Eurofound in-house paper: Part-time work in Europe Companies and workers perspective Presented by: Eszter Sandor Research Officer, Surveys and Trends 26/03/2010 1
Objectives Examine the patterns of part-time working in Europe at both the company and the individual levels drawing on the results of the 4th EWCS and the ECS Focus on part-time in highly qualified positions (ECS and EWCS) 26/03/2010 2
Introduction and context - Why part time? Increase of part time in Europe over the past ten years EU promotes non-standard employment to increase flexibility Voluntary and involuntary part time There are both positive and negative consequences for governments, employers and workers One of the areas of interest: part time in highly qualified or supervisory roles ECS 2009 companies, EWCS - workers 26/03/2010 3
The consequences of part time (voluntary and involuntary) Company Individual Government Positive Allows employers to adjust hours worked to cyclical conditions, facilitating adjustment of production and labour costs Productivity gains Solution for work-life balance (childcare, studying) Facilitates progressive entrance to or withdrawal from the labour market Increases female labour participation, as women, if confronted to choose between a full time job and zero working hours, will choose the latter. Negative Fixed costs (e.g. recruitment, training, social security) may increase overall labour costs Hourly earnings of part time is lower than that of full time Reduced benefits Reduced career prospects Life course transition (FT- PT-FT) Reduced job satisfaction/job quality? Wastage of resources, underutilisation of investment in human capital, as many of them are highly educated. Part time jobs may crowd out full time positions 26/03/2010 4
Part time work in Europe - Trends Persons employed part time, EU 27 (% of total employment) 18.5% 18. 18.2% 17.5% 17. 16.5% 16. 15.5% 15.9% 15. 14.5% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 26/03/2010 5
National differences Change in the % of part time workers in EU27 countries, 1998-2008 5 45% 4 35% 47% 1998 2008 25% 15% 5% 27% 25% 26% 25% 12% 9% 8% 7% 3% 2% 23% 23% 19% 18% 18% 17% 14% 13% 12% 12% 9% 6% 7% 5% 6% 5% Netherlands United Kingdom Denmark Sweden Germany France Belgium Ireland EU27 Romania Austria Latvia Finland Portugal Poland Luxembourg Estonia Spain Italy Czech Republic Greece Hungary Slovakia Bulgaria Cyprus Lithuania Malta Slovenia 26/03/2010 6
Part time trends by gender Change in the proportion of part time workers, EU 27, 1998-2008 35% 25% 1998 2008 28.7% 31.1% 15% 15.9% 18.2% 5% 6.3% 7.9% Persons Males Females 26/03/2010 7
Part time rate and employment rate Part time and employment rates in EU 27 countries, total population, 2008 9 85% 8 75% Employment rate 7 65% 6 55% 5 45% 5% 15% 25% 35% 4 45% 5 Part time rate 26/03/2010 8
Part time work in Europe - Companies Analysis will include: ECS results on part time overview Different part-time arrangements Analysis concentrating on sector and country differences 26/03/2010 9
Proportion of companies employing part time workers 100 90 < of staff work part time or more of staff work part time 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 NL BE DE UK SE DK AT IE MT EU 27 FR IT PL LU All 30 LT LV EE CZ FI ES RO HU SI CY SK EL PT TR BG HR MK 26/03/2010 10
Part time work by sector Education Health & social work Other services Financial intermediation Hotels & restaurants Real estate & business All sectors Public administration Wholesale & retail, repair Transport & communication Manufacturing & energy Construction < of staff work part time or more of staff work part time 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 % of establishments 26/03/2010 11
Organisation of part time work Forms of part time used in different sectors in the EU27 9 8 7 6 5 4 83% 81% 8 79% 78% 78% 77% 76% 76% 75% 74% 63% 57% 51% 51% 5 51% 5 45% 41% 43% 43% 35% 36% 36% 33% 33% 34% 31% 28% 29% 18% 17% 18% 14% 13% 13% 9% 8% 9% 4% Manufacturing Public administration Wholesale, retail, repair Financial intermediation Construction Education Transport and comm Health and social work Other services Real estate and business Hotels and restaurants 26/03/2010 12
Part time work in Europe - Workers Analysis will include: Part time workers in different countries, sectors and occupations Working conditions of part timers (e.g. nature of tasks, career advancement, training, job satisfaction 26/03/2010 13
Nature of tasks Does your main job involve complex tasks? (% "yes", by number of hours worked per week) 8 7 6 5 44% 51% 6 64% 67% 64% 4 29% 10 hours or less 11-20 hours 21-30 hours 31-40 hours 41-50 hours 51-60 hours 61 or more hours 26/03/2010 14
Career advancement "My job offers good prospects for career advancement" 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 19% 27% 24% 23% 19% 24% 17% 5% 8% Part-time Full-time Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree 26/03/2010 15
Training opportunities Training paid by the employer 27% 25% 22% 15% 5% Part-time Full-time 26/03/2010 16
Training opportunities learning at work "At work I have opportunities to learn and grow" 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 17% 17% 19% 32% 15% 19% 37% 13% 17% Part-time Full-time Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree The highest proportion agreeing with this statement is in the 21-30 hours group. 26/03/2010 17
Satisfaction with working conditions Satisfaction with working conditions (% "very satisfied" or "satisfied") 9 8 83% 85% 83% 84% 8 78% 7 65% 6 5 4 10 hours or less 11-20 hours 21-30 hours 31-40 hours 41-50 hours 51-60 hours 61 or more hours Those working longer hours seem less satisfied with working conditions. 26/03/2010 18
Satisfaction with working conditions "I find my job intellectually demanding" 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 38% 13% 16% 9% 28% 14% 17% 17% 21% 22% 10 hours or less 21% 11% 11% 17% 21% 19% 17% 19% 14% 17% 21% 11% 19% 19% 17% 31% 28% 29% 33% 33% 11-20 hours 21-30 hours 31-40 hours 41-50 hours 51-60 hours 61 or more hours Almost always Often Sometimes Rarely Almost never 26/03/2010 19
II. Part time in high qualified or management roles in companies Companies in which part time in high qualified or management roles exist and is a common phenomenon 4 35% 36% 35% 32% 32% 29% 28% Exists (column total) Common phenomenon 25% 25% 24% 21% 18% 18% 18% 15% 5% 15% 7% 12% 9% 13% 7% 8% 3% 4% 3% 3% Finance Health and social work Real estate Other services Public admin Education Total Hotels and restaurants Construction Wholesale and retail Transport, storage, comm. Mining, manuf, utilities Source: ECS 2009 26/03/2010 20
Part time of high qualified workers 25% % of workforce high qualified and working part time 19% 15% 15% 13% 13% 11% 11% 5% 6% 5% 5% Membership organizations Computer and related activities Education Health and social work Recreation, culture and sport Research and development Other business activities Public administration Other services 26/03/2010 21
Part time workers in different occupations Proportion of part time workers within selected occupations 4 35% 25% 15% 5% 36% 34% 29% 29% 28% 26% 17% 8% 8% 8% 7% 5% 2% Sales Customer services Teaching assoc. prof. Personal and protective services Models, salespersons Life science and health Office clerks Teaching prof. Agricultural & fishery labourers Mining/constr/manuf/transport workers Science professionals Managers of small enterprises Drivers and mobile plant operators Corporate managers Machine operators and assemblers Legislators and senior officials 26/03/2010 22
Next steps Examine some country examples deeper, explaining the patterns of part time work in the national context (literature review of EIRO and country legislative framework) Some more gender-based analysis and incorporating the life course perspective 26/03/2010 23