Great Depression. Great Crash FDR & New Deal Response to New Deal Nation on Hard Times
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1 Great Depression Great Crash FDR & New Deal Response to New Deal Nation on Hard Times
2 FDR 7min
3 Great Crash Signs of trouble Crash! Depression begins Hoover s response Bonus Army
4 Signs of trouble Some industries not booming Textiles Coal Farmers costs rise, but production too, so Mid-1920s, slow down unnoticed b/c no stats kept by gov t!
5 Crash Aug 1929 some start to worry sell off stocks September, more sell off On margin Oct big selloff So stock prices fall b/c no buyers 29 Oct Black Tuesday
6 Great Depression Begins Causes Overproduction Lay-offs Wages don t increase Weak banking system Bad loans 5000 banks close There goes your savings!
7 Great Depression Begins Downward Spiral Stock mkt crash ruins investors, so Business can t grow without investors or banks to lend $$, so Factories cut production with fewer and fewer buyers, so Business goes bankrupt, close factory, everyone is out of work
8 Hard Times Rising unemployment Avg day, one NY job agency had 5000 applications for each job Sidewalk stands
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10 Hard Times Human cost Marriage & birth rates dropped Families fel apart Rode the rails Ppl move in together
11 Hobos
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13 Hoover Responds Gov t aid Relief programs Called on charities Soup kitchens public works projects 1932 Reconstruction Finance corp loan $$ to banks, RR, insurance Co to help stay in business
14 Hoover Responds Depression deepens! Hoover = too little, too late Hoovervilles
15 Bonus Army
16 QUESTIONS Stock market crash that shook ppl s confidence in the economy Place where hungry ppl could get food Group of shacks where homeless lived Jobless veterans who marched on Washington 1932 Unable to repay debts
17 QUESTIONS What were troubling signs in the economy when Hoover took office? Why did stock prices fall in 1929? What caused the Great Depression? How were families affected? How did Hoover s actions lead to the Bonus army s encampment?
18 26-2: FDR & New Deal FDR Hundred days Relief for jobless Promoting recovery Preventing another depression
19 Franklin D. Roosevelt Family background Polio 1921
20 Franklin D. Roosevelt Gov NY pres candidate = Dem Call to action I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people. landslide
21 FDR s First Inaugural Address
22 The Hundred Days Brain trust Try a method if it fails, admit it and try another. Above all, try something. Saving banks Bank holidays (first = 4 days) Emergency banking Relief Act Only reopen if enough $$
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26 The Hundred Days Fireside chats Flood of new laws
27 Fireside Chat
28 New Deal Goals 1. Relief for jobless 2. Plans for recovery 3. Reforms to prevent another depression
29 Relief for the Jobless CCC Civilian Conservation Corps $1 a day Public works projects Young ppl
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31 Relief for the Jobless FERA Federal Emergency Relief Administration $$ to state & local agencies for redistribution to unemployed
32 Relief for the Jobless WPA Works Progress Administration 1935 Bldg hospitals, schools, parks, playgrounds, airports Artists, actors, writers
33 WPA Newsreel
34 Promoting recovery Helping industry Plans to control production, stabilize prices, keep workers on job National Industry Recovery Act Each industry wrote rules for production, wages, prices, working conditions
35 Promoting recovery NRA Blue eagle if compliant Trouble many ignore the codes or felt they favored big firms PWA Public Works Administration Grand Coulee dam in WA Aircraft carriers Ports
36 Promoting recovery Helping farmers Need to limit production! REA Rural Electrification Administration AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act Paid farmers not to grow & destroy excess livestock Outrage but worked
37 Promoting recovery Tennessee Valley Authority Remade Tennessee River valley Poor farmland, so poor populace Dams to control flooding Forests planted to conserve soils Schools Health centers Critics: no right to take business away from private companies Power companies: since you don t have to show profit for shareholders, we cannot compete!
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39 Preventing another Depression Regulate stock mkt Truth in Securities act FDIC Control trading! Extension of Pure Food Act
40 QUESTIONS Name given to FDR s plan to end the Depression Roosevelt s 30 radio speeches First three months of FDR s presidency, during which Congress passed 15 major new laws gave jobs to unemployed single men dams built in 7 states
41 QUESTIONS First action of FDR was to solve what crisis? Who were helped by CCC and FERA? How did Agricultural Adjustment Act help fight overproduction? What did the national Industrial recovery Act do?
42 26-3: Response to New Deal Critics of New Deal FDR and Supreme Court Labor Reform Social security New Deal balance Sheet
43 Critics of New Deal Huey Long Share Our wealth Heavy taxes on rich Everyone a house, car, income Corrupt guy
44 Critics of New Deal Francis Townsend Pensions ($200 / mo) for all over 60 Liberty League Too much interference w/business Taking away freedoms
45 FDR and Supreme Court 1935 NIRA ruled unconst Ag. Adj. Act ruled unconst. Then 8 other New Deal laws
46 Court-Packing Scheme Plan to expand the court Mandate in 1936 election 9 to 15 Outcry backfired withdrew proposal
47
48 Labor Reform National Labor Relations Act A.k.a. Wagner Act Protection from unfair labor practices (ie, firing worker for joining union) Collective bargaining right
49 Labor Reform Union membership grows 3 million to 9 million in 1930s Congress of Industrial Organizations set up representing unions of whole industries Violent confrontations anyway Sit-down strikes Goodyear, Akron OOH
50 Social security 1935 Pensions Unemployment insurance States get $$ to support dependent children and disabled Critics Doesn t include farm workers, domestic servants, or self-employed Taking $$ from employed ppl
51 New Deal balance Sheet FOR Ended banking crisis Protected farmers Work for millions of unemployed Gov t has responsibility to use power to help, not just wealthy Saved democracy AGAINST Gov t now BIG in size & power intrusive Threatens private property and freedom critics want return to laissez-faire Deficit spending gov t debt got huge Critics point out that it did not, in fact, end the depression
52 QUESTIONS Guaranteed workers right to collective bargaining When gov t spends more than it takes in Total sum gov t owes Represented workers in whole industries, like steel, autos, textiles Law set up for pension program
53 QUESTIONS Workers stop machines and refuse to leave factory Who called for huge taxes on rich? How did Supreme Court respond to NIRA and 10 other New deal laws?
54 QUESTIONS What system created payments for retired or jobless workers? What act gave workers the right to unionize? Give reasons for and against the new Deal
55 26-4: Nation on Hard Times Dust Bowl Women face the depression African Americans Other Americans Arts of the Depression
56 Dustbowl Blues
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58
59 What was the Dust Bowl? period of severe dust storms greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US and Canadian prairies 1930s severe drought drought = 1934, 1936, and some regions of the High Plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years
60 What Caused the Dust Bowl? failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion Aeolian processes insufficient understanding of the ecology of the Plains farmers -- extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains during the previous decade; displaced the native, deep-rooted grasses that normally trapped soil and moisture rapid mechanization of farm equipment small gasoline tractors combine harvester contributed to farmers' decisions to convert arid grassland to cultivated cropland.
61 Effects of the Dust Bowl During drought of 1930s -- unanchored soil turned to dust prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky "black blizzards" or "black rollers" traveled cross country New York City Washington, D.C. On the Plains, reduced visibility 3 ft or less.
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63 Effects 100,000,000 acres Texas and Oklahoma sections of New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas forced tens of thousands of families to abandon their farms. "Okies" many from Oklahoma to California John Steinbeck Of Mice and Men (1937) The Grapes of Wrath (1939)
64
65 Government intervention FDR admin. programs to conserve soil and restore ecological balance Soil Conservation Service Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act To stabilize prices, gov't paid farmers ordered >six mil. pigs slaughtered paid to have meat packed and distributed to poor Federal Surplus Relief Corporation (FSRC) regulate crop and other surpluses.
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67 Gov t intervention Drought Relief Service (DRS) to coordinate relief activities. bought cattle in emergency areas, for $14 to $20 a head. Those unfit for human consumption killed assigned remaining cattle to the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation (FSRC) food distribution to families nationwide. difficult for farmers to give up their herds
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69 Government Intervention Civilian Conservation Corps plant huge belt of more than 200 million trees from Canada to Abilene, Texas break the wind hold water in the soil hold the soil itself in place educate farmers on soil conservation and anti-erosion techniques including crop rotation trip farming contour plowing terracing paid reluctant farmers a dollar an acre to practice the new methods land still failed to yield a decent living
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74 Dust Bowl Buried under dust Drought Topsoil dries out Overgrazing Soil erosion through plowing
75 Dust Bowl Migrant workers Okies Forced to go west, but unwanted there
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77 Woman face the Depression Women in workplace Few jobs for women men=priority Take in laundry, boarders, stretch family budgets Married women who work increases 52% despite odds against
78 Woman face the Depression An active first lady Toured the nation president s eyes and ears Justice for all Column My day
79 African Americans 50% unemployment among Afr. Amer Black Cabinet Civil rights
80 Other Americans Mexican Americans Farmers in southwest faced discrimination Sent home in hard times
81 Other Americans Asian Americans discrimination Native Americans Indian New Deal Gave Native Americans more self government over reservations IRA (Indian Reorganization Act)
82 Arts in the Depression Painting, photography Radio Escape Everyone has a radio Movies Optimism Shirley temple Disney Cartoons Gone with the Wind Wizard of Oz Thomas Hart Benton
83 Thomas Hart Benton
84 Thomas Hart Benton
85 Thomas Hart Benton
86 Grant Wood
87 Grant Wood
88 Grant Wood
89 Dorothea Lange
90 Dorothea Lange
91 Dorothea Lange
92 Dorothea Lange
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