The Future of the United Nations Development System. Fact Book on the UN Development System

Transcription

1 The Future of the United Nations Development System Fact Book on the UN Development System 1. UNDS Structure 2 2. UNDS Funding and Expenditure 5 3. UNDS Field System UNDS Reform UNDS in 2025? 18 The FUNDS Project, Geneva browne@futureun.org November 2010

2 1. UNDS STRUCTURE Figure 1. UN Development system existing structure Security Council General Assembly Economic and Social Council Executive boards (7) Programmes and Funds (9+1) UNDP UNICEF WFP UNFPA UNCTAD ITC UNEP HABITAT UNAIDS UNOPS UN Secretariat UN-DESA UNODC UN training and research organizations Regional Commissions (5) Commission secretariats ECA ECE ECLAC ESCAP ESCWA UN functional commissions Governing bodies (14) Specialized Agencies (7+7) ILO FAO UNESCO WHO UNIDO IFAD UNWTO ICAO IMO ITU UPU WMO WIPO IAEA WORLD BANK GROUP Regional and country field system (800+ offices) Many regional locations; between 5 and 20 separate UN offices per country A system of many parts The UN development system (UNDS) includes the funds, programmes, organizations, offices and agencies which undertake activities on behalf of developing and transition-economy countries, with longer-term development objectives. It therefore comprises around 30 separate entities, the exact number depending on whether WFP (mainly humanitarian) or UNOPS (project management) are included. Supporting the system, there are also several functional commissions and research and training organizations. (The World Bank Group is also a UN specialized agency but is outside the common staff system and is independently governed.) and many locations The seats of the different entities are in 15 different countries and 16 cities. There are more than 1,000 representative offices of the UNDS world-wide (and over 1,400 for the UN as a whole) and multiple governance arrangements There are almost as many governance mechanisms as there are separate UNDS entities. These are interposed between the secretariats and the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) to which all entities report. 2

3 The UNDS undertakes broadly 5 types of function (including technical assistance). The UNDS employs over 50,000 staff and spends around US$14 billion per year (US$ 13.6 in 2008). Table 1. UN Development System: functions and size Agency/ Organisation Technical standards & norms Intergovernmental cooperation & policy Technical services Advocacy, conventions Research data, information Technical assistance Staff* Ann.expend. ($mn or latest year) UN SECRETARIAT DESA UNODC FUNDS AND PROGRAMMES UNDP 5,402 4,270 UNICEF 6,430 2,808 WFP 9,139 3,536 UNFPA 1, UNCTAD ITC UNEP UN-HABITAT UNAIDS REGIONAL COMMISSIONS ECA 644 ECE 171 ECLAC 460 ESCAP 522 ESCWA 330 SPECIALIZED AGENCIES ILO 2, FAO 3, UNESCO 2, WHO 8,000 1,691 UNIDO IFAD UNWTO 90 ICAO 700 IMO 300 ITU 822 UPU 230 WMO 300 WIPO 939 IAEA 2, TOTALS 51,245 16,104** Sources: FUNDS project = primary function * excluding short-term and project staff ** includes humanitarian assistance (mainly WFP and UNICEF) of approximately $2.5 billion 3

4 The alphabet soup Funds and programmes Seat (founding year) UNDP UN Development Programme New York (1965) UNICEF UN Children s Fund New York (1946) WFP World Food Programme Rome (1963) UNFPA UN Population Fund New York (1969) UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade & Development Geneva (1964) ITC International Trade Centre Geneva (1964) UNEP UN Environment Programme Nairobi (1972) UN-HABITAT Human Settlements Nairobi (1978) UNAIDS UN Joint Programme on HIV and AIDS Geneva (1996) UN secretariat UNDESA UN Department of Economic & Social Affairs New York (1945) UNODC UN Office of Drugs and Crime Vienna (1997)* UNOPS UN Office of Project Services Copenhagen (1973) Regional commissions ECA Economic Commission for Africa Addis Ababa (1958) ECE Economic Commission for Europe Geneva (1947) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean Santiago (1948) ESCAP Economic Commission for Asia and Pacific Bangkok (1949) ESCWA Economic Commission for W. Asia Beirut (1973) Specialized agencies ILO International Labour Organization Geneva (1919) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Rome (1945) UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Paris (1945) WHO World Health Organization Geneva (1948)* UNIDO UN Industrial Development Organization Vienna (1985)# IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development Rome (1977) UNWTO UN World Tourism Organization Madrid (2003)*# ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization Montreal (1945) IMO International Maritime Organization London (1958)* ITU International Telecommunication Union Geneva (1865)* UPU Universal Postal Union Berne (1874) WMO World Meteorological Organization Geneva (1951) WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization Geneva (1970)* IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna (1957) Training and research institutions Functional commissions UNITAR Training and Research Sustainable development UNICRI Crime and Justice Research Narcotic drugs UNIDIR Disarmament Research Crime prevention UNRISD Social Development Science and technology UNU UN University Status of women Population and Development Social Development Statistics # date of joining UN as specialized agency * different name/status prior to UN 4

5 2. UNDS FUNDING AND EXPENDITURE Operational activities (development and humanitarian) account for 64% of all UN resources. Development (43%) and global policy and norms (14%) account for 57% of the total. Figure 2. UN system-wide activities (based on contributions) Global policy, norms 14% Peacekeeping 22% Humanitarian 21% Development 43% The largest organizations in terms of annual development spending are UNDP, UNICEF and WHO 66% of the total. UNODC 2% ILO 3% Figure 3. Development spending in 2008: US$13.6 billion UNESCO 3% UNFPA 6% UNAIDS 2% FAO 7% IFAD 2% WHO 11% OTHERS 9% UNICEF 18% UNDP 37% 5

6 UN development system core funding has stagnated in real terms, but non core funding has grown rapidly Figure 4. UN development funding, (constant US$) Core Non-core Earmarked contributions by donors have become the largest source of total funding (49%), followed by core (34%) and programme country (local resources) contributions (11%). Local resource contributions 11% Figure 5. UNDS contributions by type, 2008 Core 34% Programme-specific 49% Multi-donor trust funds Thematic funds 4% 2% 6

7 However, among multilateral sources, the UN development system has lost ground to the European Commission. Figure 6. UN development share of multilateral aid, UN EC World Bank Reg. Devt. Banks Others Core contributions to the UNDS were US$ 3.1 billion in 1993 and US$ 4.6 billion in This represents a decline over 25 years in the proportion of UNDS assistance from 5.5% to 3.8% of total OECD/DAC aid. (Non-core resources to the UN are counted as bilateral aid spending by OECD/DAC) 7

8 The top contributor (core and non-core) is still the USA. Nineteen of the 20 largest contributors are OECD countries. However Brazil, Argentina, Panama (48 th ) and other LAC countries have become major contributors of local resources, i.e. paying for direct UNDS services mainly to or through UNDP. Table 2. Top 40 contributing governments to UN development, 2008 (Thousands of current United States dollars) Rank Donor Core Non-core Total Local resources Total 1 United States United Kingdom Japan Norway Netherlands Spain Sweden Canada Italy Germany Denmark France Australia Switzerland Finland Ireland Belgium Luxembourg Republic of Korea China Austria Russian Federation New Zealand Mexico Brazil Greece Saudi Arabia Venezuela India United Arab Emirates Bangladesh Portugal Argentina Haiti Turkey South Africa Poland Czech Republic Indonesia Cote d'ivoire

9 Table 3. Top 40 programme countries of UN development system, 2008 (Thousands of current United States dollars) Development-related Rank Recipient expenditures [DEV].. not available L = Least Developed Country S = Largely self-financed DEV as percentage of GNI DEV expenditures per capita 1 Sudan (L) Afghanistan (L) Palestine OT DR Congo (L) Ethiopia (L) Somalia (L) Kenya Brazil (S) Bangladesh (L) Iraq Uganda (L) Zimbabwe Indonesia Chad (L) Pakistan Syria Myanmar (L) India Colombia (S) Jordan Panama (S) Lebanon Argentina (S) Peru (S) Nigeria Tanzania (L) Mozambique (L) Liberia (L) Sri Lanka China Burundi (L) Ecuador Haiti (L) Nepal (L) Cambodia (L) Malawi (L) Egypt Guatemala Angola (L) Cote d'ivoire

10 Of the 40 most important programme countries of the UNDS in terms of total spending, 18 are least developed countries (LDCs). Middle-income countries in Latin America are largely self-financed. UNDS expenditure has risen proportionately in Africa and Asia and fallen in West Asia (including Iraq and Afghanistan) and the Americas. In 2008, UNDS expenditure in Africa was 38% of the total, in Asia Pacific 20%, in the Americas 12% and in West Asia 11% Figure 7. UNDS expenditure by region, (% distribution) Africa Asia/Pacific Americas W. Asia Europe Global etc Health is by far the largest sector in terms of UNDS expenditure, although its relative importance has declined, as have agriculture and education. General development issues (including governance), social development, population, human settlements and industry have grown. Figure 8. UNDS expenditure by sector, 1993 and 2008 (% distribution)

11 Multi-donor trust funds (MDTF) account for 4% of total spending by the UNDS. MDTFs managed by UNDP have effectively restored the role which it was playing during its first 20 years, as funder of the UNDS. In 2009, MDTFs managed by UNDP contributed US$840 million to total UNDS disbursements. The major beneficiaries were: UNDP 22% UNICEF 15% FAO 9% WHO 6% Table 4. Funds Transferred to Participating Organizations by the UNDP multi-donor trust fund office: (Thousands of current United States dollars) Participating organization Total UNDP UNDP - admin funds UNFPA UNICEF WFP UNHCR Other UN Funds and Progs IFAD FAO '546 52' ILO UNESCO UNIDO WHO Other specialized agencies OCHA Regional commissions Other Grand Total

12 3. UNDS FIELD SYSTEM The UN development system collectively manages 1,022 field-based offices (1,404 for the whole UN): Africa 345 (479) Asia/Pacific 222 (297) Arab States 121 (173) Latin America/Caribbean 214 (265) Europe/Central Asia 120 (190) 1,022 1,404 The largest numbers of UNDS offices are in Thailand (17), Brazil (15), Afghanistan (14), Egypt (14), Kenya (14), Zimbabwe (14). Outside Europe (where the offices in EU countries are closing), the smallest numbers of UNDS offices are in Mauritius (1), Kuwait (2), Saudi Arabia (2), Republic of Korea (3), Comoros (3), Cape Verde (4), Equatorial Guinea (4), Maldives (4) and Sao Tome (4). Worldwide, the UNDS collectively has regional and sub-regional offices in a total of 36 different countries: 5 UN regional commission locations and 31 others. In Africa, there are regional offices in 11 different countries; in Asia/Pacific 7 countries; in Arab States 6 countries; in Latin America and Caribbean 9 countries, in Europe and Central Asia 3 countries. 12

13 Table 5A. UNDS Offices in AFRICA UN * UNDP UNICEF UNFPA WFP WHO FAO UNESCO ILO Other UNDS Notes: * Denotes peace-keeping mission, regional commission, tribunal. ** Includes humanitarian agencies (UNHCR, OCHA etc), UNIC, UNOHCHR and IMF *** Total UN includes WB and IMF WB Other UN** TOTALS Angola x x x x x x x 1 x Benin x x x x x x x 2 x Botswana x x x x B. Faso x x x x x x x 2 x Burundi x x x x x x x - x Cameroon x x x x x x x x 3 x C. Verde x x x x CAR x x x x x x x 1 x Chad x x x x x x 2 x Comoros x x x Congo x x x x x x x 2 x C. d Ivoire x x x x x x x x x 1 x DR Congo x x x x x x x x x 1 x E. Guinea x x x x Eritrea x x x x x x x Ethiopia x x x x x x x x x 4 x Gabon x x x x x x - x Gambia x x x x x Ghana x x x x x x x 1 x Guinea x x x x x x 2 x Guinea-B x x x x x x x Kenya x x x x x x x 7 x Lesotho x x x x x x 1 x Liberia x x x x x x x x Mad scar x x x x x x x x 1 x Malawi x x x x x x 1 x Mali x x x x x x x - x Mauritania x x x x x x - x Mauritius x Moz bique x x x x x x x - x Namibia x x x x x x Niger x x x x x x 1 x Nigeria x x x x x x x 5 x Rwanda x x x x x x x 3 x Sao To. x x x x Senegal x x x x x x x x 5 x S. Leone x x x x x x x S. Africa x x x x x x x 2 x Swaziland x x x x x x x x Tanzania x x x x x x x x 3 x Togo x x x x x x 1 x Uganda x x x x x x - x Zambia x x x x x x x 2 x Zimbabwe x x x x x x x x 6 x Totals UNDS UN *** 13

14 Table 5B. UNDS Offices in ASIA-PACIFIC UN* UNDP UNICEF UNFPA WFP WHO FAO UNESCO ILO Other UNDS WB Other UN** TOTALS UNDS UN *** Afgh stan x x x x x x x x x 6 x B gladesh x x x x x x x x 1 x Bhutan x x x x x x Cambodia x x x x x x x x 2 x China x x x x x x x x 3 x E. Timor x x x x x x x x x 1 x Fiji x x x x x x India x x x x x x x x 5 x Indonesia x x x x x x x x 3 x Iran x x x x x x x Korea,DP x x x x x x Korea, R x x Laos x x x x x x 2 x Malaysia x x x x Maldives x x x x Mongolia x x x x x x x x 1 x Myanmar x x x x x x x Nepal x x x x x x x x 1 x Pakistan x x x x x x x x 3 x Papua NG x x x x 1 x Philippines x x x x x x x 3 x Samoa x x x x x x x Sri Lanka x x x x x x x x - x Thailand x x x x x x x x x 9 x Vietnam x x x x x x x 3 x Totals Table 5C. UNDS Offices in ARAB STATES Algeria x x x x x x x 1 x Bahrain x x x Djibouti x x x x Egypt x x x x x x x x 6 x Iraq x x x x x x Jordan x x x x x x x 1 x Kuwait x x Lebanon x x x x x x x x 4 x Libya x x x x Morocco x x x x x x 5 x Palestine x x x x x x x - x Saudi Ar. x x - x Somalia x x x x x x Sudan x x x x x x x x 4 x Syria x x x x x x Tunisia x x x x x UAE x x Yemen x x x x x x - x Totals Notes: * Denotes peace-keeping mission, regional commission, tribunal. ** Includes humanitarian agencies (UNHCR, OCHA etc), UNIC, UNOHCHR and IMF *** Total UN includes WB and IMF 14

15 Table 5D. UNDS Offices in LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN UN * UNDP UNICEF UNFPA WFP WHO FAO UNESCO ILO Other UNDS Notes: * Denotes peace-keeping mission, regional commission, tribunal. ** Includes humanitarian agencies (UNHCR, OCHA etc), UNIC, UNOHCHR and IMF *** Total UN includes WB and IMF **** EU countries with UN liaison offices WB Other UN** TOTALS Argentina x x x x x 3 x Barbados x x x x x x Bolivia x x x x x x 2 x Brazil x x x x x x x 8 x Chile x x x x x x Colombia x x x x x x x 4 x Costa Rica x x x x x x x Cuba x x x x x x Dom. Rep. x x x x x x x - x Ecuador x x x x x x 1 x El Salvador x x x x x x Guatemala x x x x x x x x 3 x Guyana x x x x x x 6 x Haiti x x x x x x x x - x Honduras x x x x x x Jamaica x x x x x x 2 x 8 9 Mexico x x x x x x x 6 x Nicaragua x x x x x x x - x Panama x x x x x x Paraguay x x x x 1 x Peru x x x x x x x x 4 x Trin.&Tob. x x x x x x x Uruguay x x x x x x 2 x Venezuela x x x x x x - x Totals Table 5E. UNDS Offices in EUROPE and CENTRAL ASIA Albania x x x x x - x Armenia x x x x x 1 x Azerbaijan x x x x x - x Belarus x x x 1 x Bosnia/Her. x x x x - x Bulgaria**** x x - x Georgia x x x x x x Kazakhstan x x x x 2 x Kosovo x x x x x x x 1 x Kyrgyzstan x x x x - x Lithuania**** x x - x Macedonia x x x 1 x Moldova x x x x 1 x Poland**** x x x 1 x Romania**** x x x x x 1 x Russian F x x x x x x x 4 x Serbia, Mont x x x x 2 x Tajikistan x x x x x x x 1 x Turkey x x x x x x x 1 x Turk stan x x x x - x Ukraine x x x 2 x Uzbekistan x x x x x 2 x Totals UNDS UN *** 15

16 4. UNDS REFORM Many attempts at reform over more than 40 years, which have been remarkably consistent in terms of proposals, but equally ineffective in terms of results. Thus blueprints are not lacking, only the processes. Table 6. Selected UNDS-related reform initiatives since 1960 Year Reform initiative Source Focus 1966 Examination of the Finances of the UN and the Specialized Agencies Group of experts Proposed a more integrated planning and budgeting system 1969 A Study of the Capacity of the United Nations Development System (Jackson Report) 1975 A New United Nations Structure for Global Economic Cooperation ( Gardner Report ) 1992 Creation of 15 integrated offices in countries of former Soviet Union 1995 Our Global Neighbourhood (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) 1997 Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform (New York: UN, GA document A/51/950, 14 July 1997) 2004 Report on UN-Civil Society Relations 2005 Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals 2006 Delivering as One A/61/583 (20 November 2006) Robert Jackson and group of experts Group of experts UN Secretary-General and UNDP Administrator Commission on Global Governance (chaired by Ingvar Carlsson and Shridath Ramphal) Maurice Strong and group of experts High-level panel led by Henrique Cardoso, former President of Brazil UN Millennium Project led by Jeffrey Sachs High-level Panel on UN System-wide Coherence in the areas of development, humanitarian assistance and environment Commissioned by UNDP to propose a more rational and integrated development system Proposed new approaches in context of North-South tensions; proposed a post of UN Director General and UN Development Authority Appointment of UN Representatives acting on behalf of whole system Proposed Security Council reform, economic security council, civil society involvement in UN governance, closure of some agencies and organizations Proposed Deputy SG post for development, reform of secretariat and working methods of its main bodies Proposed better access to the UN for civil society organizations Proposed strengthened UN system coordination at global and country levels to support the achievement of the MDGs Proposed a harmonized system of programming and delivery by the UN development system at country level ( One UN ); creation of a single department in the UN for gender affairs 16

17 The latest reform programme (2006) has only been partially implemented after 4 years. Table 7. The reform score card: 3 out of 10? Recommendations of 2006 High-Level Panel on Coherence 1. Establishment of One United Nations at the country level, with one leader, one program, one budget and, where appropriate, one office (5 One UN pilots initially, 20 by 2009, 40 by 2012) 2. Establishment of a Sustainable Development Board to oversee the One UN country programmes 3. Appointment of a Development Coordinator, with responsibility for the performance and accountability of UN development activities 4. Establishment of an independent task force to further eliminate duplication within the UN system and consolidate UN entities, where necessary. 5. Establishment of a Millennium Development Goals funding mechanism to provide multi-year funding for the One UN country programmes as well as for agencies that are performing well 6. UN organizations committed to and demonstrating reform to receive full, multi-year core funding 7. Enhancement of UN role in responding to humanitarian disasters and emergencies (several proposals) 8. The UN Environment Programme to be upgraded and given real authority as the environmental policy pillar of the UN system (several proposals) 9. Establishment of one dynamic UN entity focused on gender equality and women s empowerment 10. UN secretary-general, World Bank president and IMF managing director to set up a process to review, update and conclude formal agreements on their respective roles and relations at the global and country levels. Outcome Partially implemented (½) None None None Partially implemented (½) Partially implemented (½) Partially implemented (½) None Implemented (1) None 17

18 Affiliated Organizations UN Development United Nations Development Network: 4 regional development centres and 130 single country offices UNDS UNDS Fact Book FUNDS UNDS IN 2025? Form follows function: not agencies seeking roles, but roles needing agencies. Implies abolition or merger of several entities. Predominant funding from programme countries for all technical assistance services. Creation of UN Development Council as supreme UN development policy body: attended by heads of government with powers to appoint heads of all UN entities (including World Bank); adjudicate mandates; apportion grant funds. Appointment of a UN development board as sole governing body of UN development system. Includes development experts from all public, private, university, civil sources. Demarcation of domains of responsibility between UN (human development) and World Bank (economic management) Creation of 4 (minus Europe) unified regional development centres in the premises of the regional commissions; 130 integrated UN country offices. This UN development network will have responsibility for all regional and country TA services Development domains Norms and standards Technical services provided by the UNDS Intergovernmental cooperation Policy, conventions, advocacy Research, data, information Health WHO WHO WHO WHO Education UNESCO UNESCO UNESCO UNESCO UNICEF UNICEF Environment, water UNEP (renewed) UNEP UNEP management, energy WHO WMO Agriculture and food FAO/IFAD/WFP FAO FAO FAO security Women s issues UN Women UN Women UN Women UN Women TA services Governance, rights societal Other social issues (e.g.migration, drugs, trafficking) Transport, Communications Development research and UN Knowledge UN Governance Programme (UNGP), ILO ILO UNOHCR UNHCR ONODC ICAO IMO ITU UPU UNGP UNGP ILO ILO ILO ILO UNGP ILO UN Knowledge network Economic management World Bank, World Bank, World Bank, World Bank, World Bank, Regional Banks Regional Banks Regional Regional Regional Banks Banks Banks Sector development World Bank World Bank World Bank World Bank World Bank Trade WTO WTO WTO WTO World Bank Physical infrastructure World Bank, World Bank, Regional Banks Regional Banks World Bank, Regional Banks World Bank, Regional Banks World Bank World Bank, Regional Banks 18