Capital Markets: Observations and Insights Party Without the Punch? Spring 2018

Capital Markets: Observations and Insights Party Without the Punch? Spring 2018

Party Without the Punch? In what is a long-standing analogy, the Fed provides the punch at the economic party to keep executives and investors happy, but when the Fed raises interest rates and takes away the proverbial punchbowl, the party becomes much less fun (and profitable). After many years of economic expansion, short-term interest rates around the world are now rising. In addition, global central bank balance sheets are likely to peak in the next year and then begin to contract. As interest rates rise, there will likely be broad implications for asset classes as well as specific sectors and securities. In mid-2016, amid the craze for income-generating investments, we asked whether investors were Searching for Yield and Asking for Trouble? in our capital markets update. Since then, bond-like equity sectors such as telecommunications and real estate have generated negative returns, dramatically underperforming the broader market. Now, the press is full of headlines regarding the outlook for interest rates and their impact. In our view, there is too much fear from an equity perspective and not enough anxiety in bonds and real estate. So how will this tightening cycle play out? How do you have fun at a party where the punch is being removed? On the pages that follow we ll try and answer those questions, but in short, our view is don t party too hard and aim to have fun at either a lively shindig or a quiet get-together. In investing, that means focusing on innovation rather than the economic cycle. Daniel C. Chung, CFA Chief Executive Officer Chief Investment Officer Brad Neuman, CFA Senior Vice President Client Investment Strategist Page 1

Key Observations Monetary conditions are tightening but stocks and the economy should be able to absorb moderate increases in interest rates Business spending has begun to accelerate and outpace the broader economy, driven by strong earnings growth, tax reform, solid business confidence, and accommodative lending conditions Leading indicators suggest the economy will continue to expand and corporate profits will continue to rise Table of Contents Party Without the Punch? Performance Fundamentals Valuation Pages 3-10 Pages 11-16 Pages 17-23 Pages 24-27 Page 2

Mar-16 May-16 Jul-16 Sep-16 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 Jan-18 Mar-18 Canada U.S. U.K. China Germany Japan France Italy Basis Points Party Without the Punch? Tightening Underway As the Federal Reserve normalizes policy It is driving short-term interest rates higher This is largely a worldwide phenomenon...because of the interconnectedness of the global economies 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% U.S. 2-Year Treasury Yield 120 80 40 0-40 -80 G7 + China 2-Year Government Yield Year-over-Year Change 0.0% -120 Source: FactSet as of 3/29/18. Page 3

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018E 2019E $ Trillions Party Without the Punch? Interest Rate Tailwinds Global central banks are moving from monetary stimulus and quantitative easing (i.e., bond buying) to monetary tightening and fiscal stimulus (i.e., bond selling/issuance) Inflation is rising as the economy is now operating above its potential (i.e., tight asset/labor utilization) 16 Central Bank Balance Sheets (U.S., ECB, BOJ) 30% 14 12 10 8 6 4 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% Year-over-Year Change Central banks are ending extremely accommodative policy 2 0% 0-5% Source: Evercore ISI as of March 2018. Page 4

1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 Party Without the Punch? Addressing Rising Rate Concerns Valuation Concern: will rising interest rates weigh on P/E multiples? Our take: P/Es never priced in how low interest rates had become (see gap below) so we believe earnings multiples may not suffer when rates rise 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% S&P 500 EPS Yield Treasury Bond Yield Interest rates can rise without impact on stock valuations >300 bps Source: FactSet, Federal Reserve, and S&P, as of 3/31/18. Page 5

U.S. Real GDP Growth Party Without the Punch? Addressing Rising Rate Concerns Economic Growth Concern: will rising interest rates slow economic growth? Our take: the Fed is tightening slowly (approximately 75bps per year) and given the impact shown below, the economy can likely absorb modest increases in interest rates like those we have experienced Estimated Impact of 100bps Increase in the Federal Funds Rate 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% Modest increases in interest rates are manageable and unlikely to result in recession 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Months After Increase Source: Current real GDP growth is based on 2018 FactSet consensus. Effect of 100bps increase in Fed Funds rate is based on output gap impact shown in FRB/US Model (November 2014 VAR version). Page 6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Total Return Indexed to 100 Party Without the Punch? Fed Tightening Not That Scary The stock market has historically risen with the Federal Funds rate 130 120 110 100 90 S&P 500 Fed Funds Increase 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 - Cumulative Percentage Point Increase In the past several tightening periods, stocks have actually increased alongside the Fed Funds rate Months of Tightening Cycle Source: FactSet. Monthly average of past two-year tightening cycles beginning in January 1994, May 1999 and May 2004. S&P 500 is based on total return. Page 7

Average Annual Return Party Without the Punch? Different Performance Regime What worked in a falling rate environment may not work going forward 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% -3% -4% Rising vs. Falling Rate Environments Annual Real Returns 1955-2017 Stocks Bonds 5.8% 5.2% Falling Fed Funds Rates 6.2% -2.7% Rising Fed Funds Rates Asset allocation is more important when rates are rising Source: FactSet and Aswath Damodaran. Stocks is the S&P 500. Bonds is the constant maturity U.S. 10-year Treasury bond return. Real return is calculated as nominal less 3 month U.S. T-bill return annually. Return over the period is calculated using a simple average of annual returns. Page 8

Q208 Q308 Q408 Q109 Q209 Q309 Q409 Q110 Q210 Q310 Q410 Q111 Q211 Party Without the Punch? Innovation Grows Through Downturns If the global economy does ultimately weaken as a result of prolonged interest rate increases Invest with a focus on innovation because it has outpaced difficult economic environments Innovative Areas of the Economy Outperformed Even in the Global Financial Crisis 140 130 120 110 100 90 U.S. Internet Ad Revenue U.S. E-Commerce U.S. Total Retail Sales +33% +1% Innovation Outperforms 80 Source: FactSet. Page 9

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Party Without the Punch? Innovative Companies Often Outperform Studies have shown, and our research demonstrates, that the most innovative companies grow their sales, earnings, and stock prices faster* 600 Innovation Drives Outperformance 500 400 300 200 Most Innovative +17.4% / year Least Innovative +8.7% / year 100 - Source: FactSet. Most/least innovative stock performance is derived from highest and lowest S&P 1500 quintiles based on R&D as % of sales, normalized for market value, using one month returns for 10 years ending January 31, 2018. * Baruch Lev and Suresh Radhakrishnan, The Stock Market Valuation of R&D Leaders. Page 10

Technology Consumer Discretionary Financials Health Care Industrials Utilities Real Estate Materials Energy Consumer Staples Telecom Technology Materials Consumer Discretionary Financials Health Care Industrials Consumer Staples Utilities Real Estate Energy Telecom Performance Tech Leads Again Technology s outperformance in 1Q18 was due to solid fundamentals as the sector had a very strong earnings season with the best revenue results relative to expectations* 1Q18 Returns (%) 2017 Returns (%) 4 U.S. World 50 U.S. World 2 40 0 30-2 20-4 10-6 0-8 -10 Source: FactSet as of 3/31/18. U.S. represented by S&P 500 and World represented by MSCI AC World Index in local currency.*for the 4Q17 earnings season reported in 1Q18 based on the percentage of companies exceeding estimates. Page 11

Earnings / Price Market Cap Trading Activity Debt / Equity Price Volatility Book / Price EPS Growth Earnings Variability Relative Strength Revenue / Price Dividend Yield Market Cap Earnings / Price Revenue / Price Relative Strength EPS Growth Trading Activity Debt / Equity Earnings Variability Dividend Yield Price Volatility Book / Price Performance Yield Punished In 1Q18, rising interest rates continued to put pressure on high dividend yielding stocks, driving underperformance of that factor 1Q18 Excess Return (%) 2.6 2017 Excess Return (%) 1.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0-0.1-0.3-0.5-0.6-0.7-0.7-1.7-0.3-0.7-1.2-1.6-1.8-1.9-3.5-4.0 Source: FactSet as of 3/31/18 using Northfield defined quantitative factors for the Northfield broad U.S. market database. Page 12

Performance The Earnings Growth Explosion Is Driving Performance Total Return = Dividend Yield + EPS Growth +/- P/E Change S&P 500 MSCI All Country World Index ex-usa 25% Dividend EPS Growth* P/E Change 20% Dividend EPS Growth* P/E Change 20% 15% 15% 10% 10% 5% 5% 0% 0% -5% -10% EPS Growth Explosion -5% -10% -15% EPS Growth Explosion -15% Mar-12 Mar-13 Mar-14 Mar-15 Mar-16 Mar-17 Mar-18-20% Mar-12 Mar-13 Mar-14 Mar-15 Mar-16 Mar-17 Mar-18 12- Month Total Return: 9% 14% 22% 13% 2% 17% 14% 12- Month Total Return: -4% 13% 13% 16% -10% 18% 9% Source: FactSet as of 3/31/18. *Based on consensus estimates of next 12-month EPS. Actual earnings per share might be materially different than shown. MSCI ACWI ex-us performance based on local currency. Page 13

Duration of Bull Market (Years) Performance Bull Market Is Aging Well Bull markets have been getting longer over time Factors prolonging economic expansions include: increased fiscal and monetary intervention, structural changes in the economy, and technological advances, such as improved inventory management The current bull market is three-and-a-quarter years younger than the 90s bull market 14 12 2010-Current Average:?? Years 10 8 6 1930-1950 Average: 1.7 Years 1950-1980 Average: 4.3 Years 1980-2010 Average: 7.2 Years Current Bull Market (ongoing) 4 2 0 1932 1943 1954 1965 1976 1987 1998 2009 2020 Year that Bull Market Ended Source: FactSet and Goldman Sachs as of 3/31/18. Bull markets over six months in duration since 1930. Line is based on linear regression of displayed data points. Page 14

1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 % of Fund Assets Outperforming Performance Has Active Relative Performance Troughed? Powerful cyclical factors impact U.S. active relative performance: Interest rates/bond-like equities Non-U.S. stock performance Small cap performance Overall market performance As some of those factors reverse, active management has been doing better Interest rates no longer declining/bondlike equities not outperforming Non-U.S. stocks have fared better Small caps beginning to recover Market performance more subdued 100% Active Relative Performance Is Cyclical % of U.S. Large Cap Active Managers Outperforming 80% 60% 53.8% 57.4% 40% 20% 0% Last 12 Months YTD Source: Left chart: Nomura/Instinet, Joseph Mezrich and FactSet through 3/31/18. Fund performance is trailing five-year data of U.S. active equity mutual funds in existence for 5 years or more and part of the growth, growth & income, and income categories based on CRSP codes. Right chart: Bank of America Merrill Lynch U.S. Equity and U.S. Quant Strategy using Lipper data relative to Russell benchmarks through 3/31/18. Page 15

Total Return Index Performance Structural Issues Driving Growth vs. Value Growth stocks have dramatically outperformed (+38%) Value stocks over the past decade The culprit for value investors has been the very weak performance of buying low P/B stocks, while P/E strategies have fared much better Book value, used heavily in index classification of Growth vs. Value, may no longer be as relevant given changing business models, e.g., R&D is not capitalized in book value 110 100 90 P/E P/B, not P/E, has driven Value underperformance 80 70 60 P/B Russell 1000 Value / Growth 50 40 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 Source: FactSet as of 3/31/18. Price-to-earnings and price-to-book returns are based on the E/P and B/P Northfield factors for the Northfield broad U.S. market database. Page 16

1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Leading Economic Index Fundamentals Leading Indicators Suggest Continued Expansion Typically the Leading Economic Index (LEI) expands by a double-digit percentage peak-to-peak Using the average of the past three periods implies a peak in late 2019 The LEI historically leads S&P 500 EPS by 6-18 months The record LEI reading in 1Q18 suggests EPS have room to run 120 Recession LEI Peak Only 6% 110 $170 100 80 60 40 20 18% 36% 12% 100 90 80 18 Month Lead $150 $130 $110 $90 $70 S&P 500 EPS 0 70 $50 Source: FactSet, Conference Board, Evercore ISI. EPS estimates based on next 12-months consensus. Page 17

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018E Year-Over-Year Change Fundamentals Business Spending to Accelerate Further Drivers of faster corporate expenditures include: Strong profit growth Tax reform lower statutory rates, foreign profit repatriation, accelerated depreciation Higher business confidence driven in part by lower regulation and certainty on taxes Accommodative financial conditions banks willingness to lend and low credit spreads 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% S&P 500 EPS Business Spending Forecasted An acceleration in earnings growth should help drive a double-digit increase in business spending -5% Source: FactSet. Business spending is U.S. private fixed nonresidential investment with an estimate for 2018 based on a regression with S&P 500 EPS. S&P 500 EPS 2018 estimate based on consensus. Page 18

Fundamentals Economic Outlook Tailwinds Robust corporate profits Strong business and consumer confidence Strengthening corporate spending Solid U.S. consumer balance sheet Headwinds Tightening monetary policy Rising U.S. labor costs Potential trade war China growth slowdown Geopolitical risk Page 19

Fundamentals Monetary Policy Is Not Restrictive Over the past half century, every U.S. recession has been preceded by a significantly positive real Federal Funds rate of 2% or higher In contrast, today we have a real Fed Funds rate of about 0% Real Federal Funds Rate Prior to U.S. Recessions 10% 2% 3% 4% 5% 4% 3% 2% 4% 0% Today real short-term interest rates are far lower than what induced previous recessions Source: FactSet as of March 2018. Inflation represented by PCE Price Index ex-food and energy (year over year). Nominal Federal Funds rate is average of 3 months prior to recession. Horizontal axis labels denote recession periods. Page 20

Fundamentals Tariffs Likely to Create Opportunity Proposed tariffs are manageable While market sentiment is likely to be impacted, history suggests the long-term outcome will be better than the current bluster implies, due to negotiation and flexible supply chains that can often adjust with minimal impact Tariffs will create winners and losers that necessitates active management U.S. Chicken Tax of 1963, which taxed imported light trucks, hurt international auto manufactures and drove American companies dominant share in pickup trucks $79 Trillion China Trade Comparison to Global GDP China - U.S. bilateral trade is only 0.8% of global economy $506 Billion $130 Billion Global GDP Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, U.S. Census Bureau, FactSet. Data is for 2017. U.S. Imports from China U.S. Exports to China Page 21

2017 2018 2019 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 EPS Indexed to 100 Fundamentals Smaller Capitalization Stocks Poised to Outperform Stronger fundamentals: Estimated small cap EPS growth for 18 & 19 is double that of large cap More levered domestic economy: Small caps are more U.S.-oriented, have less exposure to international trade, and have higher operating leverage Rising interest rates: Small caps have historically outperformed large caps in rising rate environments Attractive valuation: Small cap sales multiple discount implies opportunity 180 160 140 Earnings Per Share R2000 R1000 Small Caps Growing Faster 0% -10% -20% Enterprise Value/Sales Russell 2000 / Russell 1000 Historically Large Discount 120-30% Average 100-40% Source: FactSet as of March 2018. EPS for 2018-2019 are consensus estimates and actual earnings per share might be materially different than shown. Page 22

Fundamentals The Growth Advantage Three variables drive P/E multiples: growth, returns, and risk As compared to the Russell 1000 Value Index, the Russell 1000 Growth Index has higher expected EPS growth, higher returns on equity, and lower risk in the form of better balance sheets Stronger Growth Higher Returns Lower Risk R1000G R1000V R1000G R1000V R1000G R1000V 15.4% 24.9% 2.5x 9.6% 10.6% 1.3x Long-Term EPS Growth Return on Equity Net Debt / EBITDA Source: FactSet as of 3/31/18. Growth represents consensus long-term analyst estimates, and actual future EPS growth rates might be materially different than the forecasts shown. Page 23

Materials Cons. Discretionary Utilities Industrials Financials Real Estate Cons. Staples Technology Health Care Valuation Not All Sectors Are Expensive Growth-oriented sectors are attractively valued compared to history, particularly given low levels of interest rates, in contrast to many other sectors P/E Relative to 20-Year Median 18% 12% 12% 6% 4% 3% 2% Attractively valued -3% -7% Source: FactSet, based on S&P 500 Index, 3/31/18. Note: energy and telecom are excluded; the former because of an extremely high P/E due to depressed earnings and the latter owing to a small number of constituents. Real estate is a new sector classification, so for the historical data shown above, the industry group category that has nearly17 years of data was utilized. Page 24

Valuation Growth Valuations Are Reasonable Despite their recent outperformance, Growth stocks remain reasonably valued compared to Value stocks, relative to history and their respective growth rates Russell 1000 Growth Relative to Russell 1000 Value P/E Russell 1000 Growth vs. Russell 1000 Value PEG Ratio (P/E Divided by Long-Term Growth Rate) 37% premium is reasonable relative to history 1.5x 1.3x Median Russell 1000 Value Russell 1000 Growth Source: FactSet, Bank of America as of 3/31/18. Page 25

Valuation Global Multiples High but Not Relative to Interest Rates Price-to-earnings multiples around the world are moderately high relative to history at nearly one standard deviation above their average Drivers of higher multiples relative to history include lower than average bond yields and a measurement period depressed by the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis 20x 15x 10x 5x Price-to-Earnings Multiple +/- 2 Standard Deviations from 15-Year Average S&P 500 MSCI AC World MSCI EAFE MSCI EM Z-Score (Standard Deviations Above/Below Mean) 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.7 = current = +2 std dev = average = -2 std dev EM is least expensive in absolute terms while EAFE is cheapest relative to history Source: FactSet. Monthly estimates over past 15 years, ending 3/31/18. Page 26

S&P 500 10-Year Annualized Return Russell 1000G 10-Year Annualized Return Valuation The Single Greatest Predictor of Future Stock Market Returns There is a strong relationship between starting valuations and ensuing 10-year returns Current valuations suggest equities, particularly growth stocks, should materially outperform bonds over the coming decade S&P 500 P/E vs. 10-Year Returns = month Russell 1000 Growth P/E vs. = current 10-Year Returns 25% 20% R² = 0.85 25% 20% peak of tech bubble R² = 0.79 (0.85 ex-tech bubble) 15% 15% 10% 10% 5% 5% 0% 0% -5% -5% -10% 5 10 15 20 25 S&P 500 Price/Earnings -10% 5 10 15 20 25 30 Russell 1000 Growth Price/Earnings Source: FactSet. Monthly data through March 2018 and beginning in January 1986 (S&P 500) and December 1978 (Russell 1000 Growth). The tech bubble, represented by the 10- year returns beginning in April 1987-March 1990 and ending in April 1997- March 2000, skewed the regression by resulting in higher returns for given valuations than the historical relationship would imply. Page 27

Disclosure The views expressed are the views of Fred Alger Management, Inc. as of March 2018. Alger has used sources of information which it believes to be reliable; however, this publication is not intended to be and does not constitute investment advice. These views are subject to change at any time and they do not guarantee the future performance of the markets, any security, or any funds managed by Fred Alger Management, Inc. These views should not be considered a recommendation to purchase or sell securities. Individual securities or industries/sectors mentioned, if any, should be considered in the context of an overall portfolio and therefore reference to them should not be construed as a recommendation or offer to purchase or sell securities. References to or implications regarding the performance of an individual security or group of securities are not intended as an indication of the characteristics or performance of any specific sector, industry, security, group of securities, or a portfolio and are for illustrative purposes only. Risk Disclosures: Investing in the stock market involves gains and losses and may not be suitable for all investors. Growth stocks tend to be more volatile than other stocks as the prices of growth stocks tend to be higher in relation to their companies earnings and may be more sensitive to market, political and economic developments. The S&P 500 Index is an unmanaged index generally representative of the U.S. stock market without regard to company size. The S&P Composite 1500 is an unmanaged index that covers approximately 90% of the U.S. market capitalization. The Russell 1000 Growth Index is an unmanaged index designed to measure the performance of the largest 1000 companies in the Russell 3000 Index with higher price-to-book ratios and higher forecasted growth values. The Russell 1000 Value Index measures the performance of those Russell 1000 companies with lower price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values. The Russell 2000 Growth Index is an unmanaged index generally representative of common stocks designed to track performance of smallcapitalization companies with greater than average growth orientation. The Russell 2000 Value Index is an unmanaged index generally representative of the small-cap value segment of the U.S. equity universe and measures the performance of Russell 2000 companies with lower price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values. The Russell 3000 Growth Index is an unmanaged index designed to measure the performance of those Russell 3000 Index companies with higher price-to-book ratios and higher forecasted growth values. The Russell 3000 Value Index is an unmanaged index generally representative of stocks from the Russell 3000 Index with lower price-to-book ratios and lower expected growth rates. The MSCI ACWI Index (gross) is a free float-adjusted market capitalization weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of developed and emerging markets. The MSCI ACWI consists of 45 country indices comprising 24 developed and 21 emerging market country indices. The MSCI ACWI ex USA Index (gross) captures large and mid cap representation across 23 of 24 Developed Markets (DM) countries excluding the US) and 23 Emerging Markets (EM) countries. The index covers approximately 85% of the global equity opportunity set outside the US. The indices presented are provided for illustrative purposes, reflect the reinvestment of dividends and do not assess fees and expenses that would have the effect of reducing returns. Investors cannot invest directly in any index. The index performance does not represent the returns of any portfolio advised by Fred Alger Management, Inc. and actual client results might differ materially than the indices shown. Note that past performance is no guarantee of future results. Comparison to a different index might have materially different results than those shown. Frank Russell Company ( Russell ) is the source and owner of the trademarks, service marks and copyrights related to the Russell Indexes. Russell is a trademark of Frank Russell Company. Neither Russell nor its licensors accept any liability for any errors or omissions in the Russell Indexes and / or Russell ratings or underlying data and no party may rely on any Russell Indexes and / or Russell ratings and / or underlying data contained in this communication. No further distribution of Russell Data is permitted without Russell s express written consent. Russell does not promote, sponsor or endorse the content of this communication. Fred Alger Management, Inc. 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010 800.992.3863 www.alger.com ALCAPPRESSPR-0418 Page 28

Definitions Earnings per share (EPS) is the monetary value of earnings per outstanding share of common stock for a company. Price-Earnings ratio (P/E) is the ratio for valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its per-share earnings. Price-Book ratio (P/B) is a ratio used to compare a stock's market value to its book value. It is calculated by dividing the price of the stock by the book value per share. Book value of an asset is the value at which the asset is carried on a balance sheet and calculated by taking the cost of an asset minus the accumulated depreciation. Real Federal Funds rate refers to the current U.S. Federal Funds rate less inflation. Enterprise Value/Sales is a financial ratio that compares the total value (as measured by enterprise value) of the company to its sales. Fred Alger Management, Inc. 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010 800.992.3863 www.alger.com Page 29

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