Civil Society: Role in Social Development in Pakistan Ms. Shahnaz Wazir Ali Executive Director Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy At: PDF, Session IV MDGs and Human Development Wednesday, May 10, 2006
Civil Society An intermediate associational realm between state and family populated by organizations which are separate from the state, enjoy autonomy, operate in a nonprofit manner and are formed voluntarily by members of the society to protect or extend their interests or values. Development Outreach Programme -- World Bank
The Global Associational R evolution The information revolution Has made people aware that: Circumstances may not be immutable Opportunities may be better elsewhere Change is possible This has prompted the formation of global organisations (through networks, associations, coalitions, consortiums) which translate social, environmental & economic concerns into effective transnational/ global social action Adapted from John Hopkins Global civil society: An overview
Civil Society action Economic crises, demand for basic services, human rights violations, natural & manmade disasters, political crises, cultural inter-cultural impulses National governments Urged to take action Negotiated Social Change Resistance from state and parastatal agencies Civil Society mobilizes Communication Global Civil Society reacts Social forces engaged within the national and globalised system of governance triggered
Distinguishing features of CSOs Work for public benefit Some level of voluntary contribution of time or money Institutionally separate from the State Non profit distributing Some level of voluntary contribution of time or money Membership is not legally required Institutional presence and structure
Civil Society Organisations Dimensions Registered 62% 56,000 registered organizations 45,000 active organizations Unregistered 38% Applied for registration 4% Not interested in registration 34% --Source: John Hopkins, SPDC, 2002
Civil Society Organisations As an Economic Force Paid employment as a % of public sector employment Paid employment as a % of non-agricultural employment 10.0 % 2.3 % Paid employment as a % of private sector employment Volunteerism as a % of non-agricultural employment Operating expenditure as a % of Gross Domestic Product Cash revenues as % of Gross Domestic Product 1.4 % 1.9 % 0.41 % 0.52 % --Source: John Hopkins, SPDC, 2002
Registration Status of Nonprofit Organizations in Pakistan Ordinance/Acts Societies Registration Act, 1860 Voluntary Social Welfare Agencies Ordinance, 1961 The Trust Act, 1882 The Companies Ordinance (Section 42), 1984 Registered Under Other Acts Unregistered- Applied for Registration Unregistered- Not interested in Registration Percentage 40.5 15.2 5.8 0.3 0.1 4.0 34.1 Source: John Hopkins, SPDC, 2002
Universe of registered NPOs in Pakistan Area Societies Registration Act 1860 Voluntary SW Agencies Ord 1961 Companies Ordinance 1984 Total Punjab 27702 5421 45 33168 Sindh 11877 4572 442 16891 NWFP 1343 1675 15 3033 Baluchistan 2085 1035 7 3127 Total 43007 12703 509 56219 Percentage 76% 23% 1% 100% -- Source: John Hopkins, SPDC, 2002
Sectoral Composition Civil rights and advocacy 18% Business & professional associations 4% Religion 5% Culture and recreation 5% Development and housing 7% Environment 0.2% Health Social services 6% 8% Education and research 47% --Source: John Hopkins, SPDC, 2002
Estimated Revenue Structure of Nonprofit Organizations Fees and Charges Fees/User Charges Sales Proceeds Membership Other Income Public Sector Payments Indigenous Philanthropy Foundation/Trust/ Donors Business Direct Individual International Aid Agencies Business Direct Individual Total Fees and Charges Total Indigenous Philanthropy Total International Cash 34% 4% 4% 8% 50% --Source: John Hopkins, SPDC, 2002 In Kind 6% 4% 3% 10% 0.95% 7% 34% 76% 37% 93% 4% 2% 2% 0.59% 0.03% 6% 2%
Percentage Distribution of NPOs Established Since 1947 Broad Category 1942-1958 1959-1971 1972-1977 1978-1987 1988-2001 Madrassa & other religious education 27 26 23 21 20 Social welfare 16 13 17 20 21 Primary and Secondary education 9 5 13 14 10 Vocational/ technical education 0 7 19 5 4 Lobbying (for civic amenities) 7 11 15 12 14 Health 16 9 4 6 8 Community and neighbourhood improvement 2 1 5 4 4 Religious activities, preaching 7 3 1 2 3 Civil rights promotion 0 1 0 1 2 Others 18 24 3 15 14 Total 100 100 100 100 100 NPOs by Year of Establishment (%) 1.3 3.0 9.0 27.4 54.4 Source: John Hopkins, SPDC, 2002
Corporate Giving Top 25 PLCs contributed Total giving by 568 PLCs for 4 years PKR 1.34 bn 50 % of PLCs Give Average donation has increased from Rs. 0.46 m in 2000 to 0.9 m in 2003 PKR 842.7 m (63%) Contribution by 543 PLCs PKR 493.5 m (37%)
Corporate contributions Total Giving of PLCs by Sector Health 30.00% Education Housing/water/child welfare/ orphans/special children Disaster Relief & Rehabilitation 3.10% 14.50% 29.5% Religious Causes 4.50% Culture/Arts/Sports 5.20% Environment 6.50% Others 6.60%
Challenges for the sector Limited credibility Transparency disclosure of information Governance structures Responsiveness to beneficiaries Weak regulatory regime Financial Sustainability Non-diversified/ limited resource base: NPO Sector Revenues Government: 6%, Donors: 6% 88% Indigenous Contributions Charges. Very limited outreach
Poverty Reduction & MDGs Goals 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality & empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development Role of Civil Society: Track, monitor, build consensus and develop programmes for effective implementation Move the Millennium commitments from global to local level Create links between global target setting & national priority setting. Re-energize global political constituencies to accelerate progress Generate public awareness and debate for action around the development challenges Build alliances across and within countries, working with national governments, civil society, the private sector, international financial institutions and other development partners.
U1 Thank you
Slide 17 U1 Uzma, 9/26/2005