Ans. Sex composition is the number of females per 1000 males.

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1 One marks questions. 1. Why India is called a young nation? Ans. As per 2001 census, 55.4% of India s population is in the age group of years, hence India is called young nation. 2. What is sex ratio/composition? Ans. Sex composition is the number of females per 1000 males. 3. What is the sex ratio of India as per 2001 census? Ans What is the sex ratio of India as per 2011 census? Ans Which state in India has highest sex ratio? Ans. Kerala state. 6. What is the literacy rate of India as per 2001 census? Ans.65.38% 7. What is the literacy rate of India as per 2011 census? Ans.74.04%. 8. What is density of population? Ans. Density of population refers to the average number of persons living per sq, km within the territory of the country. 9. What is the density of population as per 2001 census? Ans What is the density of population as per 2011 census? Ans What is infant mortality rate? Ans. Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children dying before they reach their first birthday per 1000 children born during a year.

2 12. What is open unemployment? Ans. Open employment is a situation wherein a large labour force does not get work opportunities that may yield them regular income. 13. Define unemployment? Ans. Unemployment is a situation characterized by the existence of those able bodied persons who are willing to work but do not get a job which may yield them some regular income. 14. What is life expectancy? Ans. Life expectancy refers to the number of years for which people of a country expect to live at the time of birth is the average life expectancy of that country. 15. Expand PMGSY Ans. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. TWO MARKS QUESTIONS 1. What is crude birth rate and crude death rate? Ans. Crude birth rate refers to the number of births per l000 population during a year, and crude death rate refers to the number of deaths per 1000 population during a year. 2. What is infant mortality rate? Ans. Infant mortality rate is the ratio of the number of death among the 1000 born children before they reach their first birthday. 3. What is open employment? Ans. Open unemployment is a situation where the workers are totally unemployed due to non availability of jobs. 4. What is crude birth rate and crude death rate? Ans. Crude birth rate is number of the births per thousand of the population during a period usually a year. Crude death rate refers to the number of deaths in a year per thousand of the population.

3 5. What is density of population? How it is calculated? Ans. Density of population is the number of persons living per sq.km. of area within the territory of the country.it is arrived by dividing the number of persons by the total land area of a region or a country 6. Mention four types of unemployment? Ans. 1.Disguised unemployment 2.Technological employment 3.Seasonal unemployment 4.Structural unemployment 7. State the indicators of health and education? Ans. The indicators of health are Life expectancy, birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rates. Indicators of Education Literacy rate. 8. Distinguish between the daily status unemployment and weekly status unemployment? Ans. Daily status unemployment considers the activity status of a person for each day of the preceding seven days. Weekly status unemployment determines the activity status of a person to a period of preceding seven days. 9. Mention any four benefits of education. Ans. Gain of knowledge Removal of ignorance Moral development and Economic development.

4 10. Mention any four benefits of health Reduction in production loss Improves efficiency and higher productivity Greater output and higher growth rate. Higher enrollment of children in schools 11. State any four causes of poverty? High growth rate of population Low per capita income. Backward agriculture Unemployment. 12. What is family planning? Family planning means Limiting the size of family by conscious efforts. The motto of family planning is child by choice not by chance. 5 Marks Questions 1. Bring out the targets of the National Population Policy 2000 To achieve the objectives, certain targets have been stipulated by the National populations on Policy They are; 1)The growth of population is to be reduced to ensure that it reaches a size of 1107 millions in 2010.

5 2)A smaller size of population is to be achieved through a reduction in the birth rate from 27.2 in 1997 to in )A reduction in the infant mortality rate is to be achieved from 71 per thousand in 1997 to 42 in )A reduction in TFR is to be achieved from 3.3 in 1997 to 2.1 in )Reduction in maternal mortality rate below per 1 lakh live births. 6)Universal immunization. 7)Achievement of 80% deliveries in regular dispensaries, hospitals and medical institutions with trained staff. 8)Increasing the facilities for safe abortions 9)Prevention and control of communicable diseases and access to information about AIDS. 10)Granting of incentives for adopting two child family norms. 11)Strict enforcement of Chief Marriage Restraint Act, and Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act 12)Insurance cover of Rs for couples below poverty line with two living children who undergo sterilization. 13)Funds and soft loans for providing ambulance services in rural areas. 14)To reward the Panchayat and the Zilla Parishads for promoting small family norm. 15)Appointing a National Commission on Population headed by the Prime Minister to monitor the implementation of the new policy. 16)Seeking the help of non governmental organizations, private sector, private medical practioners for controlling the population. 17)Raising the age of marriage of girls to 18 and that of boys to 21 years or more

6 10 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Explain the composition of population in India Ans. The composition of population of a country reveals some important facts about age structure, sex ratio, rural urban distribution, density of population, etc. Age composition The study of age composition is helpful in determining the proportion of the labour force in the total population. The age group of working population in India is considered as As per 2001 census the proportion of working population is 55.4%. The age group of child population is considered to be 0 14 years which stands at 37.3%.The age group of age old population is considered above 60 years. 933 in 2001 and raised by 7 points i.e 940 in 2011.The decline in sex ratio is due to 1. female selective termination of pregnancy, increase in the proportion of male migrants from other countries, an increased discrimination of females in providing the minimum nutrition, and passion for male child. Rural and urban composition The rural and urban composition of India s population reflects on the pattern of living of the country s population. It is also an index of industrialization of that country. As per 2001 census the percentage of urban population in India is 27.8(285 millions) and that of rural population is72.2 (742.0 millions). The slow rate of industrialization is due to predominance of agriculture, slow rate of industrialization, lack of infrastructure.shortage of capital etc. Density of population The term density of population implies the average number of persons living per sq.km within the territory of a country. It is calculated as a ratio of the number of persons per sq.km of land area. The density of population in India as per 2001census is 324, and it increased to 382 in Occupational distribution It refers to the distribution of working population in different occupations of a country. The occupation structure in India is divided into three categories. Agriculture and other allied activities, secondary sector comprises of industries and tertiary sector includes all the government and non government services. A s per 2001 census the proportion of working Population engaged in primary sector is 58%, in secondary sector it is 19% and in the tertiary sector it stands at 23%.

7 2. What are the causes of rapid growth of population in India? Ans. The population in India is growing at an alarming rate. India stands second largest in the world next only to China in terms of population size.according to 2001 census, the population India is estimated to be about 1025 millions. Over these years population has increased at the rate of 2.4 percent per annum. There are several factors responsible for the growth of population in India. They can be classified in two heads. High birth rate. Low death rate. HIGH BIRTH RATE. High birth rate refers to the number of births in a year per thousand persons. At present the birth rate is 23per thousand. This high birthrate in our country is due to several factors like a) Universal marriage : In India marriage is universal as it is a religious and social necessity of the country. In India about 76% of the women of the reproductive age get married. This has resulted in high birth rate and rapid growth of Population. b) Early marriage : In India not only there is universal marriage, people get married at an early age. Practice of early marriage is very much common in various parts of the country and the a average age marriage is still 18 years. Between the age of 15 to 20 years, more than 8 out of every 10 girls get married in India. When girls get married at an early age, there will be longer span of reproductively and more children will be added to each family. c) Mass poverty: In India majority of people are poor. As such any addition of children to the family does not bother very much. Addition of children is a welcoming factor as the children can supplement the income of the family by going to work. Further, biologically poor people are highly reproductive which results in high birth rate. The poor have no economic asset than their own labour and the more the number of earners in family, the more the amount of family earning. Thus poverty contributes to the high birth rate. d) High infant mortality : Infant mortality that is the number of death among children is high in our country. The poor people are not sure that their children will survive for longer time. When they are not sure of the survival of their children, they prefer to have as many children, as possible so that at least a few of them may survive. Thus high infant mortality is also contributing for the high birth rate. e) Illiteracy and superstitious attitude of the people: Majority of India s population are illiterate and superstitious. They are not aware of the existence of modern methods of birth control devices. Even if they know them, they are afraid of using them. There is inverse relationship between education and fertility. Due to lack of education, the response of people in

8 respect of adopting family planning techniques are not at all encouraging. This has resulted in high birth rate and a rising population. f) Tropical climate : The climatic condition is also responsible for the high birth rate. In a tropical country like India, girls attain puberty and boys attain maturity at a very early age. This results in longer span of reproductively and high birth rate. g) Religious and social attitudes : Religious and social attitudes of people in India induces to prefer larger families. The idea to have sons and daughter for performing religious rites and earn religious merit are still very common. Marriage vows and blessings put emphasis on the good fortune of having many children Social attitudes towards unmarried men and women, childless couples are not very encouraging. The existing joint family system also induces to have more children. h) Other factors : There are other factors like existence of polygamy (that is man marrying two or more ladies), higher widow remarriages are also responsible for high birth rate. Growing immigration of population from the neighboring countries like Nepal, Bangladesh etc., is contributing for more population LOW DEATH RATE Death rate refers to the number of deaths (that is the number of persons dying) in a year per thousand persons. As per 1981 census, death rate was about 15 persons per 1000 as per 1991 census, it was 10 per thousand, and today it is 9 per thousand. This low death rate is highly responsible for increase in population. Causes for low death rate : Improvement in medical facilities. Improvement in sanitation, public health, etc., Control of epidemic diseases like plague, cholera etc., Control of famines. Wide spread of education, in particular, women education has resulted in low death rate. Low infant mortality due to improvement in medical facilities, children welfare programmes etc., Better transport facilities have helped in the elimination of famines, food shortage etc., 3. What are the measures adopted to check the rapid growth of population? Ans. The rapid growth of population is seriously threatening the economic progress of the country. Hence it is necessary to check the rapid growth of population. The problem of our population can be checked by adopting following measures.

9 Measures to check the rapid growth of population. Measures to distribute the excess population. Measures to increase production of the country to maintain increase in population Measures to check the rapid growth of population.: Family planning means planning the number of children in the family that is reducing the number of children in the family by conscious efforts. The object of family planning is child by choice and not by chance or child by desire and not by accident. It contributes to better parenthood, healthier children and happy families. Family planning methods are of two types : a) Birth control methods : It refers to artificial methods of birth control. They include. Use of contraceptives by males. Use of pills by females. Use of loops by females. Sterilization for both male and female. Abortion or medical termination of pregnancy. b) Other family planning methods: They include. Practice of celibacy (Remaining unmarried) Postponement of marriage. Observance of moral or self restraints Provisions of general education: In India illiteracy is one of the main causes for the rapid growth of population. Reduction of Infant mortality: It is another measure for controlling population. When infant mortality is reduced, people are quite sure that their children will live long, and come forward to adopt birth control devices. Improvement in the status of women: It is also essential to improve the status of the women socially, economically, politically through education and employment. When women become educated, they will realize and understand the importance of family planning and take needful steps to reduce the size of the family Provision of incentives : Incentives like cash payments, promotion in employment, free education, preference in admission to professional and technical courses to the children, should be given to the people accepting and practicing family planning. Effective propaganda of family planning: This should be undertaken through mass media like radios, films, magazines, newspapers, TVs, posters, etc. Media is one of the effective way through which people can be informed, educated and induced to adopt family planning not only in their self interest but also in the nation s interest. 2

10 Provision of variety of recreation facilities : Various recreation facilities to the people should be provided with focusing importance of family planning. This will reduce the size of the family. Urbanization : Development of cities, towns, urban centres, trade centres can also be adopted to check population growth. Urbanization will result in fall in birth rate. Measures to distribute the excess population. a. Migration : Migration means the movement of people from one country to another. But there are many problems in the migration of people from one country to another. This cannot the good method for solving the problem of our population. b. Redistribution of population : It means the transfer or shifting of the excess population from the densely populated regions to thinly populated regions within the country. It is a temporary measure to solve the problem of over population in the country. Measures to increase production of the country to maintain increase in population. a. Increased agriculture production : Production in agricultural sector should be increased by bringing the waste lands under cultivation and also by adopting the new agricultural strategy to support the growing population. b. Increased industrial production : Production in industrial sector should be increased by developing more and more large scale industries in urban area and small scale and cottage industries in rural area increased industrial production will generate additional income and also help the country to support large population. c. Development of Trade and Commerce: It is also necessary that commercial development should be encouraged. d. The development of trade and commence will contribute immensely to create additional income and help the country to support growing population. Write a note on employment generation programmes in India. OR Describe the national programmes of Employment generation and poverty generation of India. CDP was launched to bring about changes in economic, social and cultural life of the rural people and to transform the stagnant villages into progressive rural communities. The main objective of the programme was to create an interest among the rural population for better economic, social and cultural life and make them satisfy their interest by self help.

11 Various developmental schemes were launched and implemented with the active participation of the rural communities. National Food for Work Programme : It was launched on November 14,2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country with the objective to intensify the generation of supplementary wage employment. It is open to all rural people who are in need of wage employment and desire to do manual unskilled work. It is implemented as a 100% centrally sponsored scheme and the food grains are provided to states free of cost. However, the transportation cost, handling charges and taxes on food grains are the responsibility of states. The collector is the branch officer at the district level and has the complete responsibility of planning, implementation, coordination, monitoring and supervision. For Rs crore have been allocated for the programme in addition to 20 lakh tones of foodgrains Swarna Jayanti Gram Swa Rozgar Yojana (SGSY): This programme was launched in April, 1999 and aims at bringing the assisted poor families above the poverty line by organizing them into self help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. Sampoorna Grameena Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) : It was launched in It aims at providing additional wage employment in all rural areas and thereby food security and improve nutritional levels. It is open to all rural people who are in need of wage employment and desire to do manual and unskilled work around the village or habitat. This programme is implemented through the Panchayat Raj institutions. Rural Housing: Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) : It was operated from It is the major scheme for construction of homes for the poor free of cost. The ministry of rural development provides equity support to the housing and urban development corporation (HUDCO) for this purpose. Pradhana Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY): This was launched in and envisages allocation of additional central assistance to the states and union territories for selected basic services like primary health education, rural shelter, drinking water and electrification. For and the annual allocation of additional central assistance for PMGY was Rs. 2,800 crores. Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) : This scheme was launched in 1995 with the objective of creating self employment opportunities in the rural areas and small towns and is being implemented by the Khadi and Village Industries Commission. Under this scheme, entrepreneurs can establish village industries by availing of margin money assistance from the KVIC and bank loans for projects with a maximum cost of Rs. 25 lakh. Since the launching of this scheme upto 31 st March,2004, 1,96,252 projects have been financed and lakh job opportunities have been created. Under the 10 th plan a target of creating 25 lakh new jobs has been set. During , 8.32 lakh employment opportunities have already been created.

12 For the year a target of creating 5.25 lakh job has been fixed. Prime Minister s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) : It was started in 1993 with the objective of making available self employment opportunities to the educated unemployed youth by assisting them in setting up any economically viable activity. So far about 20 lakh units have been set up under this scheme, creating 30.4 lakh additional job opportunities. The targets for additional employment opportunities under the 10 th plan and in are lakh and 3.75 lakh respectively. This scheme is implemented in the rural and small towns having population up to 20,000. For setting cottage industries without any capital or income, educational qualification youth the family income of Rs. Upto 40,000 per annum in both urban and rural areas for engaging in any kind of economically. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) : This scheme was launched in December, 2000 as a 100% centrally sponsored scheme. It aims at providing rural connectivity to unconnected habitations with population of 500 persons or more in the rural areas by the end of the 10 th plan period This programme is funded from the accruals of diesel cess in the central road fund. In addition support of the multilateral funding agencies and the domestic financial institutions are being obtained to meet the financial needs of the scheme Up to October 2004 with an expenditure of Rs crore, total length of 60,024 km of works has been completed The national rural Roads Development Agency (NRDDA), an agency of the ministry of rural development registered under the societies registration act provides operational and technical assistance and support for the programme. Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP), Desert Development Programme (DDP), and Intergrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP): All these scheme are being implemented for the development of wastelands, degraded lands. During , allocation of Rs. 300 crores, Rs. 215 crores. and 368 crores were provided for DPAP, DPP and IWDP respectively. So far during ,550 projects covering lakh hectares, 1600 projects covering 8 lakh hectare and 165 projects covering 8.32 lakh hectares have been sanctioned under these scheme. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) : It was launched in December It provides foodgrains at a highly subsidized rate of Rs. 2 per kg for what and Rs. 3 per kg for rice to the poor families under the targeted public distribution system. The scale of issue which was initially 25 kg per family per month, was raised to 35 kg per family per month from April 1, The scheme initially was for one core families and was extended in June 2003 by adding another 50 lakh below poverty line families. During under this scheme against an allocation of lakh tones of foodgrains, tonnes were lifted by the state and union territories Budget extended this scheme further from gust by adding another 50 lakhs low poverty line families. With this increase 2 pore families have been covered under this name

13 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) : The urban self employment programme and the urban wage employment programme are the two special components of his scheme, which in December, It is substituted for various programmes implemented or urban poverty alleviation. This scheme is funded on a 75:25 basis between centre and the states. The total expenditure of Rs. 103 crore out of which Rs crore were utilized by December 31, Valmiki Ambedkar Awass Yojana (Vamay): This was launched in December, 2001 which facilitates at the construction and upgradation of dwelling units for the slum dwellers and provides a healthy and enabling urban environment through community toilets under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, a component of the scheme The Central Government provides a subsidy of 50% and the remaining 50% being arranged by the State Government. Since its inception and upto December 31,2004 Rs. 753 crore have been released as Government of India subsidy for the construction and upgradation of 3,50,084 dwelling units and 49,312 toilet seats. Under this scheme for the year , out of the tentative central fund allocation of Rs crore upto December , an amount of Rs crore has been released covering dwelling units and 29,139 toilet seats. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme was launched on February 2,2006 aims to enhance the livelihood security of the people in rural areas by generating wage employment through works that develop the infrastructure base of that area. The choice of work suggested addresses the causes of chronic poverty like drought, deforestation, and soil erosion

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