Econ 277A: Economic Development I. Final Exam (06 May 2012)
|
|
- Ruby Harrison
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Econ 277A: Economic Development I Semester II, Tridip Ray ISI, Delhi Final Exam (06 May 2012) There are 2 questions; you have to answer both of them. You have 3 hours to write this exam. 1. [30 points] Consider a community of a continuum of identical farmers of measure 1. Assume that all uncertainty is idiosyncratic, that is, shocks that a ect the state of the harvest on a particular plot. There are two possible outputs, H and L; with H > L; and the high output (H) is produced with probability 0 < p < 1: The farmers are risk-averse; their utility function u () is strictly concave with u 0 () > 0 and u 00 () < 0: Farmers live for an in nite number of periods, and discount the future by a discount factor 0 < < 1: Mutual insurance at the community level works as follows. Under any insurance scheme suppose that X is a farmer s net consumption when output is H and Y is his net consumption when output is L: That is, when a farmer enjoys a good harvest, he contributes H X > 0 to the community pool, and receives Y L > 0 from the community pool when he su ers a bad harvest. Note that mutual insurance schemes are rarely contracts that are written down in black and white and routinely backed or enforced by the law. Rather they are informal arrangements, set in the context of a social norm that encourages reciprocity and punishes deviations through social sanctions such as ostracization or public rebuke. For our mutual insurance scheme, if a farmer defaults voluntarily (that is, his harvest is good but he decides not contribute to the community pool), he is excluded from future access to insurance. Further he su ers a loss S; which is a measure of the utility damage imposed by social sanctions (such as ostracization or public rebuke). (a) [2 points] An insurance scheme must be feasible. Write down, with a brief and clear explanation, the feasibility constraint. (b) [8 points] An insurance scheme must be self-enforcing, where contributions rely on self-interest 1
2 of farmers, given the future consequences of a voluntary default. Write down, with a brief and clear explanation, the enforcement constraint. (c) [10 points] The insurance scheme is de ned by the two endogenous variables, X and Y ; the other variables, H; L; p; and S; are treated as parameters. Rewrite the enforcement constraint with the expressions involving only the endogenous variables on the left-hand side (LHS) of the inequality. Note that the feasibility constraint implicitly de nes Y as a function of X: Hence the LHS of the enforcement constraint, combined with the feasibility constraint, becomes a function of X only. Call this function F (X): (i) Complete insurance occurs when X = Y; that is, regardless of whether the harvest is good or bad a farmer s net consumption is the same. What are the values of X and Y under complete insurance? Show that F 0 (complete insurance) > 0: (ii) Assume that u 0 (H) + p 1 [u 0 (H) u 0 (L)] < 0: (Assumption 1.1) What are the values of X and Y under no insurance? Show that, under Assumption 1.1, F 0 (no insurance) < 0: (iii) Argue clearly that F () achieves a maximum in between the points of complete insurance and no insurance. (iv) With the above information, plot F (X) for values of X in between the points of complete insurance and no insurance. (d) [10 points] To answer the following parts, consider that only the social sanction parameter S varies while all the other parameters, H; L; p and ; remain unchanged. (i) Show that complete insurance is enforcable only for high values of social sanction. (ii) Incomplete insurance refers to a situation where X 6= Y. Show that, for moderate values of social sanction, only incomplete insurance is enforcable. Compare the values of X and Y under an enforcable incomplete insurance scheme. What kind of relationship do you expect to see then between individual consumption and individual income? (iii) Show that for low values of social sanction no insurance is possible at all. 2
3 2. [70 points] Consider a one-period model of a credit market under adverse selection. Technology and Preferences: All agents live in a village with a large population normalised to unity and are endowed with one unit of labour and a risky investment project. The project requires one unit of capital and one unit of labour. Agents do not have personal wealth and need to borrow to launch their projects. The outcomes of the project are success (S) and failure (F). There are two types of borrowers, risky and safe, characterised by the probability of success of their projects, p r and p s respectively, where 0 < p r < p s < 1: Risky and safe borrowers exist in proportions and 1 the population. The outcomes of the projects are independently distributed for the same type as well as across di erent types. The return of a project of a borrower of type i is R i > 0 if successful and 0 if it fails. Assume that risky and safe projects have the same mean return, that is, p r R r = p s R s R; but risky projects have a greater spread around the mean. Borrowers are risk-neutral and maximise expected returns. Borrowers of both types have an reservation payo u: The lending side is represented by risk-neutral banks whose opportunity cost of capital is 1 per unit. We assume that the village is small relative to the credit market, and so the supply of loans is perfectly elastic at the rate : Information and Contracting: The type of a borrower is unknown to the lenders. However, borrowers know each other s types. There is no moral hazard and agents supply labour to the project inelastically. The outcome of a project (whether it is a success or a failure ) is observable by the bank; so the credit contracts are contingent on the outcomes. in There is a limited liability constraint: in case their projects fail, borrowers are liable up to the amount of collateralisable wealth they posses, w. For simplicity we take w = 0: Assumptions: Assume rst that the projects are socially productive in terms of expected returns given the opportunity costs of labour and capital: R > + u: (Assumption 2.1) De ne p p r +(1 We assume further that ) p s ; the average probability of success for the entire population. R < p s + u: (Assumption 2.2) p 3
4 Assume nally that the credit market is competitive so that banks are subjected to a zero-pro t constraint on each loan. We are going to focus on two types of credit contracts: individual liability contracts and joint liability contracts. Individual Liability Lending: This is a standard debt contract between a borrower and the bank with a xed repayment r > 0 in case of success and zero repayment in case of failure. (a) [5 points: ] First, to set the benchmark, consider that the bank has full information about a borrower s type. (i) Write down the expressions for expected pro ts of the bank from each type of borrower. (ii) Write down the expressions for expected payo s to each type of borrower. (iii) What repayment, r i ; i = r; s; will the bank o er to type i borrower? Will the type i borrower accept this o er? Give clear explanations for your answers. (iv) What will be the average repayment rate (rate at which the bank gets repaid)? (b) [10 points: ] Now consider that the bank cannot identify a borrower s type. (i) Explain clearly that the separating repayments that you have identi ed in part (a) will not work. [We therefore turn to pooling individual liability contracts.] (ii) Explain clearly that a pooling contract does not exist that attracts both types of borrowers. (iii) Find out the repayment, r; under the unique pooling contract. borrower will accept this contract? What type of (iv) Explain clearly that both the repayment rate (rate at which the bank gets repaid) and welfare are strictly less than that under full-information. 4
5 Joint Liability Lending: This involves asking the borrowers to form groups of size two and stipulating an individual liability component (that is, repayment) r > 0 and a joint liability component c > 0: As in standard debt contracts, if the project fails then, owing to the limited liability constraint, the borrower pays nothing to the bank. But if the project is successful then, apart from repaying her own debt r; the borrower has to pay an additional joint liability payment c if her partner s project fails. (c) [12 points: ] Group Formation: Positive Assortative Matching Positive assortative matching refers to the property where borrowers choose partners of the same type at the group formation stage. (i) Write down, with a brief explanation, the expression of the expected payo of a borrower of type i when her partner is type j from a joint liability contract (r; c). (ii) What is the net expected gain of a risky borrower from having a safe partner? What is the net expected loss of a safe borrower from having a risky partner? (iii) Explain clearly that group formation will display positive assortative matching. (d) [7 points: 5 + 2] (i) As a result of positive assortative matching, argue that an indi erence curve of a borrower of type i in the (r; c) plane is represented by the straight line rp i + c (1 p i ) p i = k; where k is some constant. Argue that this straight line also represents an iso-pro t curve of the bank from lending to a borrower of type i: (ii) As k increases what happen to the borrower s expected payo and to the bank s expected pro t? (e) [24 points: ] Separating Joint Liability Contracts Suppose the bank o ers the pair of joint liability contracts (r r ; c r ) and (r s ; c s ) designed for groups consisting of risky and safe borrowers respectively. (i) Write down the zero-pro t condition of the bank for each type of loan contract separately. (ii) Write down the participation constraint for each type of borrower. (iii) The limited liability constraint requires that a borrower cannot make any transfer to the bank when her project fails, and that the sum of individual and joint 5
6 liability payments, r + c; cannot exceed the realised revenue from the project when it succeeds. Write down the limited liability constraint for each type of borrower. (iv) The incentive compatibility constraint for each type of borrower requires that it is in the self-interest of a borrower to choose a contract that is designed for her type. Write down the incentive compatibility constraint for each type of borrower separately. (v) A separating joint liability contract must satisfy all the 4 conditions above ((i) to (iv)). In the (r; c) plane draw the two iso-pro t curves of the bank representing zero pro t from lending to the two types of borrowers. [Clearly label each zero iso-pro t curve that arises from lending to the risky and safe borrowers.] Let (^r; ^c) denote the contract that satis es the zero-pro t conditions for both risky and safe borrowers. Assume that (^r; ^c) satis es the limited liability constraint. In the same gure show, with clear labeling, the limited liability constraint for each type of borrower. In the gure show the respective sets of separating joint liability contracts for safe and risky borrowers. Explain clearly how the contracts satisfy all the 4 conditions ((i) to (iv)). (vi) Explain clearly that the average repayment rate (rate at which the bank gets repaid) and welfare under these contracts are equal to their full-information levels. (f) [12 points: ] Pooling Joint Liability Contracts Suppose the bank o ers the same joint liability contract (r; c) to all borrowers. (i) Explain clearly how the 4 conditions, (e)(i) (e)(iv), get modi ed for the pooling joint liability contracts. (ii) Assume that (^r; ^c), as de ned in (e)(v), satis es the limited liability constraint. Explain clearly how (^r; ^c) satis es all the required conditions for a pooling joint liability contract. (iii) Explain clearly that the average repayment rate (rate at which the bank gets repaid) and welfare under (^r; ^c) are equal to the full-information levels. 6
SCREENING BY THE COMPANY YOU KEEP: JOINT LIABILITY LENDING AND THE PEER SELECTION EFFECT
SCREENING BY THE COMPANY YOU KEEP: JOINT LIABILITY LENDING AND THE PEER SELECTION EFFECT Author: Maitreesh Ghatak Presented by: Kosha Modi February 16, 2017 Introduction In an economic environment where
More informationEC202. Microeconomic Principles II. Summer 2009 examination. 2008/2009 syllabus
Summer 2009 examination EC202 Microeconomic Principles II 2008/2009 syllabus Instructions to candidates Time allowed: 3 hours. This paper contains nine questions in three sections. Answer question one
More information1. If the consumer has income y then the budget constraint is. x + F (q) y. where is a variable taking the values 0 or 1, representing the cases not
Chapter 11 Information Exercise 11.1 A rm sells a single good to a group of customers. Each customer either buys zero or exactly one unit of the good; the good cannot be divided or resold. However, it
More informationFinancial Fragility and the Exchange Rate Regime Chang and Velasco JET 2000 and NBER 6469
Financial Fragility and the Exchange Rate Regime Chang and Velasco JET 2000 and NBER 6469 1 Introduction and Motivation International illiquidity Country s consolidated nancial system has potential short-term
More informationRevision Lecture. MSc Finance: Theory of Finance I MSc Economics: Financial Economics I
Revision Lecture Topics in Banking and Market Microstructure MSc Finance: Theory of Finance I MSc Economics: Financial Economics I April 2006 PREPARING FOR THE EXAM ² What do you need to know? All the
More informationJohn Geanakoplos: The Leverage Cycle
John Geanakoplos: The Leverage Cycle Columbia Finance Reading Group Rajiv Sethi Columbia Finance Reading Group () John Geanakoplos: The Leverage Cycle Rajiv Sethi 1 / 24 Collateral Loan contracts specify
More informationBailouts, Time Inconsistency and Optimal Regulation
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department Sta Report November 2009 Bailouts, Time Inconsistency and Optimal Regulation V. V. Chari University of Minnesota and Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
More informationProblems in Rural Credit Markets
Problems in Rural Credit Markets Econ 435/835 Fall 2012 Econ 435/835 () Credit Problems Fall 2012 1 / 22 Basic Problems Low quantity of domestic savings major constraint on investment, especially in manufacturing
More informationCredit Market Problems in Developing Countries
Credit Market Problems in Developing Countries September 2007 () Credit Market Problems September 2007 1 / 17 Should Governments Intervene in Credit Markets Moneylenders historically viewed as exploitive:
More informationAnswer: Let y 2 denote rm 2 s output of food and L 2 denote rm 2 s labor input (so
The Ohio State University Department of Economics Econ 805 Extra Problems on Production and Uncertainty: Questions and Answers Winter 003 Prof. Peck () In the following economy, there are two consumers,
More informationII. Competitive Trade Using Money
II. Competitive Trade Using Money Neil Wallace June 9, 2008 1 Introduction Here we introduce our rst serious model of money. We now assume that there is no record keeping. As discussed earler, the role
More informationMicroeconomic Theory (501b) Comprehensive Exam
Dirk Bergemann Department of Economics Yale University Microeconomic Theory (50b) Comprehensive Exam. (5) Consider a moral hazard model where a worker chooses an e ort level e [0; ]; and as a result, either
More informationEC202. Microeconomic Principles II. Summer 2011 Examination. 2010/2011 Syllabus ONLY
Summer 2011 Examination EC202 Microeconomic Principles II 2010/2011 Syllabus ONLY Instructions to candidates Time allowed: 3 hours + 10 minutes reading time. This paper contains seven questions in three
More informationECON Micro Foundations
ECON 302 - Micro Foundations Michael Bar September 13, 2016 Contents 1 Consumer s Choice 2 1.1 Preferences.................................... 2 1.2 Budget Constraint................................ 3
More informationConsumption-Savings Decisions and State Pricing
Consumption-Savings Decisions and State Pricing Consumption-Savings, State Pricing 1/ 40 Introduction We now consider a consumption-savings decision along with the previous portfolio choice decision. These
More informationFinancial Market Imperfections Uribe, Ch 7
Financial Market Imperfections Uribe, Ch 7 1 Imperfect Credibility of Policy: Trade Reform 1.1 Model Assumptions Output is exogenous constant endowment (y), not useful for consumption, but can be exported
More informationThe role of asymmetric information
LECTURE NOTES ON CREDIT MARKETS The role of asymmetric information Eliana La Ferrara - 2007 Credit markets are typically a ected by asymmetric information problems i.e. one party is more informed than
More informationEconS Micro Theory I Recitation #8b - Uncertainty II
EconS 50 - Micro Theory I Recitation #8b - Uncertainty II. Exercise 6.E.: The purpose of this exercise is to show that preferences may not be transitive in the presence of regret. Let there be S states
More informationMacroeconomics 4 Notes on Diamond-Dygvig Model and Jacklin
4.454 - Macroeconomics 4 Notes on Diamond-Dygvig Model and Jacklin Juan Pablo Xandri Antuna 4/22/20 Setup Continuum of consumers, mass of individuals each endowed with one unit of currency. t = 0; ; 2
More informationCredit Market Problems in Developing Countries
Credit Market Problems in Developing Countries November 2007 () Credit Market Problems November 2007 1 / 25 Basic Problems (circa 1950): Low quantity of domestic savings major constraint on investment,
More informationLecture Notes - Insurance
1 Introduction need for insurance arises from Lecture Notes - Insurance uncertain income (e.g. agricultural output) risk aversion - people dislike variations in consumption - would give up some output
More informationPractice Problems 1: Moral Hazard
Practice Problems 1: Moral Hazard December 5, 2012 Question 1 (Comparative Performance Evaluation) Consider the same normal linear model as in Question 1 of Homework 1. This time the principal employs
More informationLecture Notes 1
4.45 Lecture Notes Guido Lorenzoni Fall 2009 A portfolio problem To set the stage, consider a simple nite horizon problem. A risk averse agent can invest in two assets: riskless asset (bond) pays gross
More informationMicroeconomics, IB and IBP
Microeconomics, IB and IBP ORDINARY EXAM, December 007 Open book, 4 hours Question 1 Suppose the supply of low-skilled labour is given by w = LS 10 where L S is the quantity of low-skilled labour (in million
More informationWORKING PAPER NO OPTIMAL MONETARY POLICY IN A MODEL OF MONEY AND CREDIT. Pedro Gomis-Porqueras Australian National University
WORKING PAPER NO. 11-4 OPTIMAL MONETARY POLICY IN A MODEL OF MONEY AND CREDIT Pedro Gomis-Porqueras Australian National University Daniel R. Sanches Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia December 2010 Optimal
More informationProblem Set (1 p) (1) 1 (100)
University of British Columbia Department of Economics, Macroeconomics (Econ 0) Prof. Amartya Lahiri Problem Set Risk Aversion Suppose your preferences are given by u(c) = c ; > 0 Suppose you face the
More informationLiquidity Hoarding and Interbank Market Spreads: The Role of Counterparty Risk
Liquidity Hoarding and Interbank Market Spreads: The Role of Counterparty Risk Florian Heider Marie Hoerova Cornelia Holthausen y This draft: December 2008 Abstract We study the functioning and possible
More informationEconomic Growth and Development : Exam. Consider the model by Barro (1990). The production function takes the
form Economic Growth and Development : Exam Consider the model by Barro (990). The production function takes the Y t = AK t ( t L t ) where 0 < < where K t is the aggregate stock of capital, L t the labour
More informationDepartment of Economics Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Intermediate Macroeconomics
Department of Economics Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Intermediate Macroeconomics Instructor Min Zhang Answer 3 1. Answer: When the government imposes a proportional tax on wage income,
More informationExercises - Moral hazard
Exercises - Moral hazard 1. (from Rasmusen) If a salesman exerts high e ort, he will sell a supercomputer this year with probability 0:9. If he exerts low e ort, he will succeed with probability 0:5. The
More informationLiquidity, Asset Price and Banking
Liquidity, Asset Price and Banking (preliminary draft) Ying Syuan Li National Taiwan University Yiting Li National Taiwan University April 2009 Abstract We consider an economy where people have the needs
More informationProblem Set # Public Economics
Problem Set #3 14.41 Public Economics DUE: October 29, 2010 1 Social Security DIscuss the validity of the following claims about Social Security. Determine whether each claim is True or False and present
More informationProduct Di erentiation: Exercises Part 1
Product Di erentiation: Exercises Part Sotiris Georganas Royal Holloway University of London January 00 Problem Consider Hotelling s linear city with endogenous prices and exogenous and locations. Suppose,
More informationDevelopment Economics
Development Economics Development Microeconomics (by) Bardhan and Udry Chapter 7 Rural credit markets [1] Importance Smoothing consumption in an environment where production is risky and insurance markets
More informationConditional Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities and Financing Constraints
Conditional Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities and Financing Constraints Stephen R. Bond Institute for Fiscal Studies and Nu eld College, Oxford Måns Söderbom Centre for the Study of African Economies,
More informationMonopolistic Competition, Managerial Compensation, and the. Distribution of Firms in General Equilibrium
Monopolistic Competition, Managerial Compensation, and the Distribution of Firms in General Equilibrium Jose M. Plehn-Dujowich Fox School of Business Temple University jplehntemple.edu Ajay Subramanian
More informationInterest Rates, Market Power, and Financial Stability
Interest Rates, Market Power, and Financial Stability David Martinez-Miera UC3M and CEPR Rafael Repullo CEMFI and CEPR February 2018 (Preliminary and incomplete) Abstract This paper analyzes the e ects
More informationOPTIMAL INCENTIVES IN A PRINCIPAL-AGENT MODEL WITH ENDOGENOUS TECHNOLOGY. WP-EMS Working Papers Series in Economics, Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN 974-40 (on line edition) ISSN 594-7645 (print edition) WP-EMS Working Papers Series in Economics, Mathematics and Statistics OPTIMAL INCENTIVES IN A PRINCIPAL-AGENT MODEL WITH ENDOGENOUS TECHNOLOGY
More informationFiscal policy: Ricardian Equivalence, the e ects of government spending, and debt dynamics
Roberto Perotti November 20, 2013 Version 02 Fiscal policy: Ricardian Equivalence, the e ects of government spending, and debt dynamics 1 The intertemporal government budget constraint Consider the usual
More informationMacroeconomics IV Problem Set 3 Solutions
4.454 - Macroeconomics IV Problem Set 3 Solutions Juan Pablo Xandri 05/09/0 Question - Jacklin s Critique to Diamond- Dygvig Take the Diamond-Dygvig model in the recitation notes, and consider Jacklin
More informationTechnical Appendix to Long-Term Contracts under the Threat of Supplier Default
0.287/MSOM.070.099ec Technical Appendix to Long-Term Contracts under the Threat of Supplier Default Robert Swinney Serguei Netessine The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 904
More informationSOLUTION PROBLEM SET 3 LABOR ECONOMICS
SOLUTION PROBLEM SET 3 LABOR ECONOMICS Question : Answers should recognize that this result does not hold when there are search frictions in the labour market. The proof should follow a simple matching
More informationLiquidity, moral hazard and bank runs
Liquidity, moral hazard and bank runs S.Chatterji and S.Ghosal, Centro de Investigacion Economica, ITAM, and University of Warwick September 3, 2007 Abstract In a model of banking with moral hazard, e
More informationD S E Dipartimento Scienze Economiche
D S E Dipartimento Scienze Economiche Working Paper Department of Economics Ca Foscari University of Venice Douglas Gale Piero Gottardi Illiquidity and Under-Valutation of Firms ISSN: 1827/336X No. 36/WP/2008
More informationFor on-line Publication Only ON-LINE APPENDIX FOR. Corporate Strategy, Conformism, and the Stock Market. June 2017
For on-line Publication Only ON-LINE APPENDIX FOR Corporate Strategy, Conformism, and the Stock Market June 017 This appendix contains the proofs and additional analyses that we mention in paper but that
More informationSimple e ciency-wage model
18 Unemployment Why do we have involuntary unemployment? Why are wages higher than in the competitive market clearing level? Why is it so hard do adjust (nominal) wages down? Three answers: E ciency wages:
More information1 Two Period Production Economy
University of British Columbia Department of Economics, Macroeconomics (Econ 502) Prof. Amartya Lahiri Handout # 3 1 Two Period Production Economy We shall now extend our two-period exchange economy model
More informationSolutions to problem set x C F = $50:000 + x x = $50: x = 10 9 (C F $50:000)
Econ 30 Intermediate Microeconomics Prof. Marek Weretka Problem (Insurance) a) Solutions to problem set 6 b) Given the insurance level x; the consumption in the two states of the world is Solving for x
More informationPractice Questions Chapters 9 to 11
Practice Questions Chapters 9 to 11 Producer Theory ECON 203 Kevin Hasker These questions are to help you prepare for the exams only. Do not turn them in. Note that not all questions can be completely
More informationPharmaceutical Patenting in Developing Countries and R&D
Pharmaceutical Patenting in Developing Countries and R&D by Eytan Sheshinski* (Contribution to the Baumol Conference Book) March 2005 * Department of Economics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, ISRAEL.
More informationMoral hazard, e ciency and bank crises
Moral hazard, e ciency and bank crises S.Chatterji and S.Ghosal, Centro de Investigacion Economica, ITAM, and University of Warwick January 23, 2009 Abstract Under what conditions should bank runs be tolerated?
More informationAn Equilibrium Model of Housing and Mortgage Markets with State-Contingent Lending Contracts
An Equilibrium Model of Housing and Mortgage Markets with State-Contingent Lending Contracts November 18, 2016 Abstract We develop a tractable general equilibrium framework of housing and mortgage markets
More informationRevision Lecture Microeconomics of Banking MSc Finance: Theory of Finance I MSc Economics: Financial Economics I
Revision Lecture Microeconomics of Banking MSc Finance: Theory of Finance I MSc Economics: Financial Economics I April 2005 PREPARING FOR THE EXAM What models do you need to study? All the models we studied
More informationMicroeconomics Qualifying Exam
Summer 2018 Microeconomics Qualifying Exam There are 100 points possible on this exam, 50 points each for Prof. Lozada s questions and Prof. Dugar s questions. Each professor asks you to do two long questions
More informationReference Dependence Lecture 3
Reference Dependence Lecture 3 Mark Dean Princeton University - Behavioral Economics The Story So Far De ned reference dependent behavior and given examples Change in risk attitudes Endowment e ect Status
More informationSome Problems. 3. Consider the Cournot model with inverse demand p(y) = 9 y and marginal cost equal to 0.
Econ 301 Peter Norman Some Problems 1. Suppose that Bruce leaves Sheila behind for a while and goes to a bar where Claude is having a beer for breakfast. Each must now choose between ghting the other,
More informationEconomics 326: Pro t Maximization and Production. Ethan Kaplan
Economics 326: Pro t Maximization and Production Ethan Kaplan October 15, 2012 Outline 1. Pro t Maximization 2. Production 1 Pro t Maximiztion What is pro t maximization? Firms decide how many inputs to
More informationOn the Political Complementarity between Globalization. and Technology Adoption
On the Political Complementarity between Globalization and Technology Adoption Matteo Cervellati Alireza Naghavi y Farid Toubal z August 30, 2008 Abstract This paper studies technology adoption (education
More information5. COMPETITIVE MARKETS
5. COMPETITIVE MARKETS We studied how individual consumers and rms behave in Part I of the book. In Part II of the book, we studied how individual economic agents make decisions when there are strategic
More informationDynamic games with incomplete information
Dynamic games with incomplete information Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) We have now covered static and dynamic games of complete information and static games of incomplete information. The next step
More informationWorking Paper Series. This paper can be downloaded without charge from:
Working Paper Series This paper can be downloaded without charge from: http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/ On the Implementation of Markov-Perfect Monetary Policy Michael Dotsey y and Andreas Hornstein
More informationExpected Utility and Risk Aversion
Expected Utility and Risk Aversion Expected utility and risk aversion 1/ 58 Introduction Expected utility is the standard framework for modeling investor choices. The following topics will be covered:
More informationTrade Protection and the Location of Production
Trade Protection and the Location of Production Thede, Susanna 2002 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Thede, S. (2002). Trade Protection and the Location of Production. (Working
More informationIntergenerational Bargaining and Capital Formation
Intergenerational Bargaining and Capital Formation Edgar A. Ghossoub The University of Texas at San Antonio Abstract Most studies that use an overlapping generations setting assume complete depreciation
More informationUCLA Department of Economics Ph. D. Preliminary Exam Micro-Economic Theory
UCLA Department of Economics Ph. D. Preliminary Exam Micro-Economic Theory (SPRING 2016) Instructions: You have 4 hours for the exam Answer any 5 out of the 6 questions. All questions are weighted equally.
More informationHandout on Rationalizability and IDSDS 1
EconS 424 - Strategy and Game Theory Handout on Rationalizability and ISS 1 1 Introduction In this handout, we will discuss an extension of best response functions: Rationalizability. Best response: As
More informationAlternative Central Bank Credit Policies for Liquidity Provision in a Model of Payments
1 Alternative Central Bank Credit Policies for Liquidity Provision in a Model of Payments David C. Mills, Jr. 1 Federal Reserve Board Washington, DC E-mail: david.c.mills@frb.gov Version: May 004 I explore
More informationSTATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY Department of Economics. Ph. D. Comprehensive Examination: Macroeconomics Spring, 2013
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY Department of Economics Ph. D. Comprehensive Examination: Macroeconomics Spring, 2013 Section 1. (Suggested Time: 45 Minutes) For 3 of the following 6 statements,
More informationMonetary Economics Lecture 5 Theory and Practice of Monetary Policy in Normal Times
Monetary Economics Lecture 5 Theory and Practice of Monetary Policy in Normal Times Targets and Instruments of Monetary Policy Nicola Viegi August October 2010 Introduction I The Objectives of Monetary
More informationUniversidad Carlos III de Madrid June Microeconomics Grade
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid June 05 Microeconomics Name: Group: 5 Grade You have hours and 5 minutes to answer all the questions. The maximum grade for each question is in parentheses. You should
More information1 Unemployment Insurance
1 Unemployment Insurance 1.1 Introduction Unemployment Insurance (UI) is a federal program that is adminstered by the states in which taxes are used to pay for bene ts to workers laid o by rms. UI started
More informationIntroduction to Economics I: Consumer Theory
Introduction to Economics I: Consumer Theory Leslie Reinhorn Durham University Business School October 2014 What is Economics? Typical De nitions: "Economics is the social science that deals with the production,
More informationInterest rates expressed in terms of the national currency (basket of goods ) are called nominal (real) interest rates Their relation is given as
Chapter 14 - Expectations: The Basic Tools Interest rates expressed in terms of the national currency (basket of goods ) are called nominal (real) interest rates Their relation is given as 1 + r t = 1
More informationGains from Trade and Comparative Advantage
Gains from Trade and Comparative Advantage 1 Introduction Central questions: What determines the pattern of trade? Who trades what with whom and at what prices? The pattern of trade is based on comparative
More informationUsing Executive Stock Options to Pay Top Management
Using Executive Stock Options to Pay Top Management Douglas W. Blackburn Fordham University Andrey D. Ukhov Indiana University 17 October 2007 Abstract Research on executive compensation has been unable
More informationFinancing Higher Education: Comparing Alternative Policies
Financing Higher Education: Comparing Alternative Policies Mausumi Das Delhi School of Economics Tridip Ray ISI, Delhi National Conference on Economic Reform, Growth and Public Expenditure CSSS Kolkata;
More informationDepartment of Economics Queen s University. ECON239: Development Economics Professor: Huw Lloyd-Ellis
Department of Economics Queen s University ECON239: Development Economics Professor: Huw Lloyd-Ellis Midterm Exam Answer Key Monday, October 25, 2010 Section A (50 percent): Discuss the validity of THREE
More informationWinners and Losers from Price-Level Volatility: Money Taxation and Information Frictions
Winners and Losers from Price-Level Volatility: Money Taxation and Information Frictions Guido Cozzi University of St.Gallen Aditya Goenka University of Birmingham Minwook Kang Nanyang Technological University
More informationEconS Micro Theory I 1 Recitation #7 - Competitive Markets
EconS 50 - Micro Theory I Recitation #7 - Competitive Markets Exercise. Exercise.5, NS: Suppose that the demand for stilts is given by Q = ; 500 50P and that the long-run total operating costs of each
More informationSovereign Theft: Theory and Evidence about Sovereign Default and Expropriation
Sovereign Theft: Theory and Evidence about Sovereign Default and Expropriation Michael Tomz Department of Political Science Stanford University Mark L. J. Wright Department of Economics University of California,
More informationCredit Card Competition and Naive Hyperbolic Consumers
Credit Card Competition and Naive Hyperbolic Consumers Elif Incekara y Department of Economics, Pennsylvania State University June 006 Abstract In this paper, we show that the consumer might be unresponsive
More informationKwok Tong Soo Lancaster University. Abstract
Trade volume and country size in the Heckscher-Ohlin model Kwok Tong Soo Lancaster University Abstract This paper develops a model of international trade based on differences in factor endowments across
More informationProblem Set 2 Answers
Problem Set 2 Answers BPH8- February, 27. Note that the unique Nash Equilibrium of the simultaneous Bertrand duopoly model with a continuous price space has each rm playing a wealy dominated strategy.
More informationMean-Variance Analysis
Mean-Variance Analysis Mean-variance analysis 1/ 51 Introduction How does one optimally choose among multiple risky assets? Due to diversi cation, which depends on assets return covariances, the attractiveness
More informationIntroducing nominal rigidities.
Introducing nominal rigidities. Olivier Blanchard May 22 14.452. Spring 22. Topic 7. 14.452. Spring, 22 2 In the model we just saw, the price level (the price of goods in terms of money) behaved like an
More informationThe safe are rationed, the risky not an extension of the Stiglitz-Weiss model
Gutenberg School of Management and Economics Discussion Paper Series The safe are rationed, the risky not an extension of the Stiglitz-Weiss model Helke Wälde May 20 Discussion paper number 08 Johannes
More informationPrivate Sector Risk and Financial Crises in Emerging Markets
Private Sector Risk and Financial Crises in Emerging Markets Betty C. Daniel Department of Economics University at Albany - SUNY b.daniel@albany.edu February 2011 Abstract Investment necessary for growth
More informationGrowth and Welfare Maximization in Models of Public Finance and Endogenous Growth
Growth and Welfare Maximization in Models of Public Finance and Endogenous Growth Florian Misch a, Norman Gemmell a;b and Richard Kneller a a University of Nottingham; b The Treasury, New Zealand March
More informationOptimal Monetary Policy
Optimal Monetary Policy Graduate Macro II, Spring 200 The University of Notre Dame Professor Sims Here I consider how a welfare-maximizing central bank can and should implement monetary policy in the standard
More information1. Cash-in-Advance models a. Basic model under certainty b. Extended model in stochastic case. recommended)
Monetary Economics: Macro Aspects, 26/2 2013 Henrik Jensen Department of Economics University of Copenhagen 1. Cash-in-Advance models a. Basic model under certainty b. Extended model in stochastic case
More informationEconS Advanced Microeconomics II Handout on Social Choice
EconS 503 - Advanced Microeconomics II Handout on Social Choice 1. MWG - Decisive Subgroups Recall proposition 21.C.1: (Arrow s Impossibility Theorem) Suppose that the number of alternatives is at least
More informationTrade Agreements as Endogenously Incomplete Contracts
Trade Agreements as Endogenously Incomplete Contracts Henrik Horn (Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm) Giovanni Maggi (Princeton University) Robert W. Staiger (Stanford University and
More informationOptimal Organization of Financial Intermediaries
Optimal Organization of Financial Intermediaries Spiros Bougheas Tianxi Wang CESIFO WORKING PAPER NO. 5452 CATEGORY 7: MONETARY POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE JULY 2015 An electronic version of the paper
More informationNBER WORKING PAPER SERIES OPTIMAL TAXATION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL CAPITAL WITH PRIVATE INFORMATION. Stefania Albanesi
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES OPTIMAL TAXATION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL CAPITAL WITH PRIVATE INFORMATION Stefania Albanesi Working Paper 12419 http://www.nber.org/papers/w12419 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
More informationIntroducing money. Olivier Blanchard. April Spring Topic 6.
Introducing money. Olivier Blanchard April 2002 14.452. Spring 2002. Topic 6. 14.452. Spring, 2002 2 No role for money in the models we have looked at. Implicitly, centralized markets, with an auctioneer:
More information1 Consumer Choice. 2 Consumer Preferences. 2.1 Properties of Consumer Preferences. These notes essentially correspond to chapter 4 of the text.
These notes essentially correspond to chapter 4 of the text. 1 Consumer Choice In this chapter we will build a model of consumer choice and discuss the conditions that need to be met for a consumer to
More informationMultiperiod Market Equilibrium
Multiperiod Market Equilibrium Multiperiod Market Equilibrium 1/ 27 Introduction The rst order conditions from an individual s multiperiod consumption and portfolio choice problem can be interpreted as
More informationOn social and market sanctions in deterring non compliance in pollution standards
On social and market sanctions in deterring non compliance in pollution standards Philippe Bontems Toulouse School of Economics (GREMAQ, INRA and IDEI) Gilles Rotillon Université de Paris X Nanterre Selected
More informationFinancing schemes for higher education
THE ASTRALIA ATIOAL IVERSITY WORKIG PAPERS I ECOOMICS AD ECOOMETRICS Financing schemes for higher education Elena Del Rey and María Racionero Working Paper o. 460 February, 2006 ISB: 08631 460 9 Financing
More informationLiquidity and Spending Dynamics
Liquidity and Spending Dynamics Veronica Guerrieri University of Chicago Guido Lorenzoni MIT and NBER January 2007 Preliminary draft Abstract How do nancial frictions a ect the response of an economy to
More information