The Big Four Economic Indicators: Nonfarm Employment

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Meryl Lloyd
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1 The Big Four Economic Indicators: Nonfarm Employment September 6, 2013 by Doug Short of Advisor Perspectives (dshort.com) Note from dshort : This commentary has been revised to include the today's Nonfarm Employment for August. Official recession calls are the responsibility of the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee, which is understandably vague about the specific indicators on which they base their decisions. Thiscommittee statementis about as close as they get to identifying their method. There is, however, a general belief that there are four big indicators that the committee weighs heavily in their cycle identification process. They are: Industrial Production Real Personal Income(excluding transfer payments) Nonfarm Employment Real Retail Sales (a timelier substitute for Real Manufacturing and Trade Sales) The Latest Indicator Data I've now updated this commentary to include today's release of the August Nonfarm Employment data. As the adjacent thumbnail illustrates, the trend in this indicator has been ever upward, but at a frustratingly slow pace. Today's announcement of only 169K new jobs was below forecasts. Moreover, the nonfarm jobs number for July was revised downward from 188K to 172K and the June number was revised downward from 162K to 104K for a combined decline of 74K from last month's report. A look at the year-over-year data for this series since 1980 shows a distinct downward trend. In recent years the demographic headwinds of aging boomers Page 1, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

entering retirement has been a factor in this pattern. But other factors that reach further back have been offshoring of jobs and technological efficiencies that reduce the dependency on labor.

2 entering retirement has been a factor in this pattern. But other factors that reach further back have been offshoring of jobs and technological efficiencies that reduce the dependency on labor. The chart and table below illustrate the performance of the Big Four and simple average of the four since the end of the Great Recession. The data points show the percent cumulative percent change from a zero starting point for June The latest data point is the first for the 50th month. In addition to the four indicators, I've included an average of the four, which, as we can see, was influenced by the anomaly in the Personal Income data points, which reflect 2012 year-end income increases, at the expense of early 2013, as a tax management strategy. Page 2, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 Current Assessment and Outlook The overall picture of the US economy remains one of exasperatingly slow recovery from the Great Recession. As we can see in the illustration of the average of the Big Four off its all-time high since 2007, the rate of post-trough growth has been slower since February of 2012, although the end-ofyear tax-strategy has obscured overall trend slope over the past 18 months. Page 3, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

My next update will be September 16th, when we get the August Industrial Production and the Consumer Price Index data that will allow us the calculate the Real Retail Sales from the advance sales

4 My next update will be September 16th, when we get the August Industrial Production and the Consumer Price Index data that will allow us the calculate the Real Retail Sales from the advance sales data released on September 13th. Background Analysis: The Big Four Indicators and Recessions The charts above don't show us the individual behavior of the Big Four leading up to the 2007 recession. To achieve that goal, I've plotted the same data using a "percent off high" technique. In other words, I show successive new highs as zero and the cumulative percent declines of months that aren't new highs. The advantage of this approach is that it helps us visualize declines more clearly and to compare the depth of declines for each indicator and across time (e.g., the short 2001 recession versus the Great Recession). Here is my own four-pack showing the indicators with this technique. Page 4, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Now let's examine the behavior of these indicators across time. The first chart below graphs the period from 2000 to the present, thereby showing us the behavior of the four indicators before and after the two most recent recessions. Rather than having four separate charts, I've created an overlay to help us evaluate the relative behavior of the indicators at the cycle peaks and troughs. (See mynotebelow on recession boundaries). Page 5, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

The chart above is an excellent starting point for evaluating the relevance of the four indicators in the context of two very different recessions.

6 The chart above is an excellent starting point for evaluating the relevance of the four indicators in the context of two very different recessions. In both cases, the bounce in Industrial Production matches the NBER trough while Employment and Personal Incomes lagged in their respective reversals. As for the start of these two 21st century recessions, the indicator declines are less uniform in their behavior. We can see, however, that Employment and Personal Income were laggards in the declines. Now let's look at the period, which included three recessions -- the savage 16-month Oil Embargo recession of and the double dip of 1980 and (6-months and 16- months, respectively). Page 6, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 And finally, for sharp-eyed readers who can don't mind squinting at a lot of data, here's a cluttered chart from 1959 to the present. That is the earliest date for which all four indicators are available. The main lesson of this chart is the diverse patterns and volatility across time for these indicators. For example, retail sales and industrial production are far more volatile than employment and income. Page 7, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 History tells us the brief periods of contraction are not uncommon, as we can see in this big picture since 1959, the same chart as the one above, but showing the average of the four rather than the individual indicators. Page 8, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

The chart clearly illustrates the savagery of the last recession. It was much deeper than the closest contender in this timeframe, the 1973-1975 Oil Embargo recession.

9 The chart clearly illustrates the savagery of the last recession. It was much deeper than the closest contender in this timeframe, the Oil Embargo recession. While we've yet to set new highs, the trend has collectively been upward, although we have that strange anomaly caused by the late 2012 tax-planning strategy that impacted the Personal Income. Here is a close-up of the average since Page 9, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

Appendix: Chart Gallery with Notes Each of the four major indicators discussed in this article are illustrated below in three different data manipulations: 1.

10 Appendix: Chart Gallery with Notes Each of the four major indicators discussed in this article are illustrated below in three different data manipulations: 1. A log scale plotting of the data series to ensure that distances on the vertical axis reflect true relative growth. This adjustment is particularly important for data series that have changed significantly over time. 2. A year-over-year representation to help, among other things, identify broader trends over the years. 3. A percent-off-high manipulation, which is particularly useful for identifying trend behavior and secular volatility. Industrial Production The US Industrial Production Index (INDPRO) is the oldest of the four indicators, stretching back to The log scale of the first chart is particularly useful in showing the correlation between this indicator and early 20th century recessions. Page 10, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

Real Personal Income Less Transfer Payments This data series is computed as by taking Personal Income (PI) less Personal Current Transfer Receipts (PCTR) and deflated using the Personal Consumption

13 Real Personal Income Less Transfer Payments This data series is computed as by taking Personal Income (PI) less Personal Current Transfer Receipts (PCTR) and deflated using the Personal Consumption Expenditure Price Index (PCEPI). I've chained the data to the latest price index value. The "Tax Planning Strategies" annotation refers to shifting income into the current year to avoid a real or expected tax increase. Page 13, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

16 Total Nonfarm Employees There are many ways to plot employment. The one referenced by the Federal Reserve researchers as one of the NBER indicators is Total Nonfarm Employees (PAYEMS). Page 16, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

Real Retail Sales This indicator is a splicing of the discontinued retail sales series (RETAIL, discontinued in April 2001) spliced with the Retail and Food Services Sales (RSAFS) and deflated by the

19 Real Retail Sales This indicator is a splicing of the discontinued retail sales series (RETAIL, discontinued in April 2001) spliced with the Retail and Food Services Sales (RSAFS) and deflated by the Consumer Price Index (CPIAUCSL). I used a splice point of January 1995 because that was date mentioned in the FRED notes. My experiments with other splice techniques (e.g., 1992, 2001 or using an average of the overlapping years) didn't make a meaningful difference in the behavior of the indicator in proximity to recessions. I've chained the data to the latest CPI value. Page 19, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

22 Real Manufacturing and Trade Sales This indicator is a splice of two seasonally adjusted series tracked by the BEA. The component is SIC (Standard Industrial Classification) based and the 1997-present is NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) based. The data are available from thebea website. See Section 0 - Real Inventories and Sales and look for Tables 2AU and 2BU. The FRED economists use the Real Retail Sales above for their four-pack. However, ECRI appears to use this series as their key indicator for sales. Note that the Manufacturing and Trade Sales data is updated monthly with the BEA's Personal Consumption and Expenditures release, but the numbers lag by one month from the other PCE data. Page 22, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

25 Note : I represent recessions as the peak month through the month preceding the trough to highlight the recessions in the charts above. For example, the NBER dates the last cycle peak as December 2007, the trough as June 2009 and the duration as 18 months. The "Peak through the Period preceding the Trough" series is the one FRED uses in its monthly charts, as explained in thefred FAQsillustrated in thisindustrial Production chart. Advisor Perspectives Page 25, 2018 Advisor Perspectives, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Big Four Economic Indicators: Real Personal Income Less Transfer Payments

The Big Four Economic Indicators: Real Personal Income Less Transfer Payments January 31, 2014 by Doug Short of Advisor Perspectives (dshort.com) Note from dshort : This commentary has been revised to