AID-FOR-TRADE COUNTRY PROFILES

Transcription

1 AID-FOR-TRADE COUNTRY PROFILES AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO 8

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3 EXPLANATORY NOTES ON AID-FOR-TRADE COUNTRY PROFILES The aid-for-trade country profiles provide factual information to stimulate a debate on trends of aid for trade, trade costs, trade performance and development at the country level. The aim is to compare a country s performance in four categories of indicators from 6 to and, for selected indicators, against country group benchmarks. The country profiles are structured according to the results chain framework normally used in project-based development interventions. The results chain framework describes the causal sequence of development interventions based on four main elements: i) inputs and activities produce ii) direct outputs, which in turn lead to iii) intermediate outcomes that contribute to iv) long-term impacts. The country profiles transpose the idea behind this project-based analytical tool to the macro level and trace a possible causal sequence of aid-for-trade interventions to achieve trade and development objectives. The country profiles therefore present indicators in four sections: A. Development Finance; B. Trade Costs; C. Trade Performance; and D. Development Indicators. Much of aid for trade is aimed at reducing trade costs; lower trade costs lead to better trade performance in terms of value, export diversification or entry of new firms; better trade performance can help improve long-term development indicators, notably through employment creation and poverty alleviation. The country profiles do not posit a causal link; they do not attempt to test or estimate the causal impact of aid for trade at the macro level. Instead, they give a dynamic perspective on a country s development. In this sense, the sequence traced is one of contribution, not attribution. Where such contribution can be discerned, the country profiles provide ground for further in-depth, country-based research. In this sense, the country profiles contribute to a greater understanding of the important role that aid-for-trade flows play in a country s achievement of the trade and development objectives targeted by these flows. Most indicators in the country profiles provide a comparison between 6 and. However, the year coverage is adapted to data availability at the level of both indicators and countries. For a selected number of indicators, comparisons against benchmark groups are shown. The country groups used as benchmarks are least developed countries (), lower middle income countries (LMICs), upper middle income countries () and high income countries (HICs). The country groups are non-overlapping, which means that are not included in income groups. Zimbabwe, which is a low income country but not an LDC, is benchmarked against LMICs. The country composition of the four country groups differs among indicators according to data availability. The number of countries included in the four groups for a given indicator is provided in the indicator descriptions below. The choice of indicators has been influenced by the availability of time series data. New indicators are appearing which may, in some cases, be more fitting for the purpose of this analysis. However, the absence of historical data and geographic coverage means they are not ripe for inclusion. As such, the indicators in the country profiles will be updated and refined in future editions. The country profiles are divided into the following four sections: AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO 8

4 EXPLANATORY NOTES ON AID-FOR-TRADE COUNTRY PROFILES A. DEVELOPMENT FINANCE Development finance constitutes a vital source of external financing for many developing countries as it comprises inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI), remittances, official development assistance (ODA), and other official flows (OOF). Development finance is used to finance capital investment as well as private and public consumption, which thereby forms the basis for economic growth and development. This section illustrates how aid-for-trade flows have developed over time, how important they are compared to other flows of development finance and the importance of aid-for-trade for a country compared to other countries. Furthermore, the section shows trends in aid-for-trade disbursements over time at the aggregate level and at the level of sectors and donors. Development finance flows are presented for the periods 6/8 and / (three year averages) and for the year. Indicators and sources: FDI is defined as an investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest in and control by a resident entity in one economy (foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) of an enterprise resident in a different economy (foreign affiliate). FDI inflows measure the net capital (equity capital, reinvested earnings and intra-company loans) provided by a foreign direct investor to a foreign affiliate. Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat. Remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of transfers in cash or in kind received by resident households from non-resident households. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by non-resident entities. Compensation of employees tends to account for a high share of remittances in the case of developing countries which are close to a bigger economy (e.g. Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana, which border South Africa) or which are characterised by the presence of non-resident institutions (e.g. Afghanistan). Source: World Bank (WB), World Development Indicators. Official development assistance (ODA) are grants and loans provided by the official sector with the main objective to promote economic development and welfare of developing countries. ODA is concessional in character with a grant element of at least % (calculated at a discount rate of %). Aid-for-trade flows are a subset of ODA that fall under the four categories trade policy and regulations, economic infrastructure, building productive capacity and trade-related adjustment.. Other official flows (OOF) are transactions by the official sector which do not meet the conditions for eligibility as ODA, either because they are not primarily aimed at development, or because they have a grant element of less than %. Trade-related OOF are a subset of OOF that fall under the four categories trade policy and regulations, economic infrastructure, building productive capacity and trade-related adjustment. Source: OECD, DAC-CRS Aid Activities Database. The top three aid-for-trade priorities are based on a ranking of aid-for-trade categories given by countries in selfassessment questionnaires. Source: OECD/WTO Partner Country Questionnaire. Share of aid for trade in development finance indicates a country s dependence on aid for trade in comparison to other development finance flows. Development finance corresponds to the sum of FDI inflows, remittances, OOF and ODA. For the periods 6-8 and -, development finance is calculated as the sum of the three year averages of these four flows. Number of countries included in benchmark groups: (8), LMICs (9), (), HICs (7). Sources: OECD, DAC-CRS Aid Activities Database; UNCTAD, UNCTADstat; WB, World Development Indicators. 8 AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO

5 EXPLANATORY NOTES ON AID-FOR-TRADE COUNTRY PROFILES Share of aid for trade in gross fixed capital formation indicates the importance of aid for trade for the financing of gross fixed capital formation. Gross fixed capital formation includes land improvements; plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Number of countries included in benchmark groups: (7), LMICs (9), (), HICs (6). Sources: OECD, DAC-CRS Aid Activities Database; WB, World Development Indicators. B. TRADE COSTS In the results chain, inputs and accompanying activities result in outputs. One of the main objectives of aid-fortrade projects is to reduce trade costs. The trade costs section covers indicators that allow assessing how a country s infrastructure and policy-related trade costs have evolved over time and how high trade costs are in comparison to a benchmark country group. Indicators and sources: Tariffs: Simple and weighted averages of applied import tariffs measure most-favoured-nation (MFN) applied duties calculated either as simple average or as weighted average using import flows at the Harmonized System (HS) sixdigit level as weights. The weighted average export tariff faced takes into account preferences and measures the weighted average tariff faced by the country in its top five export markets for agricultural and non-agricultural products, respectively. The share of duty-free exports measures the share of exports reaching these top export markets for agricultural and non-agricultural products duty-free. Source: WTO, World Tariff Profiles. Internet connectivity (% of population): Mobile (fixed) broadband subscriptions refer to the percentage of inhabitants with an active mobile-broadband (fixed-broadband) subscription. Individuals using the internet refer to the percentage of the population using the internet. Cost and time required to export (import) measure the cost in USD and the time in number of days required to export a full -foot container from the warehouse to the departure of the container ship; or vice versa in the case of imports. The cost and time indicators take into account four components associated with trading, i.e. document preparation, customs clearance and inspections, inland transport and handling, and port and terminal handling. In the case of landlocked countries, the cost and time required for passing the inland border and transit to the next seaport are also included. The cost measure does not include costs related to tariffs, sea transport or bribes. The time measure takes into account waiting times. Number of countries included in benchmark groups: (), LMICs (), (9), HICs (7).. Logistics performance index (LPI) (-): The Overall LPI is a perception-based composite indicator of a country s logistics based on six components. These components are efficiency and border clearance ( Customs ), quality of trade and transport infrastructure ( Infrastructure ), ease of arranging competitively priced shipments ( International shipments ), competence and quality of logistics services ( Logistics competence ), ability to track and trace consignments ( Tracking and tracing ) and frequency with which shipments reach consignees within scheduled or expected delivery times ( Timeliness ). The index and its components range from to, with a higher score representing better performance. Number of countries included in benchmark groups: (), LMICs (8), (), HICs (8). Source: WB, Logistics Performance Index (LPI). Competitiveness indicators (-7): The competitiveness indicators measure the perceptions of business executives regarding the ease of access to loans, the quality of electricity supply, the quality of roads, the quality of port infrastructure and the quality of air transport infrastructure. The ratings range from (low) to 7 (best). Number of countries included in benchmark groups: (7), LMICs (7), (), HICs (). Source: World Economic Forum (WEF). AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO 8

6 EXPLANATORY NOTES ON AID-FOR-TRADE COUNTRY PROFILES Trade costs (ad valorem, %): These indicators capture a country s total, intra-regional and extra-regional ad-valorem trade costs in percent. The trade costs measures are calculated as simple averages of bilateral ad valorem trade costs. Given the limited data availability, the number of partners used in the calculation of average trade costs differs across countries. Therefore, the measure is informative regarding a country s evolution of trade costs over time but comparisons between countries should be avoided or undertaken with much caution. The bilateral trade costs are derived from observable trade flows representing the geometric mean of international trade costs between two countries relative to domestic trade costs within each country. The intuition of the measure is that if bilateral trade increases relative to domestic trade flows, bilateral trade costs have declined. The database and the bilateral trade cost measure are described in Arvis et al. (). To calculate intra- and extra-regional trade costs, trading partners are grouped according to the WTO classification into the following regions: Africa, Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Europe, Middle East, North America, South and Central America (including the Caribbean). Source: Author s calculations based on the ESCAP/World Bank Trade Cost Database. Trade facilitation indicators (-): The trade facilitation indicators are composite indicators that measure various dimensions of trade facilitation, most of them closely related to the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement, on a range from (low) to (best). The country profiles show the following six indicators (out of a total of eleven) for which data coverage is best: Information availability (publication of trade information, including on Internet; enquiry points), Advance rulings (prior statements by the administration to requesting traders concerning the classification, origin, valuation method, etc., applied to specific goods at the time of importation; the rules and process applied to such statements), Appeal procedures (the possibility and modalities to appeal administrative decisions by border agencies), Automation (electronic exchange of data; automated border procedures; use of risk management), Procedures (streamlining of border controls; single windows; post-clearance audits; authorised economic operators), Governance and impartiality (customs structures and functions; accountability; ethics policy). Number of countries included in benchmark groups: (), LMICs (8), (), HICs (). Indicators reflect data collected up to mid-may. Source: OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators. C. TRADE PERFORMANCE Aid for trade interventions aim at improving the trade performance of firms and countries by addressing national supply side constraints to either lower trade costs or improve the productive capacity of firms. This section covers indicators that allow assessing the trade performance of countries in terms of value, growth, structure and diversification. Indicators and sources: Trade to GDP ratio is estimated as an economy s total trade of goods and commercial services (exports + imports, balance of payments basis) divided by its GDP.. Commercial services as % of total exports (imports) refers to the share of commercial services in world exports (imports) of commercial services and goods. Trade flows are measured by balance of payments statistics according to the principles of the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM).. Non-fuel intermediates (% of merchandise exports [imports]) refers to the share of non-fuel intermediate goods in merchandise exports (imports) as measured by customs statistics. Intermediates are classified according to the UN Broad Economic Categories (BEC) classification. Fuel products are not classified as intermediates but are included in total merchandise exports. Source: UN Comtrade. Trade flows (billion current US$) provide exports and imports of goods and commercial services as measured by balance of payment statistics according to the principles of BPM. Balance of payment statistics cover transactions between residents of a country and non-residents involving a change of ownership.. 86 AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO

7 EXPLANATORY NOTES ON AID-FOR-TRADE COUNTRY PROFILES Number of products and markets: The numbers of exported and imported products and the numbers of export and import markets provide simple measures of product and market diversification, respectively. The maximum number of markets is while the maximum number of products, defined at the Harmonized System (HS) -digit level, is,6. Source: Author s calculations based on UN Comtrade data. Hirschman-Herfindahl (HH) concentration indices: The HH concentration indices measure the concentration, or diversification, of a country s trade in terms of either products or markets. The HH export (import) product concentration index is calculated as the sum of squared product shares in a country s exports (import) and then normalised to lie between zero and one. HH market concentration indices are calculated analogously. HH export and import product concentration indices with scores close to zero indicate a diversified, i.e. equally distributed, product portfolio and scores close to one indicate high concentration on a few products. Analogously, in the case of HH indices of export and import market concentration scores close to zero indicate that trade is diversified, i.e. equally distributed, across markets and scores close concentration on a few markets. It should be noted that the HH indices inform only about the distribution of trade but not about the underlying numbers of products and markets. The assessment of, for instance, export diversification should therefore take into account both the number of exported products and export markets and the HH indices indicating how equally distributed trade is across these products and markets. Source: Author s calculations based on UN Comtrade data. Structure of merchandise trade provides a breakdown of merchandise exports and imports by main commodity groups according to the WTO International Trade Statistics (ITS) definitions: agricultural products refer to food (SITC Rev. sections,, and division ) and raw materials (SITC Rev. divisions,,, and 6). Fuels and mining products include ores and other minerals; fuels and non-ferrous metals. Manufactures refer to iron and steel, chemicals, other semi-manufactures, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, clothing and other consumer goods. Shares sum up to % since trade flows that are not classified in any product group are not taken into account in the calculation.. Structure of services trade shows the shares of travel services, transport services and other commercial services in commercial services exports and imports. Other commercial services refer to communication, construction, insurance, financial, computer, information, other business, and cultural and recreational services, and royalties and license fees. Services trade is measured by balance of payments statistics according to the principles of BPM.. Top markets for merchandise exports and imports (%) indicate a country s top five export and import markets as recorded by customs-based statistics. Trade shares with EU member states are shown at the national level according to the national concept, which can deviate from data harmonized according to the community concept. Unspecified origins or destinations (areas n.e.s., bunkers and free zones) are not shown if they are among the top markets. Source: UN Comtrade. Top merchandise imports and exports (%) refer to the percentage shares of a country s top five export and import products as recorded by customs-based statistics. Products are measured in terms of the Standard International Trade Classification, Rev. (SITC Rev. ). Source: UN Comtrade. AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO 87

8 EXPLANATORY NOTES ON AID-FOR-TRADE COUNTRY PROFILES D. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Aid for trade eventually aims to achieve long-term development impacts through increased participation of countries in international trade. This section describes trends in development indicators related to human and economic development, including poverty and inequality. Indicators and sources: Unemployment (% of total labour force) refers to the share of the labour force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.. Female labour force (% of total labour force) shows the extent to which women are active in the labour force. Labour force comprises people aged and older who meet the International Labour Organization s (ILO) definition of the economically active population.. Net ODA received (% of GNI): The share of ODA in gross national income (GNI) indicates to what extent a country is dependent on development assistance.. Import duties collected (% of tax revenue): The share of import duties in tax revenue indicates to what extent a country is dependent on import duties in order to finance its government budget. Source: WTO, Trade Profiles. Total debt service (% of total exports): Total debt service is the sum of principal repayments and interest paid on longterm debt, interest paid on short-term debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the IMF. Both public and private external debt is included. External indebtedness affects a country s creditworthiness and investor perceptions. The share of total debt service to total exports helps assess the sustainability of a country s debt service obligations, in particular regarding a countries ability to obtain foreign exchange through exports. Source: WB, World Development Indicators. Human Development Index (HDI): The HDI ranges from zero (minimum level of development) to one (maximum level of development) summarising the three basic development dimensions health, education and living standard. Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), International Human Development Indicators: Human development index. GDP per capita, PPP (constant international $): GDP per capita is converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. Number of countries included in benchmark groups: (), LMICs (), (), HICs ().. Economic structure: The development of a country s economic structure is captured by the shares of agriculture, industry and services in GDP in 6 and.. Poverty: Population living below $. ($) a day measures the percentage of the population living on less than $. ($) a day at international prices.. Inequality: Income held by lowest % (%) is the percentage share of income that accrues to the subgroups of population indicated by the respective quintiles.. Legend: - Not applicable Data not available or not reported 88 AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO

9 EXPLANATORY NOTES ON AID-FOR-TRADE COUNTRY PROFILES REFERENCES: Arvis, J. F., Y. Duval, B. Shepherd and C. Utoktham (), Trade costs in the developing world: 99-, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 69. AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO 89

10 AFGHANISTAN AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE Aid, Trade and Development Indicators for Afghanistan A. DEVELOPMENT FINANCE EXTERNAL FINANCING INFLOWS (million current USD) 6/8 / Δ:6/8- FDI inflows % Remittances % Other official flows (OOF) % of which trade-related OOF % Official Development Assistance (ODA) % of which Aid for Trade % Sources: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat; WB, World Development Indicators; OECD, DAC-CRS Aid Activities Database TOP AFT PRIORITIES Trade policy Network infrastructure (power, water, telecomms) Source: OECD/WTO Partner Questionnaire % % 6/8 / Afghanistan Note: No benchmarks are calculated for. 6/8 Regional integration SHARE OF AFT IN DEVELOPMENT FINANCE AND FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION AFT/Development finance AFT/Fixed capital formation 6% / AFT DISBURSEMENTS: TOP DONORS (million current USD) 6/8 value % value % United States United States 6.7 IDA AsDB Special Funds 8.7 Canada. Japan 8.9 United Kingdom. IDA 9. 8 Germany. United Kingdom 6.8 AFT DISBURSEMENTS BY SECTOR (million current USD) Trade policy and regulations 7. Trade facilitation.9 Transport and storage 8. Communications 7. Energy generation and supply 9.87 Business and other services 6.6 Banking and financial services. Agriculture, forestry, fishing.8 Industry. Mineral resources and mining.67 Tourism. Trade-related adjustment 6/ SECTORS WITH NO DATA ARE NOT INCLUDED. B. TRADE COSTS INDICATORS 6 Tariffs (%) Imports: simple avg. MFN applied.7.9 Imports: weighted avg. MFN applied Exports: weighted avg. faced. 6.6 Exports: duty free (value in %) Internet connectivity (% of population) Mobile broadband subscriptions.... Fixed broadband subscriptions.. Individuals using the internet..9 Sources: WTO, World Tariff Profiles; ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators COMPETITIVENESS INDICATORS (-7) Access to loans Electricity supply Roads DAYS Time to export Afghanistan Source: WB, Doing Business LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE INDICES (LPI) (-) TRADE FACILITATION INDICATORS, (-) Overall LPI Information availability Timeliness 7. Governance and Customs. impartiality.. Advance rulings Tracking and tracing Logistics competence Source: WB Logistics Performance Index (LPI) Infrastructure International shipments Procedures Automation Source: OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators Port infrastructure Appeal procedures Time to import Afghanistan Air transport infrastructure USD Cost to export Cost to import TRADE COSTS (ad-valorem, %) Afghanistan Source: WEF Global Competitiveness Index Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Total Intra-regional Extra-regional Source: ESCAP-WB Trade Cost Database Note: Number of partners used in the calculation of average trade costs: total (7), intra-regional (), extra-regional () 9 AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO

11 AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE AFGHANISTAN C. TRADE PERFORMANCE INDICATOR 6 Trade to GDP ratio (%, 6-)... 7 Commercial services as % of total exports (%, 6-)... 8 Commercial services as % of total imports (%, 6-)... 9 Non-fuel intermediates (% of merchandise exports)... Non-fuel intermediates (% of merchandise imports)... TRADE FLOWS (billion current US$) 6 Increase Decrease Exports Goods....7 Commercial services Imports Goods Commercial services....8 Sources: WTO Secretariat STRUCTURE OF SERVICES TRADE Exports 6 Imports 6 8% % 87% %% Other commercial services Travel Transport TOP MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE EXPORTS (%) 8 % % Pakistan 9 Pakistan 9 India India Russian Federation 7 Iran 8 United Arab Emirates China Iran Germany TOP MERCHANDISE EXPORTS (%) 8 % % Fruit, nuts excl. oil nuts Special transactions not classified 7 Floor coverings, etc. 8 Floor coverings, etc. Special transactions not classified 8 Spices Works of art, antique etc. 6 Oilseed (soft fixed veg. oil) Crude veg. materials, n.e.s. Crude animal materials, n.e.s. 8% INDICATOR 6 Product diversification (based on HS, -dig.) Number of exported products (max.,6)... Number of imported products (max.,6)... HH export product concentration ( to ).... HH import product concentration ( to ) Market diversification Number of export markets (max. )... 6 Number of import markets (max. )... 7 HH export market concentration ( to )....8 HH import market concentration ( to ).... STRUCTURE OF MERCHANDISE TRADE Exports Imports 8 8 % % 6% % 78% 6% 6% Note: Only classified products are included in the calculation. 8% % % Agriculture Fuels and mining Manufacturing TOP MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE IMPORTS (%) 8 % % Pakistan 6 Pakistan China Iran 8 Japan Germany Iran 6 China Uzbekistan 6 India TOP MERCHANDISE IMPORTS (%) 8 % % Special transactions not classified 9 Special transactions not classified 68 Works of art, antique etc. Briquettes, lignite, peat 7 Animal, veg. fats, oils, n.e.s. Meal, flour of wheat, meslin Meal, flour of wheat, meslin Lime, cement, construction materials Rubber tyres, tubes, etc. Tulle, lace, embroidery, etc. Source: UN Comtrade INDICATOR 6 Unemployment (% of total labour force) Female labour force (% of total labour force). 6. Net ODA received (% of GNI).7.6 Import duties collected (% of tax revenue, 6-) Total debt service (% of total exports, 8-)..6 Human Development Index ( to, -)..7 Sources: WB, World Development Indicators; WTO Secretariat; UNDP, International Human Development Indicators ECONOMIC STRUCTURE.9% Agriculture, value added 9.%.% 6 8.8%.8% Industry, value added D. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Services, etc., value added AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO.% POVERTY INDICATORS INEQUALITY INDICATORS Population living below: Income held: $. a day (PPP) (%) $. a day (PPP) (%) by lowest % by lowest % GDP PER CAPITA (constant international $) GDP per capita, PPP (constant international $) Afghanistan 9

12 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE Aid, Trade and Development Indicators for Antigua and Barbuda A. DEVELOPMENT FINANCE EXTERNAL FINANCING INFLOWS (million current USD) 6/8 / Δ:6/8- FDI inflows % Remittances.6.. % Other official flows (OOF) of which trade-related OOF... - Official Development Assistance (ODA)..8. -% of which Aid for Trade % Sources: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat; WB, World Development Indicators; OECD, DAC-CRS Aid Activities Database TOP AFT PRIORITIES Trade facilitation Competitiveness Regional integration Source: OECD/WTO Partner Questionnaire SHARE OF AFT IN DEVELOPMENT FINANCE AND FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION AFT/Development finance AFT/Fixed capital formation % % % % % 6/8 / 6/8 / Antigua and Barbuda HICs Note: No benchmarks are calculated for. AFT DISBURSEMENTS: TOP DONORS (million current USD) 6/8 value % value % Japan.9 98 Japan. 9 World Trade Organization. EU Institutions. 7 AFT DISBURSEMENTS BY SECTOR (million current USD) Trade policy and regulations Trade facilitation Transport and storage Communications Energy generation and supply Business and other services Banking and financial services Agriculture, forestry, fishing Industry Mineral resources and mining Tourism Trade-related adjustment / SECTORS WITH NO DATA ARE NOT INCLUDED. B. TRADE COSTS INDICATORS 6 Tariffs (%) Imports: simple avg. MFN applied 9.7. Imports: weighted avg. MFN applied Exports: weighted avg. faced.8. Exports: duty free (value in %) Internet connectivity (% of population) Mobile broadband subscriptions.... Fixed broadband subscriptions.8.6 Individuals using the internet. 6. Sources: WTO, World Tariff Profiles; ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators COMPETITIVENESS INDICATORS (-7) Access to loans Electricity supply Antigua and Barbuda HICs Antigua and Barbuda HICs Roads Antigua and Barbuda HICs DAYS Time to export Port infrastructure Antigua and Barbuda HICs Time to import 6 6 Antigua and Barbuda HICs Source: WB, Doing Business LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE INDICES (LPI) (-) TRADE FACILITATION INDICATORS, (-) Overall LPI Information availability Antigua and Barbuda 7. Governance and HICs Timeliness Customs. HICs impartiality Advance rulings.. Tracking Infrastructure and tracing Procedures Appeal procedures Logistics competence Source: WB Logistics Performance Index (LPI) Source: WEF Global Competitiveness Index International shipments Automation Source: OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators Air transport infrastructure Antigua and Barbuda HICs USD 7 7 Cost to export Cost to import 6 6 TRADE COSTS (ad-valorem, %) Total Intra-regional Extra-regional Source: ESCAP-WB Trade Cost Database Note: Number of partners used in the calculation of average trade costs: total (7), intra-regional (), extra-regional () 9 AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO

13 AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA C. TRADE PERFORMANCE INDICATOR 6 Trade to GDP ratio (%) 8 9 Commercial services as % of total exports Commercial services as % of total imports Non-fuel intermediates (% of merch. exports, 7-) Non-fuel intermediates (% of merchandise imports) 9 TRADE FLOWS (billion current US$) 6 Increase Decrease Exports Goods.7.6-7% Commercial services % Imports Goods.6. -6% Commercial services.9. -% Sources: WTO Secretariat STRUCTURE OF SERVICES TRADE Exports 6 Imports 6 % % 6% 7% 7% 8% 7% % Other commercial services Travel Transport TOP MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE EXPORTS (%) 7 % % Neth. Antilles United States 7 United States United Kingdom Barbados 8 Curaçao 7 Dominica 6 New Zealand United Kingdom Montserrat TOP MERCHANDISE EXPORTS (%) 7 % % Petroleum products 8 Textile articles, n.e.s. 9 Telecomm. equipment parts, n.e.s. 8 Petroleum products Rotating electric plant Ship, boat, floating structures 7 Gold, silverware, jewel, n.e.s. Manufactures base metals, n.e.s. Textile articles, n.e.s. Ferrous waste and scrap % 9% 7% % INDICATOR 6 Product diversification (based on HS, -dig.) Number of exported products (max.,6)... 9 Number of imported products (max.,6)... 6 HH export product concentration ( to )....8 HH import product concentration ( to ).... Market diversification (7-) Number of export markets (max. ) 6 Number of import markets (max. ) 89 9 HH export market concentration ( to )..6 HH import market concentration ( to )..78 STRUCTURE OF MERCHANDISE TRADE Exports Imports 6 % 6 % % 8% 9% 6% % % 87% 9% Note: Only classified products are included in the calculation. % % Agriculture Fuels and mining Manufacturing TOP MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE IMPORTS (%) 6 % % United States United States Neth. Antilles China Trinidad and Tobago 9 Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom United Kingdom Japan Japan TOP MERCHANDISE IMPORTS (%) 6 % % Petroleum products 6 Petroleum products Passenger motor vehicles, excl. buses Passenger motor vehicles, excl. buses Internal combustion piston engine Other meat, meat offal Telecomm. equipment parts, n.e.s. Alcoholic beverages Furniture, cushions, etc. Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. Source: UN Comtrade INDICATOR 6 Unemployment (% of total labour force) Female labour force (% of total labour force) Net ODA received (% of GNI).. Import duties collected (% of tax revenue, 6-).. Total debt service (% of total exports) Human Development Index ( to, -) Sources: WB, World Development Indicators; WTO Secretariat; UNDP, International Human Development Indicators ECONOMIC STRUCTURE 76.% Agriculture, value added.% 6.8% 79.7% Industry, value added D. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Services, etc., value added AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO.% 8.% POVERTY INDICATORS INEQUALITY INDICATORS Population living below: Income held: $. a day (PPP) (%) $. a day (PPP) (%) by lowest % by lowest % GDP PER CAPITA (constant international $) GDP per capita, PPP (constant international $) Antigua and Barbuda HICs 9

14 BANGLADESH AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE Aid, Trade and Development Indicators for Bangladesh A. DEVELOPMENT FINANCE EXTERNAL FINANCING INFLOWS (million current USD) 6/8 / Δ:6/8- FDI inflows % Remittances % Other official flows (OOF) % of which trade-related OOF % Official Development Assistance (ODA) % of which Aid for Trade % Sources: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat; WB, World Development Indicators; OECD, DAC-CRS Aid Activities Database TOP AFT PRIORITIES Export diversification Trade facilitation Transport infrastructure Source: OECD/WTO Partner Questionnaire SHARE OF AFT IN DEVELOPMENT FINANCE AND FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION AFT/Development finance AFT/Fixed capital formation % 8% % 6/8 / Bangladesh Note: No benchmarks are calculated for. 6/8 / AFT DISBURSEMENTS: TOP DONORS (million current USD) 6/8 value % value % IDA.8 6 Japan United Kingdom. IDA 9.8 Germany. 6 AsDB Special Funds 9. Denmark 6.6 United States 7. Japan. United Kingdom. AFT DISBURSEMENTS BY SECTOR (million current USD) Trade policy and regulations. Trade facilitation. Transport and storage 8.97 Communications. Energy generation and supply 6. Business and other services. Banking and financial services 7.7 Agriculture, forestry, fishing 8. Industry 6.9 Mineral resources and mining. Tourism. Trade-related adjustment 6/ SECTORS WITH NO DATA ARE NOT INCLUDED. B. TRADE COSTS COMPETITIVENESS INDICATORS (-7) Access to loans Electricity supply 7 6 INDICATORS 6 Tariffs (%) Imports: simple avg. MFN applied..9 Imports: weighted avg. MFN applied Exports: weighted avg. faced.9.8 Exports: duty free (value in %) Internet connectivity (% of population) Mobile broadband subscriptions....9 Fixed broadband subscriptions.... Individuals using the internet. 6. Sources: WTO, World Tariff Profiles; ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Bangladesh Bangladesh Roads Bangladesh DAYS Time to export Time to import Bangladesh Source: WB, Doing Business LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE INDICES (LPI) (-) TRADE FACILITATION INDICATORS, (-) Overall LPI Information availability Timeliness 7. Governance and Customs. impartiality.. Advance rulings Tracking and tracing Logistics competence Source: WB Logistics Performance Index (LPI) Source: WEF Global Competitiveness Index Infrastructure International shipments Procedures Automation Source: OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators Port infrastructure Bangladesh Appeal procedures Bangladesh Air transport infrastructure Bangladesh USD Cost to export Cost to import 6 6 TRADE COSTS (ad-valorem, %) Total Intra-regional Extra-regional Source: ESCAP-WB Trade Cost Database Note: Number of partners used in the calculation of average trade costs: total (7), intra-regional (), extra-regional () 9 AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO

15 AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE BANGLADESH C. TRADE PERFORMANCE INDICATOR 6 Trade to GDP ratio (%) 6 6 Commercial services as % of total exports 6 Commercial services as % of total imports Non-fuel intermediates (% of merch. exports, 6-) 7 Non-fuel intermediates (% of merch. imports, 6-) 6 67 TRADE FLOWS (billion current US$) 6 Increase Decrease Exports Goods % Commercial services % Imports Goods % Commercial services % Sources: WTO Secretariat STRUCTURE OF SERVICES TRADE Exports 6 Imports 6 7% % 6% 7% 7% 6% 8% 76% 8% Other commercial services Travel Transport TOP MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE EXPORTS (%) 6 % % United States 7 United States Germany Germany 6 United Kingdom 9 United Kingdom 9 China 7 France 6 France 6 Spain TOP MERCHANDISE EXPORTS (%) 6 % % Other textile apparel, n.e.s. 8 Other textile apparel, n.e.s. Mens, boys clothing, x-knit Mens, boys clothing, x-knit 7 Women, girl clothng, excl. knit/crocheted Women, girl clothng, excl. knit/crocheted Cotton fabrics, woven 7 Mens, boys clothing, knit 6 Mens, boys clothing, knit Textile articles, n.e.s. % 9% % INDICATOR 6 Product diversification (based on HS, -dig.; 6-) Number of exported products (max.,6) 7 Number of imported products (max.,6) 96 HH export product concentration ( to ).8. HH import product concentration ( to ).. Market diversification (6-) Number of export markets (max. ) 6 7 Number of import markets (max. ) 7 6 HH export market concentration ( to ).6.9 HH import market concentration ( to ).6.8 STRUCTURE OF MERCHANDISE TRADE Exports Imports 6 %% 6 8% % % % 6% % 9% 9% 6% 6% Note: Only classified products are included in the calculation. Agriculture Fuels and mining Manufacturing TOP MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE IMPORTS (%) 6 % % China 6 Thailand India India Kuwait 9 China 9 Japan 6 Indonesia 6 Korea, Republic of Singapore TOP MERCHANDISE IMPORTS (%) 6 % % Petroleum products Cotton fabrics, woven 7 Cotton Petroleum products 7 Telecomm. equipment parts, n.e.s. Cotton 6 Textile, leather machines Fixed veg. fat, oils, other 6 Fabrics, man-made fibres Textile yarn Source: UN Comtrade INDICATOR 6 Unemployment (% of total labour force).. Female labour force (% of total labour force) 8.. Net ODA received (% of GNI).6. Import duties collected (% of tax revenue, 6-) 9.9. Total debt service (% of total exports).. Human Development Index ( to, -).9.6 Sources: WB, World Development Indicators; WTO Secretariat; UNDP, International Human Development Indicators ECONOMIC STRUCTURE.6% Agriculture, value added 9.% 6 6.%.% Industry, value added D. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Services, etc., value added AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO 6.% 7.6% POVERTY INDICATORS INEQUALITY INDICATORS Population living below: Income held: $. a day (PPP) (%) $. a day (PPP) (%) by lowest % by lowest % 8 6 GDP PER CAPITA (constant international $) GDP per capita, PPP (constant international $) 6 Bangladesh 9

16 BELIZE AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE Aid, Trade and Development Indicators for Belize A. DEVELOPMENT FINANCE EXTERNAL FINANCING INFLOWS (million current USD) 6/8 / Δ:6/8- FDI inflows % Remittances % Other official flows (OOF) % of which trade-related OOF % Official Development Assistance (ODA) % of which Aid for Trade % Sources: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat; WB, World Development Indicators; OECD, DAC-CRS Aid Activities Database TOP AFT PRIORITIES Transport infrastructure Export diversification Trade policy Source: OECD/WTO Partner Questionnaire SHARE OF AFT IN DEVELOPMENT FINANCE AND FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION AFT/Development finance AFT/Fixed capital formation 8% 6% % % 6/8 / Belize Note: No benchmarks are calculated for. 6/8 / AFT DISBURSEMENTS: TOP DONORS (million current USD) 6/8 value % value % EU Institutions.8 9 EU Institutions. 7 Japan. OFID.7 6 Canada. Kuwait (KFAED).8 Korea, Republic of. IDB Sp.Fund.6 Austria. Korea, Republic of. AFT DISBURSEMENTS BY SECTOR (million current USD) Trade policy and regulations Trade facilitation Transport and storage Communications Energy generation and supply Business and other services Banking and financial services Agriculture, forestry, fishing Industry Mineral resources and mining Tourism Trade-related adjustment 6 8 6/ SECTORS WITH NO DATA ARE NOT INCLUDED. B. TRADE COSTS INDICATORS 6 Tariffs (%) Imports: simple avg. MFN applied.8. Imports: weighted avg. MFN applied....6 Exports: weighted avg. faced 6.. Exports: duty free (value in %) Internet connectivity (% of population) Mobile broadband subscriptions.... Fixed broadband subscriptions.6. Individuals using the internet..7 Sources: WTO, World Tariff Profiles; ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators COMPETITIVENESS INDICATORS (-7) Access to loans Electricity supply Roads DAYS Time to export Time to import 6 6 Belize Source: WB, Doing Business LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE INDICES (LPI) (-) TRADE FACILITATION INDICATORS, (-) Overall LPI Information availability Timeliness 7. Governance and Customs. impartiality.. Advance rulings Tracking and tracing Logistics competence Source: WB Logistics Performance Index (LPI) Infrastructure International shipments Procedures Automation Source: OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators Port infrastructure Appeal procedures Belize Air transport infrastructure USD Cost to export Cost to import 6 6 TRADE COSTS (ad-valorem, %) 7 7 Belize Source: WEF Global Competitiveness Index Belize Belize Belize Belize Total Intra-regional Extra-regional Source: ESCAP-WB Trade Cost Database Note: Number of partners used in the calculation of average trade costs: total (7), intra-regional (), extra-regional () 96 AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO

17 AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE BELIZE C. TRADE PERFORMANCE INDICATOR 6 Trade to GDP ratio (%) Commercial services as % of total exports Commercial services as % of total imports 9 8 Non-fuel intermediates (% of merchandise exports) Non-fuel intermediates (% of merchandise imports) 8 TRADE FLOWS (billion current US$) 6 Increase Decrease Exports Goods % Commercial services.9. +% Imports Goods % Commercial services..9 +6% Sources: WTO Secretariat STRUCTURE OF SERVICES TRADE Exports 6 Imports 6 % % 77% % 8% 9% % % Other commercial services Travel Transport TOP MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE EXPORTS (%) 6 % % United States United States 9 United Kingdom 6 United Kingdom Costa Rica 8 Netherlands 6 Netherlands 6 India Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago TOP MERCHANDISE EXPORTS (%) 6 % % Fruit, veg. juices Petroleum oils, crude 7 Sugars, molasses, honey 9 Sugars, molasses, honey Petroleum oils, crude 6 Crustaceans, molluscs etc Fruit, nuts excl. oil nuts 6 Fruit, veg. juices Crustaceans, molluscs etc Fruit, nuts excl. oil nuts 8% 9% 8% % INDICATOR 6 Product diversification (based on HS, -dig.) Number of exported products (max.,6) 79 Number of imported products (max.,6) HH export product concentration ( to ).. HH import product concentration ( to ).97.7 Market diversification Number of export markets (max. ) 6 Number of import markets (max. ) 7 8 HH export market concentration ( to )..99 HH import market concentration ( to ).8. STRUCTURE OF MERCHANDISE TRADE Exports Imports 6 6 8% 9% % % 79% 7% 7% Note: Only classified products are included in the calculation. 6% 8% 8% % % Agriculture Fuels and mining Manufacturing TOP MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE IMPORTS (%) 6 % % United States 9 United States Neth. Antilles Curaçao Panama Mexico Mexico 9 China Guatemala 6 Guatemala 7 TOP MERCHANDISE IMPORTS (%) 6 % % Special transactions not classified 7 Special transactions not classified Petroleum products Petroleum products Alcoholic beverages Goods, spec.-purpose transport vehicles Articles, n.e.s., of plastics Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. Goods, spec.-purpose transport vehicles Fertilizer, except crude fertilizers Source: UN Comtrade INDICATOR 6 Unemployment (% of total labour force) 9..6 Female labour force (% of total labour force) Net ODA received (% of GNI).8.7 Import duties collected (% of tax revenue) Total debt service (% of total exports) Human Development Index ( to, -).7.7 Sources: WB, World Development Indicators; WTO Secretariat; UNDP, International Human Development Indicators ECONOMIC STRUCTURE 6.9% Agriculture, value added.7% 6.6% 6.% Industry, value added D. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Services, etc., value added AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO.% 9.% POVERTY INDICATORS INEQUALITY INDICATORS Population living below: Income held: $. a day (PPP) (%) $. a day (PPP) (%) by lowest % by lowest % GDP PER CAPITA (constant international $) GDP per capita, PPP (constant international $) Belize 97

18 BENIN AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE Aid, Trade and Development Indicators for Benin A. DEVELOPMENT FINANCE EXTERNAL FINANCING INFLOWS (million current USD) 6/8 / Δ:6/8- FDI inflows % Remittances Other official flows (OOF) of which trade-related OOF Official Development Assistance (ODA) % of which Aid for Trade % Sources: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat; WB, World Development Indicators; OECD, DAC-CRS Aid Activities Database TOP AFT PRIORITIES Trade policy Trade facilitation Regional integration Source: OECD/WTO Partner Questionnaire SHARE OF AFT IN DEVELOPMENT FINANCE AND FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION AFT/Development finance AFT/Fixed capital formation % % % % 6/8 / Benin Note: No benchmarks are calculated for. 6/8 / AFT DISBURSEMENTS: TOP DONORS (million current USD) 6/8 value % value % EU Institutions IDA 77. IDA.6 AfDF (African Dev.Fund). 9 Denmark 9. 6 EU Institutions.8 7 AfDF (African Dev.Fund) 8. 6 Germany 9. France 8. 7 Belgium 9. AFT DISBURSEMENTS BY SECTOR (million current USD) Trade policy and regulations. Trade facilitation.7 Transport and storage.7 Communications.9 Energy generation and supply.9 Business and other services. Banking and financial services.7 Agriculture, forestry, fishing.8 Industry.98 Mineral resources and mining. Tourism. Trade-related adjustment / SECTORS WITH NO DATA ARE NOT INCLUDED. B. TRADE COSTS COMPETITIVENESS INDICATORS (-7) Access to loans Electricity supply 7 6 INDICATORS 6 Tariffs (%) Imports: simple avg. MFN applied..9 Imports: weighted avg. MFN applied. Exports: weighted avg. faced..8 Exports: duty free (value in %) Internet connectivity (% of population) Mobile broadband subscriptions.... Fixed broadband subscriptions.. Individuals using the internet..9 Sources: WTO, World Tariff Profiles; ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 6 Benin 6 Benin Roads 6 Benin DAYS Time to export 6 6 Benin Source: WB, Doing Business LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE INDICES (LPI) (-) TRADE FACILITATION INDICATORS, (-) Overall LPI Information availability Timeliness 7. Governance and Customs. impartiality.. Advance rulings Tracking and tracing Logistics competence Source: WB Logistics Performance Index (LPI) Source: WEF Global Competitiveness Index Infrastructure International shipments Procedures Automation Source: OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators Port infrastructure 6 Benin Appeal procedures Time to import Benin Air transport infrastructure 6 Benin USD Cost to export Cost to import 6 6 TRADE COSTS (ad-valorem, %) Total Intra-regional Extra-regional Source: ESCAP-WB Trade Cost Database Note: Number of partners used in the calculation of average trade costs: total (7), intra-regional (), extra-regional () 98 AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO

19 AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE BENIN C. TRADE PERFORMANCE INDICATOR 6 Trade to GDP ratio (%, 6-) 9 9 Commercial services as % of total exports (%, 6-) Commercial services as % of total imports (%, 6-) Non-fuel intermediates (% of merchandise exports) 7 7 Non-fuel intermediates (% of merchandise imports) TRADE FLOWS (billion current US$) 6 Increase Decrease Exports Goods % Commercial services.96. +% Imports Goods % Commercial services % Sources: WTO Secretariat STRUCTURE OF SERVICES TRADE Exports 6 Imports 6 6% 7% % 9% 7% 9% % % Other commercial services Travel Transport TOP MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE EXPORTS (%) 6 % % China China 9 Nigeria 9 India India 9 Nigeria Niger 7 Chad 7 Côte d'ivoire 6 Indonesia 6 TOP MERCHANDISE EXPORTS (%) 6 % % Cotton Cotton 7 Tobacco, manufactured 6 Fruit, nuts excl. oil nuts Fruit, nuts excl. oil nuts 7 Iron, steel bar, shapes, etc. 9 Lime, cement, construction materials Ship, boat, floating structures 6 Fixed veg. fat, oils, soft Petroleum products 6% 6% % 7% INDICATOR 6 Product diversification (based on HS, -dig.) Number of exported products (max.,6) 9 Number of imported products (max.,6) 8 7 HH export product concentration ( to ).9. HH import product concentration ( to ).. Market diversification Number of export markets (max. ) 6 76 Number of import markets (max. ) 99 6 HH export market concentration ( to ) HH import market concentration ( to )..7 STRUCTURE OF MERCHANDISE TRADE Exports Imports 6 6 % % 8% 8% % % % % Note: Only classified products are included in the calculation. % % % % Agriculture Fuels and mining Manufacturing TOP MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE IMPORTS (%) 6 % % France 7 United States 8 China 9 France 9 Côte d'ivoire 7 India 9 Ghana 7 Togo 8 United Kingdom 6 China 7 TOP MERCHANDISE IMPORTS (%) 6 % % Petroleum products Ship, boat, floating structures 6 Rice Rice 6 Electric current 6 Petroleum products 7 Lime, cement, construction materials Other meat, meat offal 6 Worn clothing, textile articles Electric current Source: UN Comtrade INDICATOR 6 Unemployment (% of total labour force).. Female labour force (% of total labour force) Net ODA received (% of GNI) Import duties collected (% of tax revenue, 6-) Total debt service (% of total exports, 6-).. Human Development Index ( to, -)..8 Sources: WB, World Development Indicators; WTO Secretariat; UNDP, International Human Development Indicators ECONOMIC STRUCTURE 9.% Agriculture, value added 6.% 6.% 9.% Industry, value added D. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Services, etc., value added AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE : REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH - OECD, WTO 6.%.% POVERTY INDICATORS INEQUALITY INDICATORS Population living below: Income held: $. a day (PPP) (%) $. a day (PPP) (%) by lowest % by lowest % GDP PER CAPITA (constant international $) GDP per capita, PPP (constant international $) 6 Benin 99