda Summary of Angola s E&P fiscal regimes State / investor revenue-sharing under the fiscal regimes Angola s fiscal regimes in a global
More informationThe Mining Contract Process
The Mining Contract Process Martin Kudnig The African Community of Practice for Managing for Development Results 7 May 2014 AUSTRALIA BELGIUM CHINA FRANCE GERMANY HONG KONG SAR INDONESIA (ASSOCIATED OFFICE)
More informationPROFESSIONAL HISTORY EDUCATION
BARRY G. RODGERS 10020 121 st Street Edmonton, Alberta, T5N 1K3 Home (780) 634-3405 / Cell: (780) 905 3622 Email: barry@bgrodgers.com Key Words: Energy, Economics, Risk Analysis, Oil, Gas, Upstream, Canada,
More informationCOMMENTS ON THE PROPOSED HYDROCARBON REVENUE LAW FOR MEXICO. June 2, Dr. Pedro van Meurs
COMMENTS ON THE PROPOSED HYDROCARBON REVENUE LAW FOR MEXICO June 2, 2014 Dr. Pedro van Meurs SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The passing of the Constitutional amendments in Mexico was a very positive development
More informationA review of upstream fiscal terms in North Africa Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia
A review of upstream fiscal terms in North Africa Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia Akil Zaimi December 4, 2015 Introduction to the King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center A new international
More informationWorld Oil & Gas Fiscal Systems & Analysis of E&P Contract Types CEM02
World Oil & Gas Fiscal Systems & Analysis of E&P Contract Types CEM02 Oil & Gas Consultancy Services & Technical Training Providers Enhancing business through knowledge 2 WORLD OIL AND GAS FISCAL SYSTEMS
More informationGenerating Extractive Industry Revenues
Philip Daniel Fiscal Affairs Department International Monetary Fund Generating Extractive Industry Revenues Kenya s Economic Successes, Prospects and Challenges National Treasury, Central Bank of Kenya,
More informationTax Contribution Report. For the financial year ended 30 June 2016
Tax Contribution Report For the financial year ended 30 June 2016 Contents Message From Our Chief Financial Officer Page 3 Introduction Pages 4 & 5 Tax Policy, Strategy and Governance Page 6 International
More informationTaxation of natural resources: principles and policy issues
Taxation of natural resources: principles and policy issues Charles Makola The better the question. The better the answer. The better the world works. Introduction Simplified economic and political framework
More informationMexico s Energy Reform
Mexico s Energy Reform Lourdes Melgar, Ph.D. Undersecretary of Hydrocarbons Ministry of Energy February 7, 2014 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT A historic constitutional energy reform was approved in Mexico in
More informationFinal draft RTS on the assessment methodology to authorize the use of AMA
Management Solutions 2015. All rights reserved. Final draft RTS on the assessment methodology to authorize the use of AMA European Banking Authority www.managementsolutions.com Research and Development
More informationTHE GROSS AND NET RATES OF REVENUES REPLACEMENT WITHIN THE RETIRING PENSIONS
THE GROSS AND NET RATES OF REVENUES REPLACEMENT WITHIN THE RETIRING PENSIONS Tudor Colomeischi Department of Computer Science, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, ROMANIA. tudorcolomeischi@yahoo.ro
More informationANNUAL STATEMENT OF RESERVES 2015 DNO ASA
ANNUAL STATEMENT OF RESERVES 2015 DNO ASA Bjørn Dale Managing Director Oslo, 17 March 2016 1 ANNUAL STATEMENT OF RESERVES 2015 DNO ASA Table of contents: 1 Introduction and summary... 3 1.1 Introduction...
More informationThe international oil companies
Master of Advanced Studies in International Oil and Gas Leadership The international oil companies Giacomo Luciani IEA Energy Training Week Paris, April 5, 2013 What are Oil Companies? Companies are the
More informationPAPER 3.04 UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS OPTION
THE ADVANCED DIPLOMA IN INTERNATIONAL TAXATION June 2016 PAPER 3.04 UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS OPTION Suggested Solutions PART A Question 1 Royalties Royalties are usually based on production or value of oil
More informationENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES and NATURAL RESOURCE EXTRACTION
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES and NATURAL RESOURCE EXTRACTION Natural Resource Taxation Issues for Environment Policy? Alan Carter Senior Tax Economist International Tax Dialogue Berlin, 23 March 2012 ISSUES COVERED
More informationMining. Barry Irwin Allen & Overy LLP Peter Wilkes Allen & Overy
Barry Irwin Allen & Overy LLP Peter Wilkes Allen & Overy 1. Introduction Recent years have been challenging times for mining companies seeking to raise finance. Lower commodity prices have put equity values
More informationExtra taxation of companies in the energy sector Ana Puşcaş
Extra taxation of companies in the energy sector Ana Puşcaş 20 March 2013 Agenda Extra taxation 1. Energy package 2. Oil&Gas taxation around the globe 3. Case study UK 1 Agenda Extra taxation 1. Energy
More informationIN HOUSE TRAINING COURSES:
World Training for Oil and Gas Course leader: Pedro van Meurs IN HOUSE TRAINING COURSES: 2015-2016 Computer interactive training course available in 3-day, 4-day and 5-day programs Run over 35 years now,
More informationEffective Extractive Industries Taxation Regimes
Workshop on Mining Taxation African Union & European Commission in co-operation with UNECA Anton Mélard de Feuardent December 10, 2011 SUMMARY Specific for the Mining Sector Adjustment of taxation regimes
More informationEXPLORATION/PRODUCTION AGREEMENT STRUCTURE
EXPLORATION/PRODUCTION AGREEMENT STRUCTURE The exploration & production (E&P) agreement is the block on which all production of oil and gas is based. Even LNG contracts, the massive accords for production
More informationGranting Documents. Upstream Contract Models with Governments. For IGU Rio de Janeiro Adauto Carneiro Pereira PETROBRAS
Granting Documents Upstream Contract Models with Governments For IGU Rio de Janeiro 2013 Adauto Carneiro Pereira PETROBRAS What Governments and Investors are expecting out of upstream Contracts? INVESTOR
More informationThe Economics of Alberta s Oil Sands
The Economics of Alberta s Oil Sands Page intentionally left blank. Page 1 THE ECONOMICS OF ALBERTA S OIL SANDS INTRODUCTION: Alberta s oil sands resource is one of the largest oil supplies in the world.
More informationConstruction and related engineering services
Construction and related engineering services Session 4: Negotiations in the GATS Issues and debates Claudia Locatelli Trade in Services Division World Trade Organisation 1 2 Topics 1. Leading exporters
More informationCorporate Presentation. February 2012
Corporate Presentation February 2012 Disclosure This presentation should be read in conjunction with various filings made by Range Energy Resources Inc. on SEDAR at www.sedar.com. Certain statements in
More information2017 Information on oil and gas exploration and production activities
REPSOL Group 2017 Information on oil and gas exploration and production activities Translation of a report originally issued in Spanish. In the event of a discrepancy, the Spanish language version prevails
More informationTax Contribution Disclosure
Tax Contribution Disclosure 31st December 2017 Executive Summary The Board and Management of Santos Ltd are pleased to present the Tax Contribution Disclosure for the year ended 31 December 2017. In line
More informationDraft Frequently Asked Questions (Draft FAQs) and Draft Supplementary Reporting Instructions (Draft SRIs) Comments
Polly Lee Senior Manager, Market Development Division Monetary Management Department Hong Kong Monetary Authority 55/F Two International Finance Centre 8 Finance Street Central Hong Kong Email: pyklee@hkma.gov.hk
More informationThe Case for a Greenfields Renaissance
The Case for a Greenfields Renaissance J.M.A. Hronsky, B. J. Suchomel, and J.F. Welborn The collapse in commodity prices in the latter half of 2008, triggered by the Global Financial Crisis, heralded a
More informationEvaluation of True Government Take under Fixed and Sliding Royalty Scales in Nigerian Oil Industry
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(3): 735-741, 2011 ISSN 1991-8178 Evaluation of True Government Take under Fixed and Sliding Royalty Scales in Nigerian Oil Industry Isehunwa, S.O. and
More informationProfessional Level Essentials Module, P2 (INT)
Answers Professional Level Essentials Module, P2 (INT) Corporate Reporting (International) June 2008 Answers 1 (a) The functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which
More informationAfrican Mining Time for a reality check?
African Mining Time for a reality check? LSE: RRS NASDAQ: GOLD Mine Africa Forum, March 218 The World in CRISIS? or ON THE MEND? Trump mania and nationalism illegal immigration BREXIT and European populism
More informationIDENTIFYING AND QUANTIFYING RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES IN DEVELOPING AN OFFSHORE OILFIELD UNDER VARYING OIL PRICE REGIMES
IDENTIFYING AND QUANTIFYING RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES IN DEVELOPING AN OFFSHORE OILFIELD UNDER VARYING OIL PRICE REGIMES By Adeogun Oyebimpe, Wumi Iledare, Green Ovunda Emerald Energy Institute University
More informationEvolution of Mining Codes Relevant to Copper: Impacts and Improvements
Evolution of Mining Codes Relevant to Copper: Impacts and Improvements 23 rd October 2017 Emma Beatty COO and Chief Legal Editor MH Intelligence (UK) LTD. DISCLAIMER MH Intelligence (UK) LTD. is a private
More informationHow Governments Sell Their Oil John van Schaik
Selling the Citizens Oil John van Schaik April 2012 Summary Most oil producers receive a large portion of their revenue from selling the state or the national oil company s share of production. At the
More informationTaxation of Natural Resource Rents: Questions, Approaches, Challenges
Philip Daniel Fiscal Affairs Department International Monetary Fund Taxation of Natural Resource Rents: Questions, Approaches, Challenges IMF Natural Resources Consultation Session on Taxation and Wealth
More informationNALCOR ENERGY - OIL AND GAS INC. CONDENSED INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS June 30, 2018 (Unaudited)
CONDENSED INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS June 30, 2018 (Unaudited) STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION (Unaudited) June 30 December 31 As at (thousands of Canadian dollars) Notes 2018 2017 ASSETS Current assets
More information1985 THE PARLIAMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA PETROLEUM REVENUE BILL 1985 EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM
1985 THE PARLIAMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA THE SENATE PETROLEUM REVENUE BILL 1985 EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM (Circulated by Authority of the Minister for Resources and Energy, the Hon Gareth Evans,
More informationOil Value Chain & Markets. Global Oil Markets
Oil Value Chain & Markets Global Oil Markets World Oil Reserves WORLD OPEC Middle East Former Soviet Union Africa End 2006 End 2000 End 1990 End 1980 North America USA South & Central America Asia Pacific
More informationDeveloping countries and the commodities trade: Why transparency matters
GLOBAL COMMODITIES FORUM 7-8 April 2014 Developing countries and the commodities trade: Why transparency matters by Mr. Alexandra Gillies Head of Governance, Revenue Watch Institute The views expressed
More informationTAX TRANPARENCY REPORT
TAX TRANPARENCY REPORT TAX TRANSPARENCY AND REPORT ON CONTRIBUTION TO PUBLIC FINANCES Tax Transparency has been gaining importance for the stakeholders like Government and the communities and range of
More informationTechnical Royalty Report OG#2: Alberta s Conventional Oil and Gas Industry - Investor Economics and Fiscal System Comparison -
Technical Royalty Report OG#2: Alberta s Conventional Oil and Gas Industry - Investor Economics and Fiscal System Comparison - This report is a technical report by the Alberta Department of Energy (ADOE).
More informationState Street Corporation appreciates the opportunity to comment on the Discussion Paper (DP) on share classes of UCITS.
State Street Corporation 20 Churchill Place Canary Wharf London E14 5HJ T +44 20 3395 2500 F +44 20 3395 6350 www.statestreet.com 27 March 2015 Via electronic submission: www.esma.europa.eu European Securities
More informationMining Development Framework
Mining Development Framework Cielo Magno, Ph.D. National Coordinator, Bantay Kita OUTLINE Discussion of the Mining for Development Framework Philippine Context Assessment Recommendations SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
More informationGOVERNMENT TAKE. The relationship between the LNG project and the host government LAW OF LNG HOUSTON SEPTEMBER 14, 2004
GOVERNMENT TAKE The relationship between the LNG project and the host government LAW OF LNG HOUSTON SEPTEMBER 14, 2004 ELIZABETH MANNETTE GOVERNMENT OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO EMAD KHALIL JONES DAY, SINGAPORE
More informationWORLD ENERGY INVESTMENT OUTLOOK. Dr. Fatih Birol Chief Economist Head, Economic Analysis Division International Energy Agency / OECD
WORLD ENERGY INVESTMENT OUTLOOK Dr. Fatih Birol Chief Economist Head, Economic Analysis Division International Energy Agency / OECD Global Strategic Challenges Security of energy supplies Threat of environmental
More informationNatural Resource Taxation: Challenges in Africa
Philip Daniel Fiscal Affairs Department International Monetary Fund Natural Resource Taxation: Challenges in Africa Management of Natural Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa Kinshasa Conference, March 22,
More informationGuidance Note on Permanent Establishments Issues for the Extractive Industries
Guidance Note on Permanent Establishments Issues for the Extractive Industries Subcommittee on Extractive Industries Taxation Issues for Developing Countries United Nations 1 General PE Issues in the Industry
More informationRe: File Reference No Response to FASB Exposure Draft: Financial instruments Credit Losses (Subtopic )
Deutsche Bank AG Taunusanlage 12 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany Tel +49 69 9 10-00 Susan Cosper Technical Director Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) 401 Merrit 7 PO Box 5116 Norwalk, CT 06856-5116
More informationMBF1243 Derivatives Prepared by Dr Khairul Anuar
MBF1243 Derivatives Prepared by Dr Khairul Anuar L3 Determination of Forward and Futures Prices www.mba638.wordpress.com Consumption vs Investment Assets When considering forward and futures contracts,
More informationa GAO GAO OIL AND GAS ROYALTIES The Federal System for Collecting Oil and Gas Revenues Needs Comprehensive Reassessment
GAO United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Requesters September 2008 OIL AND GAS ROYALTIES The Federal System for Collecting Oil and Gas Revenues Needs Comprehensive Reassessment
More informationFICE DISCUSSION PAPER: THE BOARD S PREFERRED APPROACH TO CLASSIFYING FINACIAL INSTRUMENTS AS LIABILITIES OR EQUITY
FICE DISCUSSION PAPER: THE BOARD S PREFERRED APPROACH TO CLASSIFYING FINACIAL INSTRUMENTS AS LIABILITIES OR EQUITY On 28 June, the IASB published a Discussion Paper (DP) presenting the current state of
More informationSummary of Findings. Oil Royalty Monitoring. Introduction. Findings
Summary of Findings Introduction Oil royalty revenues are a significant source of revenue for the Province. In addition, the royalty and cost audits of these royalties also result in significant adjustments
More informationSEC overhauls mining property disclosure regime
SEC Update January 16, 2019 This is a commercial communication from Hogan Lovells. See note below. SEC overhauls mining property disclosure regime On October 31, 2018, the SEC released comprehensive property
More informationLiability or equity? A practical guide to the classification of financial instruments under IAS 32 March 2013
Liability or equity? A practical guide to the classification of financial instruments under IAS 32 March 2013 Important Disclaimer: This document has been developed as an information resource. It is intended
More informationImproving the Income Taxation of the Resource Sector in Canada
Improving the Income Taxation of the Resource Sector in Canada March 2003 Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Summary... 5 2. The Income Taxation of the Resource Sector: Background... 7 A. Description
More informationComparison and Assessment of the Tax Treatment of Foreign Source Income in Canada, Australia, France, Germany and the United States
Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons Commissioned Reports and Studies Faculty Scholarship 1996 Comparison and Assessment of the Tax Treatment of Foreign Source Income in Canada,
More informationTotal Tax Contribution. A study of the economic contribution mining companies make to public finances
Total Tax Contribution A study of the economic contribution mining companies make to public finances Foreword We are pleased to present PricewaterhouseCoopers second Total Tax Contribution (TTC) Study
More informationTheory of the Firm and Development of Multinational Enterprises
A.1. Introduction A.1.1. This chapter provides background material on Multinational Enterprises (MNEs); MNEs are a key aspect of globalization as they have integrated cross-border business operations.
More informationFiscal Regimes for Mining
NATURAL RESOURCE TAXATION IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION AUGUST 11-13, 2015 JAKARTA, INDONESIA Fiscal Regimes for Mining Bryan Land Lead Extractives Specialist Main message Governments should design the mining
More informationResource Dependence and Budget Transparency By Antoine Heuty and Ruth Carlitz 1
By Antoine Heuty and Ruth Carlitz 1 Are natural resource abundance and opaque budgets inextricably linked? The Open Budget Survey 2008 a comprehensive evaluation of budget transparency in 85 countries
More informationProfit from the Mining Sector s Strength
Profit from the Mining Sector s Strength 1 Profit from the Mining Sector s Strength A major tool for economic development Large and diversified mining potential Profit from the mining sector s strength
More informationCONDENSED INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
CONDENSED INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (millions of Canadian dollars) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Assets Current assets Cash and
More informationASSET MANAGEMENT. Why Cidel? Our risk approach.
ASSET MANAGEMENT GLOBAL Why Cidel? Our risk approach. At Cidel, our primary focus is managing risk to ensure each client s assets are protected. Our proactive risk approach ensures that as risks change
More informationOil Industry Tax and Deficit Issues
Robert Pirog Specialist in Energy Economics July 21, 2009 Congressional Research Service CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress 7-5700 wwwcrsgov R40715 c11173008 Summary
More informationANNUAL STATEMENT OF RESERVES 2011 DNO INTERNATIONAL ASA
ANNUAL STATEMENT OF RESERVES 2011 DNO INTERNATIONAL ASA Table of contents: 1! Introduction and summary... 3! 1.1! Introduction... 3! 1.2! Summary... 3! 2! Operations Summary 2011... 3! 2.1! Production...
More informationREVIEW OF PENSION SCHEME WIND-UP PRIORITIES A REPORT FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION 4 TH JANUARY 2013
REVIEW OF PENSION SCHEME WIND-UP PRIORITIES A REPORT FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION 4 TH JANUARY 2013 CONTENTS 1. Introduction... 1 2. Approach and methodology... 8 3. Current priority order...
More informationPRELIMINARY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2016
PRELIMINARY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS INCORPORATING APPENDIX 4E Woodside Petroleum Ltd ABN: 55 004 898 962 PRELIMINARY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS for the year ended 31 December This report is based on financial statements
More informationProfessional Level Essentials Module, P2 (MYS)
Answers Professional Level Essentials Module, P2 (MYS) Corporate Reporting (Malaysia) June 2008 Answers 1 (a) The functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity
More information(DRAFT) EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA (DRAFT) EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM FOR THE MINERAL AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES ROYALTY BILL, 2007 06 December 2007 EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM FOR THE MINERAL AND PETROLUEM RESOURCES ROYALTY
More informationChairman Camp s Discussion Draft of Tax Reform Act of 2014 and President Obama s Fiscal Year 2015 Revenue Proposals
Chairman Camp s Discussion Draft of Tax Reform Act of 2014 and President Obama s Fiscal Year 2015 Proposals Relating to International Taxation SUMMARY On February 26, 2014, Ways and Means Committee Chairman
More informationLABRADOR - ISLAND LINK OPERATING CORPORATION FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2018
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2018 Deloitte LLP 5 Springdale Street Suite 1000 St. John's NL A1E 0E4 Canada Tel: 709-576-8480 Fax: 709-576-8460 www.deloitte.ca Independent Auditor s Report To the Shareholder
More informationOpen-Ended Working Group on Ageing Guiding Questions
1 Open-Ended Working Group on Ageing Guiding Questions 1. Equality and Non-Discrimination 1.1. Does your country s constitution and/or legislation (a) guarantee equality explicitly for older persons or
More informationLegislative Design of the Fiscal Regime for Seabed Mining. Lee Burns
Legislative Design of the Fiscal Regime for Seabed Mining Lee Burns Taxation of Extractive Industries Challenges for Government The reality is that most Governments do not have the financial resources
More informationContractual Rights. Basis for Conclusions. Section PS 3380 CPA Canada Public Sector Accounting Handbook
Contractual Rights Basis for Conclusions Section PS 3380 CPA Canada Public Sector Accounting Handbook Prepared by the staff of the Public Sector Accounting Board Foreword CPA Canada Public Sector Accounting
More informationi. Explain the meaning purpose and principles of taxation
LECTURE NOTE COURSE CODE: ACC 313 COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO TAXATION NUMBER OF UNITS: 3 Units COURSE DURATION: Three hours per week COURSE LECTURERS: Mr. Igbinovia, M.I. & Dr. Ohiokha Godwin INTENDED
More informationRevenue Arrangements for Implementing EU and OECD Exchange of Information Requirements In Respect of Tax Rulings
Revenue Arrangements for Implementing EU and OECD Exchange of Information Requirements In Respect of Tax Rulings Page 1 of 21 Table of Contents 1. Introduction...3 2. Overview of Council Directive (EU)
More informationCommercializing Flare Gas to Reduce Emissions and Develop Economies [1]
Published on United States Energy Association (https://www.usea.org) Home > Commercializing Flare Gas to Reduce Emissions and Develop Economies Commercializing Flare Gas to Reduce Emissions and Develop
More informationRevised proposal for revenue from contracts with customers
Applying IFRS in Oil & Gas IASB proposed standard Revised proposal for revenue from contracts with customers Implications for the oil & gas sector March 2012 2011 Europe, Middle East, India and Africa
More information2c Tax Incidence : General Equilibrium
2c Tax Incidence : General Equilibrium Partial equilibrium tax incidence misses out on a lot of important aspects of economic activity. Among those aspects : markets are interrelated, so that prices of
More information