SYMPOSIUM ON PUBLIC BUDGETING AND FINANCE REFORMS IN CHINA: PART I Editor: Kuotsai Tom Liou
|
|
- Bertina Willis
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. OF PUBLIC BUDGETING, ACCOUNTING & FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, 23 (4), WINTER 2011 SYMPOSIUM ON PUBLIC BUDGETING AND FINANCE REFORMS IN CHINA: PART I Editor: Kuotsai Tom Liou Copyright 2011 by PrAcademics Press
2 J. OF PUBLIC BUDGETING, ACCOUNTING & FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, 23 (4), WINTER 2011 PUBLIC BUDGETING AND FINANCE REFORMS IN CHINA: INTRODUCTION Kuotsai Tom Liou* ABSTRACT. Since the late 1970s, Chinese policymakers have implemented many policies to reform their country s administrative systems for the purpose of promoting economic development. In the area of public budgeting and finance, reform policies have been introduced to improve China s taxation system, budgeting system and intergovernmental fiscal relations. The implementation of these policies has resulted in many changes and improvement to China s society and has also created new challenges to China s future development. This symposium introduction provides a brief review of the development of reform policies and a summary of five articles that examine China s revenue system, public expenditure structure, budgeting control, incentive policy, and education finance. INTRODUCTION Since the late 1970s, China has emphasized many reform policies to improve China s economic performance and development. These reform policies have covered all major areas of government operation and have gradually changed the Chinese system from a totally government-controlled planning system to a market-oriented capitalist system (or a socialist system with Chinese characteristics). The reforms introduced include changes in major governance functions, policies, institutions that are related to public management (e.g., civil service reform, fighting corruption, e-government), public finance (e.g., taxation, public budgeting, public expenditure), institutional framework (e.g., regulatory management, enterprise * Kuotsai Tom Liou, Ph.D., is a Professor, School of Public Administration, University of Central Florida. His teaching and research interests include public management, local economic development, public budgeting and finance, and program evaluation. Copyright 2011 by PrAcademics Press
3 536 LIOU reform, intellectual property right), and sustainable development (e.g., environment, education) (OECD, 2005). These reforms are critical for China s reform goals of modernization and valuable for China s economic and social development. Among these reforms, policy and managerial changes in the areas of government revenue, expenditure and public budgeting are especially important because of their effects on economic development. On the revenue side, tax policies have been linked to economic development as policymakers like to use (or manipulate) various tax types and rates (e.g., sales, income, property taxes) as financial incentives and assistance to promote economic development in their communities. On the expenditure side, policymakers have also being interested in using public resources to invest in physical and social infrastructure (e.g., transportation, education) and services to produce demands for jobs and to stimulate economic growth. Finally, a public budgeting system provides policy tools, processes and institutions for government to perform control, management, and planning functions in the design and implementation of economic development policies. This symposium is designed to introduce major reforms and changes in China s public budgeting and finance during the reform years. This introduction paper first provides a review of important background issues related to China s reforms. The paper then provides brief summaries of major issues and findings of the five articles included in the symposium. The overall reform lessons and challenging issues are discussed in the conclusion section. SYMPOSIUM BACKGROUND China s economic system before the reform years was basically a central command planning system which designed national plans for the country s economic development. The system was characterized as having vertical information flows, centralized coordination and property, and limited and concentrated participation in economic decisions (Prybyla, 1982). Under this system, resources allocation decisions were made in response to commands from planners in the administrative hierarchy, rather than in response to prices from the market. The system led to allocation inefficiency because of such problems as misallocations of both investment goods and of inputs and outputs, restrictions on the use of material incentives and
4 BUDGETING AND FINANCE REFORMS IN CHINA: INTRODUCTION 537 destructions of the energy, innovation, and enthusiasm of workers, managers, and farmers (Perkins, 1988; Prybyla, 1982). The system s problems were considered as one of major factors causing China s poor economic performance before the reform years. 1 Besides economic inefficiency problems, China s central planning system also suffered many bureaucratic problems and dysfunctions which contributed to the poor economic performance before the reforms. The huge administrative system was run not by competitively recruited civil servants but by cadres recommended by Chinese Communist Party organizations. The cadres did not possess the knowledge and experience that are necessary to manage economic development. The administrative system was characterized by many bureaucratic problems such asnonresponsiveness, lack of innovation, inefficiency, and corruption (Burns, 1983; Harding, 1981). China s post-mao leaders recognized that an efficient administrative system is critical to China s economic performance and that China s old system was inadequate to support the national goals of reforms. Since the late 1970s, China has gradually implemented many policies to reform its administrative systems to promote the country s economic development. In the areas of public budgeting and finance, Chinese policymakers have introduced reforms to change state budgeting and financial operations from a centrally planned economic system to a market-based economic system. Before 1979, the state budget was basically the financial component of the national economic plan. The budget included not only revenues and expenditures of the central and local governments, but also revenues and expenditures of all state-owned enterprises (SOEs). During the early stage of reforms, Chinese policymakers emphasized the separation of economic enterprises from administrative agencies and implemented a series of reform measures to improve the management of SOEs (Liou, 1998). Later SOE reforms have increased separation of enterprise management from direct state control by providing adequate financing mechanisms and establishing an effective corporate governance system for SOEs. SOEs today have to pay taxes to the government based on their incomes and revenues and have to obtained interest-bearing loans from the commercial banking system. Early reforms of China s tax systems included policy measures to improve SOE operations and changes to establish a more market-
5 538 LIOU oriented tax system (Toh & Lin, 2005). In the early 1980s, the government required a statutory 55% enterprise tax rate for large scare SOEs and introduced changes to include three indirect taxes (the value-added tax and two turnover taxes of business tax and product tax) in Since 1986, the government has also introduced the contract responsibility system to assess the profits or taxes of the SOEs to improve the business performance. The government expanded with indirect taxation the coverage of VAT and introduced several minor taxes (e.g., stamp duty, a vehicle and boat tax). In 1994, the Chinese government implemented a comprehensive tax reform to systematically restructure China's revenue system (Bahl, 1998). The reform was designed to address problems that had emerged during the reform years, including the coexistence of two sales taxes (the VAT and the product/business tax), highly differentiated tax rates for sales taxation, and unequal income tax treatments for enterprises (Toh & Lin, 2005). The 1994 reform covered the country's tax structure, tax administration, centralprovincial fiscal relations, and provincial-local fiscal relations. Main contents of the reform included the move from turnover taxes to value-added taxes, the harmonization of enterprise income tax rates for different types of enterprises, and the reform of the fiscal relationship between central and local government. Specific changes and implications of China s tax reforms can be found in the article by Xu and Cui in this symposium. Closely related to the reform of China s revenue system, Chinese policymakers recognized the need to develop a modern budget system to support the operation of a market-based economy. Under the old centrally-planning economic system, all resource allocation decisions were decided in the national plan and the budget served basically as a secondary accounting device. This is very different from the experience of the public budgeting systems in Western countries with a market economy. In the market economy, the government budget is considered an important policy document of government, which serves as an important tool for reconciling policy objectives and implementing them in concrete terms (OECD, 2005). China s old budgeting system was fragmented and lacked effective administrative or legislative controls (Wedeman, 2000; Ma, 2009). On the administrative side, for example, the finance department
6 BUDGETING AND FINANCE REFORMS IN CHINA: INTRODUCTION 539 tended to allocate budgetary funds in a lump sum to each department because of the lack of departmental budgets. Many departments also expanded their off-budgetary finance to spend offbudgetary funds without clear supervision. On the legislative side, the legislative review was ineffective because Chinese governments tended to maximize executive discretion when they submitted their budgets with aggregate totals of revenues and expenditures without clear information about specific policy activities and expenditure. In 1999, China implemented a budget reform which includes reform measures covering departmental budget, treasury management, and government procurement activities. In the departmental budget, for example, the reform requires that governmental budgets be compiled on a departmental basis based on standardized budgetary formats and procedure. Based on the reform, legislatures are in a better position to exercise their power to supervise government budget when government budgets are submitted early, with more detailed information specific to department levels and activities. Over the years, China has made improvements in all aspects of the budgeting cycle: formulation, approval, implementation and audit (OECD, 2005). Additional discussions about the background and effect of budgetary reform are provided in the article by Ma and You in this symposium. SYMPOSIUM ARTICLES AND ISSUES The brief review of financial reforms provides good background information for the introduction of symposium issues. The symposium consists of five articles that examine changes and challenges in China s revenue system, expenditure system, budgeting control, incentive policies, and education finance. These articles provide a comprehensive review of major reform issues in China s public finance and budgeting system and indicate major challenging issues affecting the country s future development. In the first article, Hua Xu and Huiyu Cui examined changes in China s revenue system and discussed key systemic issues and new challenges. They first provided a review of tax and fiscal reforms and their effects during the past three decades. They further explained the mechanisms of the revenue structure at both the local and the national levels of government. Xu and Cui identified new challenging issues in the areas of intergovernmental fiscal relations, fiscal
7 540 LIOU disparities of local governments among regions, central-local governments fiscal arrangements in major public service areas of education, health and pension, rising housing prices and the consideration of a new real property tax. They emphasized the importance of administrative capabilities and accountabilities in the implementation of future fiscal reforms. On the expenditure side, Qin Zhu and Xiaohu Wang reviewed structural developments of China s public expenditures and emphasized an increasing need for services in public education, health, social security and housing. They first provided theories to explain the need to adjust the spending structure and showed distributions of major public expenditure categories between 1978 and They then explained the need to focus on public series, such as public education, public health care, retirement and pension financing, and public housing. Zhu and Wang supported a proper structure of public expenditures in the four service areas by 2020 and discussed a possible path to this spending structure. On the budgeting side, Jun Ma and Li Yu studied the effect of recent budget reforms by emphasizing the issue of budgetary implementation and control. Ma and Yu first provided a review of the background of the 1999 budget reform and the importance of budgetary controls to enhance budgeting capacity and financial accountability. They collected data to show the control problem of delaying spending and accumulating unused funds after the 1999 budgetary reform. Ma and Yu further discussed some factors causing the control problems, including weaknesses in legislative process and controls, administrative fragmentation and separation, and budgeting capacity and cash management. They concluded with some lessons about China s budgeting reform and emphasized the importance of a well-designed budgetary control system for building budgeting capacity. Focusing on the issue of financial incentives, Kuotsai Tom Liou examined the development of China s incentive policies and their relationship with economic development. Liou reviewed different types and arguments of government-oriented incentive policies and explained the development of Chinese incentive policies to promote efficiency in their administrative system and preferential tax policies to attract foreign investment for economic development. The results of these policies are China s achievements in high rates of economic
8 BUDGETING AND FINANCE REFORMS IN CHINA: INTRODUCTION 541 growth, successful accumulation of foreign investments, and rapid development in coastal provinces and cities. But these policies have also resulted in some challenging issues, such as effectiveness and equity concerns, managerial accountability and transparency, and economic upgrade and balance. Finally, Wen Wang and Zhirong Jerry Zhao analyzed the effect of the rural taxation reform on the financing of compulsory education in rural China. Since 2000 the central government has installed a series of rural taxation reforms, which shifted the administrative responsibilities of rural compulsory education to the county level in 2001 and implemented a series of policies to make up for the loss of revenues to education. Wang and Zhao used a provincial-level dataset from 1998 to 2006 to examine whether and how the rural taxation reforms have affected the adequacy and equality of compulsory education finance in China. They found that the changes have contributed to reducing the overall inequality in total expenditures for compulsory education, but have not been effective in either closing the gap in the level of educational spending or alleviating the inequality in educational revenue and spending across provinces or between rural and urban areas. Wang and Zhao concluded their study by requiring corresponding reforms in intergovernmental fiscal relations to rebalance fiscal responsibilities and revenue authorities and to maintain proper accountability for local officials. CONCLUSION The purpose of this symposium is to present major reforms and developments in China s public budgeting and financial management. The articles included in the symposium have examined important changes and challenges in the areas of public revenue system, expenditure structure, education finance, incentive policies, and budget controls. The symposium findings provide evidences to support the success of China s economic reform in introducing important macro-economic policies to support economic development. The findings further showed major improvements in China s financial systems in establishing a modern taxation system and a government budgeting system to support the operation of a market-based economy. The achievements of China s economic
9 542 LIOU reforms have been very impressive in terms of scale, speed, and outcome measurements. Despite positive lessons from China s reforms, the symposium studies have also indicated some challenging problems resulting from or relating to economic development and reforms. The challenging issues include, for example, intergovernmental fiscal relations, financial disparities among local governments in different regions, lack of or efficiency of a sound monitoring and evaluation system, need for the transparency in fiscal allocations and investments, rising income gaps between urban and rural areas and between the rich and the poor, and importance of the rule of law and other mechanisms to combat corruptions (Hsu, 2004; Liou, 2009). These problems clearly show the importance in strengthening capacities of China s micro-financial management. Future reforms in financial management capacities and other areas are important for China s further development to meet new challenges of economic restructuring, unemployment and inflation, slow growth, export decline, and increased social welfare spending that are related to the global financial crisis and China s new and upgraded economic goals. NOTES 1. Many objective and subjective factors were related to China s poor economic performance before the reform years. The objective factors included, for example, China s huge absolute size and population increase, the shrinkage of farmland, the problem of energy shortage and the weight of traditional feudalism. The subjective factors consisted of policy errors and system problems. Policy errors refer to the politically induced economic policy cycle-the struggles between the two lines (i.e., rightists vs. leftists, revisionists vs. dogmatists). System problems are related to the nature of China s central administrative command planning system. For more information see, for example, Liou (1998, pp ). REFERENCE Bahl, R. W. (1998). Taxation Reform in China. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
10 BUDGETING AND FINANCE REFORMS IN CHINA: INTRODUCTION 543 Burns, J. P. (1983). Reforming China s Bureaucracy, Asian Survey, 29(7): Harding, H. (1981). Organizing China: The Problem of Bureaucracy, Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Hsu, S. P. (2004). Deconstructing Decentralization in China: Fiscal Incentive versus Local Autonomy in Policy Implementation. Journal of Contemporary China, 13 (40): Liou, K. T. (2009). Local Economic Development in China and the United States: Strategies and Issues. Public Administration Review, 69 (Supplement Issue 1): S29-S37. Liou, K. T. (1998). Managing Economic Reforms in Post-Mao China. Westport, CT: Praeger Ma, J. (2009). The Dilemma of Developing Financial Accountability without Election A Study of China s Recent Budget Reforms. The Australian Journal of Public Administration, 68 (Supplement Issue 1): S62 S72. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). Governance in China. Paris, France: Author. Perkins, D. H. (1988, June). Reforming China s Economic System. Journal of Economic Literature, 26: Prybyla, J. S. (1982). Economic Problems of Communism: A Case Study of China. Asian Survey, 22(12): Toh, M-H. & Lin, Q. (2005). An Evaluation of the 1994 Tax Reform in China Using a General Equilibrium Model. China Economic Review, 16: Wedeman, A. (2000). Budgets, Extra Budgets, and Small Treasures: Illegal Monies and Local Autonomy in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 9 (25):
Anti-Poverty in China: Minimum Livelihood Guarantee Scheme
National University of Singapore From the SelectedWorks of Jiwei QIAN Winter December 2, 2013 Anti-Poverty in China: Minimum Livelihood Guarantee Scheme Jiwei QIAN Available at: https://works.bepress.com/jiwei-qian/20/
More informationChina s 12 th Five Year Plan
China s 12 th Five Year Plan Hongbin Cai Guanghua School of Management Peking Unviersity 2011/12/21 1 Background of the Plan Theme and objectives of the Plan Specific Initiatives of the Plan Implications
More informationThe effects of fiscal decentralisation on compulsory education in China: For better or worse?
The effects of fiscal decentralisation on compulsory education in China: For better or worse? Sun Xiaoli 1 Abstract The article address key questions about the circumstances under which decentralisation
More informationSocial security inequality among elderly Chinese persons
Social security inequality among elderly Chinese persons Dr Zhixin (Frank) Feng Centre for Research on Ageing, University of Southampton www.southampton.ac.uk/ageing 1 Introduction China A developing country
More informationA SIMPLE SOLUTION TO CHINA S PENSION CRISIS David D. Li and Ling Li
A SIMPLE SOLUTION TO CHINA S PENSION CRISIS David D. Li and Ling Li The reform of China s social security system is a critical component of China s overall economic reform. There are many problems and
More informationRural Taxation Reforms and Compulsory Education Finance in China
Rural Taxation Reforms and Compulsory Education Finance in China Wen Wang Department of Public and Social Administration City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong 852-3442-8273 wenwang@cityu.edu.hk
More informationCapital Accumulation, Private Property, and Inequality in China,
Capital Accumulation, Private Property, and Inequality in China, 1978-2015 1 Thomas Piketty, Li Yang, Gabriel Zucman http://www.nber.org/papers/w23368 Between 1978 and 2015, China has moved from a poor,
More informationCONSULTATIVE GROUP MEETING FOR KENYA. Nairobi, November 24-25, Joint Statement of the Government of the Republic of Kenya and the World Bank
CONSULTATIVE GROUP MEETING FOR KENYA Nairobi, November 24-25, 2003 Joint Statement of the Government of the Republic of Kenya and the World Bank The Government of the Republic of Kenya held a Consultative
More informationAnalysis of PPP Project Risk
Abstract Analysis of PPP Project Risk Jing Zhang 1, a, Jiefang Tian 1, b 1 School of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China. a HappydeZhangJing@163.com, b 550341056@qq.com
More informationSECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT (PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND FISCAL MANAGEMENT) 1
Fiscal and Public Expenditure Management Program (Subprogram 2) (RRP INO 50168-002) SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT (PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND FISCAL MANAGEMENT) 1 A. Sector Performance,
More informationPaying for the harmonious society
Fiscal reform Paying for the harmonious society Fiscal transfers to local governments have risen more than five-fold since 2009...... but remain far from being big enough to meet local expenditure needs
More informationCHAPTER \11 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION. decades. Income distribution, as reflected in the distribution of household
CHAPTER \11 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Income distribution in India shows remarkable stability over four and a half decades. Income distribution, as reflected in the distribution of
More informationA Research on Legal Institutions of Social Pension Insurance for Chinese Landless Farmers
Cross-Cultural Communication Vol. 11, No. 1, 2015, pp. 1-5 DOI: 10.3968/6379 ISSN 1712-8358[Print] ISSN 1923-6700[Online] www.cscanada.net www.cscanada.org A Research on Legal Institutions of Social Pension
More informationCROATIA S EU CONVERGENCE REPORT: REACHING AND SUSTAINING HIGHER RATES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH, Document of the World Bank, June 2009, pp.
CROATIA S EU CONVERGENCE REPORT: REACHING AND SUSTAINING HIGHER RATES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH, Document of the World Bank, June 2009, pp. 208 Review * The causes behind achieving different economic growth rates
More informationRedistributive Effects of Pension Reform in China
COMPONENT ONE Redistributive Effects of Pension Reform in China Li Shi and Zhu Mengbing China Institute for Income Distribution Beijing Normal University NOVEMBER 2017 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4 2. The
More informationAnalysis of Income Difference among Rural Residents in China
Analysis of Income Difference among Rural Residents in China Yan Xue, Yeping Zhu, and Shijuan Li Laboratory of Digital Agricultural Early-warning Technology of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute
More informationCorrecting Market Failures and Greening Public Finance: The Roles of Environmental Fiscal Instruments
Correcting Market Failures and Greening Public Finance: The Roles of Environmental Fiscal Instruments Ma Zhong School of Environment and Natural Resources Renmin University of China May 14, 2007 Meaning
More informationOverview Ownership change Industrial finance Governance in state-owned sector Privatization and hybrid ownership Conclusions
Overview Ownership change Industrial finance Governance in state-owned sector Privatization and hybrid ownership Conclusions State-owned industry core of command economy government control pervasive and
More informationDrivers of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment and the Location Choice Ling-fang WU
2017 4th International Conference on Economics and Management (ICEM 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-467-7 Drivers of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment and the Location Choice Ling-fang WU School of Economic
More informationBACKGROUND PAPER OF CHINA FOR OECD SHORT-TERM ECONOMIC STATISTICS EXPERT GROUP MEETING SEPTEMBER 2009, PARIS
BACKGROUND PAPER OF CHINA FOR OECD SHORT-TERM ECONOMIC STATISTICS EXPERT GROUP MEETING 10-11 SEPTEMBER 2009, PARIS Hao Shenglong National Bureau of Statistics of China This paper gives a brief introduction
More informationThe Impact and Countermeasures of Foreign Multinational Investment in Shandong Province of Industry Safety
International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE) Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2017, PP 52-56 ISSN 2349-0373 (Print) & ISSN 2349-0381 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.0406007
More informationONE TENDENCY IN INCOME DISTRIBUTION, AND YET ANOTHER TENDENCY. 13 November 2006
ONE TENDENCY IN INCOME DISTRIBUTION, AND YET ANOTHER TENDENCY 13 November 2006 [While China was formerly a very poor country, it was also a highly egalitarian one. A consequence of the reform movement
More informationSECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): MULTISECTOR
Economic Management Improvement Program (Subprogram 1) (RRP UZB 51350-001) SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): MULTISECTOR Sector Road Map 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities 1. Public financial
More informationIs China Socialist? By Barry Naughton, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter 2017 Introduction A socialist system should be judged on four
Is China Socialist? By Barry Naughton, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter 2017 Introduction A socialist system should be judged on four criteria: Capacity to shape economic outcomes by controlling
More informationOFFICE OF THE COORDINATING MINISTER FOR ECONOMIC AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
OFFICE OF THE COORDINATING MINISTER FOR ECONOMIC AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA PRESS RELEASE The Draft 2007 : Building Hope for a Brighter Future Jakarta, 16 August 2006 The Draft 2007 represents
More informationRui Li 1. Keywords: Capital Market, QDII, Chinese Enterprises, Overseas Investment, Risk, Perspective.
2016 3 rd International Symposium on Engineering Technology, Education and Management (ISETEM 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-382-3 Analysis on the Pathway of Implementation of QDII and Chinese Enterprises Overseas
More information1.3 Prices, Supply, and Demand Compare how supply, demand, price, equilibrium, elasticity, and incentives affect the workings of a market.
Michigan STATE STANDARD OR BENCHMARK: CORRELATES WITH: E1 The Market Economy Social Studies K-12: Economics 1.1 Individual, Business, and Government Choices Explain and demonstrate how economic organizations
More informationA Research on Development and Legalization of Non-governmental Financing in Jilin Province
A Research on Development and Legalization of Non-governmental Financing in Jilin Province Zhenghong Che School of Economics and Management Changchun University of Science and Technology Changchun 130022,
More informationAustralian International Education Conference
www.pwc.com.au Australian International Education Conference China: Danger, Crisis or Opportunity? October 2016 Danger Crisis Opportunity 危险 危机 机会 Our future is Asia 1 2 3 4 economic modeling is predicting
More informationThe Present Situation of Empirical Accounting Research in China and Its Gap with Foreign Countries. Wei-Hua ZHANG
3rd Annual International Conference on Management, Economics and Social Development (ICMESD 2017) The Present Situation of Empirical in China and Its Gap with Foreign Countries Wei-Hua ZHANG Zhejiang Yuexiu
More informationEconomic Systems. Chinese socialism. Ohio Wesleyan University Goran Skosples. 15. China. China
Economic Systems Ohio Wesleyan University Goran Skosples 15. China China Population: 1.373 billion (2016 est.) Size: 9,596,960 sq km (slightly smaller than US) GDP per capita: $15,400 (PPP 2016) Exchange
More informationAnalysis on the Input-Output Relevancy between China s Financial Industry and Three Major Industries
International Journal of Economics and Finance; Vol. 8, No. 7; 2016 ISSN 1916-971X E-ISSN 1916-9728 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Analysis on the Input-Output Relevancy between
More informationTHE ROAD TO ECONOMIC GROWTH
THE ROAD TO ECONOMIC GROWTH Introduction 1. As in many countries, the road sector accounts for the major share of domestic freight and inter-urban passenger land travel in Indonesia, playing a crucial
More informationAnalysis of the Employment Promotion Function of China s Unemployment Insurance System
Journal of Advanced Management Science Vol. 1, No. 4, December 2013 Analysis of the Employment Promotion Function of China s Unemployment Insurance System Yinzuo Tang and Lianrong Zhao School of Humanities
More informationPOLICY BRIEF How Nepal is Facing the Challenges of a Federal System
POLICY BRIEF How Nepal is Facing the Challenges of a Federal System Locals pack locally grown apples in Tukche village. Nepal s federal system is expected to impact agroincome tax in the country. (Photo
More informationGDR= P 65 + P 15~64 + P 0~14
40 40 2007 2008 60 65 52 1,,, 2 2008 2004 GDR= P 65 + P 15~64 + P 0~14 P 15~64 1 1 2 53 GDR P 0~14 0~14 P 65 + 65 P 15~64 15~64 2004 1 2006 2 1 3 2006 1.3846 21 1.5 4 105±2 10 0 120 B 0 120 5 40 0 40 0~95
More informationChina Update Conference Papers 1998
China Update Conference Papers 1998 Copyright 1998 NCDS Asia Pacific Press ISSN 1441 9831 Published online by NCDS Asia Pacific Press Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management The Australian National
More informationThe Correlation Relationship between Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth Case of Albania
The Correlation Relationship between Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth Case of Albania Rudina Qurku (Feruni), Phd Lecture at Mediterranean University of Albania rudinaqurku@yahoo.com Arta Asllani, MSc
More informationMANAGERIAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND RISK MANAGEMENT
MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND RISK MANAGEMENT concept and practical implementation Discussion paper I Introduction The objective of this discussion paper is to explain the concept of managerial accountability
More informationSECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 1
Country Partnership Strategy: Cambodia, 2014 2018 Sector Road Map SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 1 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities 1. Lagging public sector management
More information2. The taxation structure as described by the Implicit Tax Rate (ITR) as % of taxable income on labor, capital and consumption;
TAXATION IN BULGARIA Petar Ganev, IME In this set of papers we compare the fiscal systems of several European countries. This chapter is dedicated to the Bulgarian fiscal system. We are mostly interested
More informationRestoring confidence in South Africa to oil wheels for growth Dimanche, 05 Août :10 - Mis à jour Dimanche, 05 Août :12
Johannesburg, South Africa, August 5 (Infosplusgabon) - Post-apartheid years have brought about remarkable progress in South Africa in terms of poverty reduction, access to education, and reducing unemployment.
More informationRENZI GOVERNMENT: A COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY FOR GROWTH
RENZI GOVERNMENT: A COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY FOR GROWTH RICCARDO MARIA MONTI Presidente ICE ICE Başkanı TURKISH-ITALIAN COOPERATION MEETING ISTANBUL October 7 th 2015 1 ST FDI ATTRACTION ROADSHOW THE ITALIAN
More informationInternational Corporate Governance Meeting: Why Corporate Governance Matters for Vietnam. OECD/ World Bank Asia Roundtable on Corporate Governance
International Finance Corporation Ministry of Finance Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development International Corporate Governance Meeting: Why Corporate Governance Matters for Vietnam OECD/
More informationRapporteur: Haiyi Liu
"Can China Sustain its Growth? China's Economic Challenges in the Next Ten Years" Monday, January 7, 2013 Event Summary Event Sponsored by Fudan- UC Center on Contemporary China Co- hosted by the 21st
More informationSustainable Regional Development in Albania and the Challenges to European Integration
Doi:10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n1s1p27 Abstract Sustainable Regional Development in Albania and the Challenges to European Integration European University of Tirana Email: luljeta.minxhozi@uet.edu.al Alma Marku,
More informationReflections on China's rural financial service innovation Liu Jianbo
2nd International Conference on Education Technology and Information System (ICETIS 2014) Reflections on China's rural financial service innovation Liu Jianbo School of Economics and Management, Weifang
More informationEmpirical Research of the Capital Structure Influencing Factors of Electric Power Listed Companies
Empirical Research of the Capital Structure Influencing Factors of Electric Power Listed Companies Yuanxin Liu & Xiangbo Ning College of Business Administration, North China Electric Power University Beijing
More informationThe World Bank in Pensions Executive Summary
The World Bank in Pensions Executive Summary Forthcoming Background Paper for the World Bank 2012 2022 Social Protection and Labor Strategy Mark Dorfman and Robert Palacios March 2012 JEL Codes: I38 welfare
More informationIMPACTS OF THE BLOCK GRANT POLICY ON PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY UNITS: EVALUATION OF HOSPITAL SERVICE IN VIETNAM
VIETNAM DEVELOPMENT FORUM Joint Project Between GRIPS and NEU RESEARCH PROPOSAL IMPACTS OF THE BLOCK GRANT POLICY ON PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY UNITS: EVALUATION OF HOSPITAL SERVICE IN VIETNAM
More informationResearch on Tax Law of Private Equity Fund
2017 International Conference on Information, Computer and Education Engineering (ICICEE 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-503-2 Research on Tax Law of Private Equity Fund Xiu-xia Wang Abstract: In the development
More informationAnnex 2. Territory-related recommendations and sub-recommendations for 2016 and Austria. Belgium 3,4,12,13, 14,19.
No. of sub-s 2017 No. of tr-s 2017 No. of sub-s 2016 s 2016 Issued in Austria 1b 1b 1c 2a Belgium Bulgaria 4b Annex 2. recommendations and sub-recommendations for 2016 and 2017 Legend. This table is based
More informationJOT-CREDIT PROBLEMS OF RURAL CREDIT COOPERATIVE AND SUGGESTIONS: THE CASE OF XIN LE COUNTRY, SHIJIAZHUANG CITY, HEBEI PROVINCE, CHINA
International Journal of Business and Society, Vol. 17 No. 3, 2016, 535-542 JOT-CREDIT PROBLEMS OF RURAL CREDIT COOPERATIVE AND SUGGESTIONS: THE CASE OF XIN LE COUNTRY, SHIJIAZHUANG CITY, HEBEI PROVINCE,
More informationChina s Growth Miracle: Past, Present, and Future
China s Growth Miracle: Past, Present, and Future Li Yang 1 Over the past 35 years, China has achieved extraordinary economic performance thanks to the market-oriented reforms and opening-up. By the end
More informationby WANG Jiwei Abstract This thesis extends the literature on the role of state ownership by distinguishing the
Governance Role of Different Types of State-Share Holders: Evidence from China s Listed Companies by WANG Jiwei Department of Accounting The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Abstract This
More informationResearch on Issues and Countermeasures of Urban-rural Endowment Insurance Integration
International Conference on Education, Management and Computing Technology (ICEMCT 2015) Research on Issues and Countermeasures of Urban-rural Endowment Insurance Integration Jie Zhou 1, Xiaolan Zhang
More informationThe myth of China s overseas energy investment East Asia Forum
1 of 5 3/4/2015 6:11 PM Economics, Politics and Public Policy in East Asia and the Pacific Home Topics Countries Contributors Quarterly About The myth of China s overseas energy investment 4 March 2015
More informationThe Empirical Study on the Relationship between Chinese Residents saving rate and Economic Growth
2017 4th International Conference on Business, Economics and Management (BUSEM 2017) The Empirical Study on the Relationship between Chinese Residents saving rate and Economic Growth Zhaoyi Xu1, a, Delong
More informationDecentralization and Public Expenditure Analysis and Management
Decentralization and Public Expenditure Analysis and Management Dana Weist Senior Public Sector Specialist, PRMPS dweist@worldbank.org 23 May 2002 Page 1 Decentralization: A World-Wide Phenomenon Underway
More informationFrom Communism to Capitalism: Private vs. Public Property and Rising. Inequality in China and Russia
From Communism to Capitalism: Private vs. Public Property and Rising Inequality in China and Russia Filip Novokmet (Paris School of Economics) Thomas Piketty (Paris School of Economics) Li Yang (Paris
More informationSyllabus. Business Environment: China, Part I
Syllabus Business Environment: China, Part I Sub Title: Public Finance and Taxation System in China Contact Hours: 15+ Lecturer: Cheng GU Associate Professor, PhD School of Public Finance and Taxation,
More informationRESEARCH ON INFLUENCING FACTORS OF RURAL CONSUMPTION IN CHINA-TAKE SHANDONG PROVINCE AS AN EXAMPLE.
335 RESEARCH ON INFLUENCING FACTORS OF RURAL CONSUMPTION IN CHINA-TAKE SHANDONG PROVINCE AS AN EXAMPLE. Yujing Hao, Shuaizhen Wang, guohua Chen * Department of Mathematics and Finance Hunan University
More informationLegal and Institutional Frameworks Supporting Accountability in Budgeting and Service Delivery Performance. Veronika Meszarits, Mostar, 4-6 Dec 2007
Legal and Institutional Frameworks Supporting Accountability in Budgeting and Service Delivery Performance Veronika Meszarits, Mostar, 4-6 Dec 2007 1 Supporting performance accountability Introduction
More informationAnalysis of the existing problems for attracting inward foreign direct investment in Shanghai Ying Zhu
International Conference on Education Technology and Social Science (ICETSS 2014) Analysis of the existing problems for attracting inward foreign direct investment in Shanghai Ying Zhu School of Business
More informationA Practitioner s Guide to Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers
A Practitioner s Guide to Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Anwar Shah, World Bank ashah@worldbank.org Budgeting and Public Financial Accountability Workshop, Pretoria, South Africa June 18-22, 2007 Perceptions
More informationResearch on Financing Strategy of Small Micro-enterprise Based on Internet Finance
2017 4th International Conference on Business, Economics and Management (BUSEM 2017) Research on Financing Strategy of Small Micro-enterprise Based on Internet Finance Yanli Li Wuhan International Culture
More informationA Comparative Analysis of Medical Insurance Payment Methods between China and the United States
2016 2 nd Asia-Pacific Management and Engineering Conference (APME 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-434-9 A Comparative Analysis of Medical Insurance Payment Methods between China and the United States QIWEN JIANG
More informationENHANCING ECONOMIC QUALITY BASED ON TAXING SYSTEM APPROACH
ENHANCING ECONOMIC QUALITY BASED ON TAXING SYSTEM APPROACH *Mehdi Rafiei Bidokhti and Seyed Mehdi Pour Hosseini Hesar Department of Accounting and Management, Islamic Azad University at Central Tehran
More informationThe World Wealth and Income Database (WID.world) aims to provide open and convenient access to the historical evolution of
Introduction The World Wealth and Income Database (WID.world) aims to provide open and convenient access to the historical evolution of the world distribution of income and wealth, both within countries
More informationNew Features of China s Monetary Policy
New Features of China s Monetary Policy Jie XU, October 2006 The past decade has seen significant improvement in China s monetary policy (MP, for simplicity). China s central bank (People s Bank of China,
More informationExam #3 (Final Exam) Solution Notes Spring, 2011
Economics 1021, Section 1 Prof. Steve Fazzari Exam #3 (Final Exam) Solution Notes Spring, 2011 MULTIPLE CHOICE (5 points each) Write the letter of the alternative that best answers the question in the
More informationAn Analysis of Housing Provident Fund System in Singapore
International Journal of Finance and Banking Research 2017; 3(6): 82-89 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijfbr doi: 10.11648/j.ijfbr.20170306.11 ISSN: 2472-226X (Print); ISSN: 2472-2278 (Online)
More informationResearch on Optimization Direction of Industrial Investment Structure in Inner Mongolia, the West of China
Research on Optimization Direction of Industrial Investment Structure in Inner Mongolia, the West of China Bing Zhao, Jinpeng Liu & Ning Wang College of Business Administration, North China Electric Power
More informationEFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF BANKING SECTOR IN INDIA BASED ON DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF BANKING SECTOR IN INDIA BASED ON DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS Prasad V. Joshi Lecturer, K.K. Wagh Senior College, Nashik Dr. Mrs. J V Bhalerao Assistant Professor, MGV s Institute
More informationComments on Corporate leverage in emerging Asia
Comments on Corporate leverage in emerging Asia Dragon Yongjun Tang 1 1. Findings and contributions of the paper This paper empirically examines the determinants of capital structure of Asian firms and
More informationRebalancing Growth in China: A Three-Handed Approach
Rebalancing Growth in China: A Three-Handed Approach Olivier Blanchard and Francesco Giavazzi February 2006 (First draft August 1, 2005) Nr. 1 The effects of Chinese GDP revisions National saving rate
More informationReforms to China s financial administration following the 16th CPC National Congress
Jia China Finance and Economic Review (2015) 3:11 DOI 10.1186/s40589-015-0021-8 REVIEW Reforms to China s financial administration following the 16th CPC National Congress Kang Jia Open Access Correspondence:
More informationWS32 Institutions of the financial sector
WS32 Institutions of the financial sector Session 1 The Chinese vision The modernisation of the Chinese financial system: fusion of different banking and financing activities; possibility for households
More informationEnvironmental Finance Local Capital Markets for Environmental Infrastructure: Prospects in selected transition economies.
Environmental Finance Local Capital Markets for Environmental Infrastructure: Prospects in selected transition economies Summary in English Executive summary There are good reasons to investigate the issue
More informationFrom Communism to Capitalism: Private Versus Public Property and Inequality in China and Russia
WID.world WORKING PAPERS SERIES N 2018/2 From Communism to Capitalism: Private Versus Public Property and Inequality in China and Russia Filip Novokmet Thomas Piketty Li Yang Gabriel Zucman January 2018
More informationMozambique: Better Budget Machinery First Focus of Reforms
ISSN 1608-7143 OECD JOURNAL ON BUDGETING Volume 6 No. 2 OECD 2006 Mozambique: Better Budget Machinery First Focus of Reforms by José Sulemane* Mozambique is undergoing a number of major reforms in the
More informationGOVERNMENT BUDGETING
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Financial Management February 24-March 5,
More informationLecture 7. Unemployment and Fiscal Policy
Lecture 7 Unemployment and Fiscal Policy The Multiplier Model As we ve seen spending on investment projects tends to cluster. What are the two reasons for this? 1. Firms may adopt a new technology at
More informationWTO ACCESSION AND BANKING REFORM IN VIETNAM
WTO ACCESSION AND BANKING REFORM IN VIETNAM by Dr. Phung Khac Ke Vice Governor, State Bank of Vietnam Introduction Economic globalization is a natural development trend of the labor division and cooperation
More informationFISCAL AND FINANCIAL DECENTRALIZATION POLICY
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT, GOOD GOVERNANCE, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC PLANNING FISCAL AND FINANCIAL DECENTRALIZATION POLICY December
More informationAN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAM BUDGETING IN GEORGIA
March 2007, Number 147 AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAM BUDGETING IN GEORGIA This brief examines the challenges faced by Georgia in its implementation of a Prioritized Program Budgeting system,
More informationChina s Social Security: Development and Prospects Based on Research Methods of Social Systems
China s Social Security: Development and Prospects Based on Research Methods of Social Systems Zhang Yun School of Management Shanghai University of Engineering Science Abstract China's social security
More informationCHAPTER 1 Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Introduction CHAPTER KEY IDEAS 1. The primary questions of interest in macroeconomics involve the causes of long-run growth and business cycles and the appropriate role for government policy
More informationThe cointegration relationship between insurance investment and China's macroeconomic variables An empirical research based on time series analysis
The cointegration relationship between insurance investment and China's macroeconomic variables An empirical research based on time series analysis Xiaochuan Tong 1 Binrong Wang 2 Shanghai University of
More informationAnalysis on Financial Support of the Development of China s Economic Transformation in a New Situation
Modern Economy, 2017, 8, 249-255 http://www.scirp.org/journal/me ISSN Online: 2152-7261 ISSN Print: 2152-7245 Analysis on Financial Support of the Development of China s Economic Transformation in a New
More information3rd International Conference on Management, Education Technology and Sports Science (METSS 2016)
3rd International Conference on Management, Education Technology and Sports Science (METSS 2016) Study on Departure Tax Refund Scheme for Overseas Tourists in China -- Take Hainan Province as an Example
More informationTECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FUNDING PROPOSAL FOR ASEM TRUST FUND. B. PROJECT NAME AND ID# China Social Security Reform Trust Fund
November 22, 2003 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FUNDING PROPOSAL FOR ASEM TRUST FUND A. COUNTRY China B. PROJECT NAME AND ID# China Social Security Reform Trust Fund C. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE SUMMARY The objective
More informationMacroeconomics (Code: E214) - Lecturer: Dr. Amira Akl Ahmed. Faculty of Commerce Department of Economics English Section Academic year 2013/2014
Faculty of Commerce Department of Economics English Section Academic year 2013/2014 Questions for Chapter 6 of Macroeconomics, 10e (Parkin) First: Multiple choice questions The Basics of Economic Growth
More informationThe analysis and outlook of the current macroeconomic situation and macroeconomic policies
The analysis and outlook of the current macroeconomic situation and macroeconomic policies Chief Economist of the Economic Forecast Department of the State Information Centre Wang Yuanhong 2014.05.28 Address:
More informationRisk and Prevention of Credit Asset Securitization. Gong Yuxia1, a,zhang Xin2,b
2nd International Conference on Modern Management, Education Technology, and Social Science (MMETSS 2017) Risk and Prevention of Credit Asset Securitization Gong Yuxia1, a,zhang Xin2,b 1,2 Institute of
More informationChinese Rural Financial Exclusion
Management Science and Engineering Vol. 7, No. 4, 2013, pp. 35-39 DOI:10.3968/j.mse.1913035X20130704.Z059 ISSN 1913-0341 [Print] ISSN 1913-035X [Online] www.cscanada.net www.cscanada.org Chinese Rural
More informationA Brief Analysis of the New Trend of International Tax Planning TESCM
Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2018, 6, 52-61 http://www.scirp.org/journal/jss ISSN Online: 2327-5960 ISSN Print: 2327-5952 A Brief Analysis of the New Trend of International Tax Planning TESCM Xianping
More informationDoes Encourage Inward FDI Always Be a Dominant Strategy for Domestic Government? A Theoretical Analysis of Vertically Differentiated Industry
Lin, Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 7(2), December 2014, 17-31 17 Does Encourage Inward FDI Always Be a Dominant Strategy for Domestic Government? A Theoretical Analysis of Vertically
More informationTHE DIGITAL CITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HANGZHOU AS A PRACTISE OF URBAN GOVERNANCE IN CHINA
The 4 th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) 2009 Amsterdam/Delft The New Urban Question Urbanism beyond Neo-Liberalism THE DIGITAL CITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HANGZHOU
More informationThe Proposed UNPAN Classified Keywords 1 August 2001
The Proposed UNPAN Classified Keywords 1 August 2001 Accounting Adjustment policy Adjustment programmes Administration of justice Administrative aspects Administrative autonomy Administrative development
More information