Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231)

Occupational Snapshot 2016-2025 Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) The Asia Pacific Gateway Corridor (APGC) Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians provide technical support and services to scientists, engineers and other professionals, or may work independently in fields such as structural engineering, municipal engineering, construction design and supervision, highways and transportation engineering, water resources engineering, geotechnical engineering and environmental protection. They are employed by consulting engineering and construction companies, public works, transportation and other government departments and in many other industries. For more information, see Appendix A. Example Job Titles: Bridge design technician Building materials technician Civil engineering technician Civil engineering technologist Construction technologist Foundation technologist Highway technician Municipal engineering assistant Soil technologist civil engineering Specifications writer, construction Structural design technologist Structural investigator About this report Labour information is data about the supply of and demand for labour in key occupations, sectors, and regions of the economy. The Asia Pacific Gateway Skills Table (APGST) and its partners developed this report to provide comprehensive and up-to-date information on employment needs over a 5- and 10- year forecast period, with a focus on Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians. Reports are also available covering regional and sector outlooks, as are Occupational Snapshots for an additional 33 occupations considered essential to the Asia Pacific Gateway Corridor (APGC). The snapshots contain detailed supply and demand information, highlights, and data tables. Reports can be found at lmionline.ca. This report provides in-depth information about Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) in the APGC that can be used to facilitate labour planning for decision-makers and employers, and can help workers make informed choices about their careers and futures. The APGST generates the information in these reports from a labour forecast based on three economic scenarios: the High Investment Scenario, Moderate Investment Scenario, and Investment Scenario. The analysis that follows, unless otherwise indicated, is for the APGC as a whole and is based on a Moderate Investment Scenario, which includes projects that are underway as well as planned and likely to proceed. Provincial information is included for British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. For more information, see Appendix B. Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 1

Table of Contents About this report... 1 Executive Summary... 3 Key Facts 2016 2025... 4 HIRING DIFFICULTY INDEX... 4 LABOUR DEMAND... 5 Expansion... 6 LABOUR SUPPLY... 6 Replacement... 7 Base... 7 New... 8 The APGC Labour Market: Three Economic Scenarios... 11 Conclusions... 12 APPENDICES... 13 Appendix A Duties and Educational Requirements... 13 Appendix B Data Tables by Province and Economic Scenario... 14 The Asia Pacific Gateway Skills Table wishes to acknowledge the funding support from the Government of Canada s Sectoral Initiatives Program. -- The opinions and interpretations in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Government of Canada. Additional 2016 APGC LMI Products: Occupational Snapshots Regional Outlooks Sector Outlooks APGST LMI Backgrounder More information can be found at www.lmionline.ca, or contact the Skills Table at info@apgst.ca or 604.684.1471. Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 2

Executive Summary BY THE NUMBERS 28% 67% 24% reliance on Immigration as a source of new workers See page 9 for more information on Immigration. of New are New Entrants to the labour See page 8 for more information on New. of today s Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians will leave the job by 2025 See page 7 for more information on Replacement. The demand for Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians is expected to be strong over the next 10 years, except in Manitoba. Employers will have some finding enough Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians to fill Job Openings over the whole of the forecast period. Over the next 10 years, it is expected that: 2,800 Civil Engineering Technologist and Technician Job Openings will be created. Close to 24% of today s Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians, approximately 1,935, will retire and leave the labour by 2025. The number of Civil Engineering Technologist and Technician positions will increase by 11%. In the APGC, Replacement 1 will create the majority (69%) of Job Openings for Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians. Expansion accounts for 31% of Job Openings. In Alberta, 41% of Job Openings will be from Expansion. Replacement will be a significant driver of Job Openings in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, accounting for 81% and 89% respectively. The 2,790 new Civil Engineering Technologist and Technicians are forecast to be made up of: 1,865 New Entrants (67%) 795 workers new to Canada (28%) 205 workers Civil Engineering Technologist and Technician positions and moving to other occupations or other parts of the labour force (-7%) 335 workers from provinces outside of the APGC (12%) 35% of Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians live in BC, 52% live in Alberta, 7% live in Saskatchewan, and 7% live in Manitoba. 1 Workers who retire and leave the labour force and those who die. Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 3

Key Facts 2016 2025 This forecast provides important information about supply and demand for Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians in the APGC and the four provinces that it covers. The first 5 years of the forecast show a growing economy, with the next 5 years showing many workers retiring from the 34 occupations. The Asia Pacific Gateway Corridor is forecast to grow in the 10 years of the forecast as trade activity between North America and Asia continues to expand. This growth will increase the need for an available, well-trained workforce. The overall forecast shows stable but challenging conditions for employers looking to fill Job Openings for all 34 occupations starting in 2017, with Replacement generating increasingly more Job Openings in the second half of the forecast period. HIRING DIFFICULTY INDEX The Hiring y Index assesses the overall for employers who are trying to hire in the labour. It aggregates five metrics and combines them to provide a single measure that reflects the different interactions between the labour components. For example, the metrics can show the ratio of workers to Job Openings (the Market Tightness) as Tight, with International Reliance and Lag and Mobility positive (i.e., workers are moving in), while the Loss of Experience is Moderate and the reliance on New Entrants is Extreme. This implies quite different labour conditions than a situation where the Market Tightness is Tightening (i.e., less difficult) but International Reliance is High, supply is growing much more slowly than Job Openings, and a high portion of current workers are to work in other provinces. Employers will have some finding enough Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians to fill Job Openings over the whole of the forecast period (Table 1). Table 1 Hiring y Index 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Oversupplied 0-8 9-15 16-22 23-29 Extremely difficult 30+ Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 4

LABOUR DEMAND 11% increase in Civil Engineering Technologist and Technician positions between 2016 and 2025 Labour Demand is the number of jobs available for workers who have the skills and/or required certifications to be considered qualified to work in each occupation each year. Civil Engineering Technologist and Technician positions are forecast to increase by 885 over the 10-year forecast: 255 in BC 625 in Alberta 30 in Saskatchewan Decline by 20 positions in Manitoba In the APGC, 2,800 Job Openings for Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians are expected to be created from growth and retirements, with: 1,270 in BC 1,290 in Alberta 110 in Saskatchewan 135 in Manitoba These Job Openings will peak in 2018 and then decline steadily to 2025. 2016 shows much more varied economic conditions, with growth in Job Openings in BC and Manitoba and contraction in Alberta and Saskatchewan. All four provinces show slow but steady declines from 2019 onward (Figure 1). 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0-50 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 APGC British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Figure 1 Total Job Openings, APGC, Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 5

Expansion Expansion Demand is defined as the number of Job Openings in an occupation created by economic or business growth. In the APGC, Expansion accounts for 31% of Civil Engineering Technologist and Technician Job Openings over the entire forecast period. In BC, Expansion accounts for 23% of Job Openings, with 30% in the first 5 years. In Alberta, it is 41% over the forecast period but lower at 39% in the first 5 years. Saskatchewan shows the greatest variation, with Expansion generating 19% of Job Openings over the forecast period and 36% in the first 5 years. In Manitoba, it is 11% over the forecast period (Table 2). Table 2 Demand and Job Openings for Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) Province Average Annual Number of Jobs Total Job Openings, 2016 2025 Jobs Created by Expansion, 2016 2020 Jobs Created by Expansion, 2021 2025 Expansion Demand as a % of Job Openings British Columbia 2,909 1,270 220 80 23% Alberta 4,370 1,290 225 305 41% Saskatchewan 565 110 25-5 19% Manitoba 580 135 5 5 11% APGC 8,430 2,800 480 385 31% LABOUR SUPPLY 28% of the New of Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians is from Immigration Labour is the number of workers who have the skills and/or certifications to be qualified to work in each occupation each year, including those who are newly trained, have moved from other provinces or countries, or have moved from other occupations. In the APGC, labour supply is expected to grow by about 830 workers over the 10 years of the forecast, with: 250 in BC 565 in Alberta 25 in Saskatchewan Decline by 20 in Manitoba On average, Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians are 41 years old, with Saskatchewan averaging 37 and BC averaging 44. Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 6

Replacement Replacement Demand is defined as the number of Job Openings created by workers who leave each occupation, and the labour as a whole, due to retirement or death each year. Replacement continues to be a significant driver of Job Openings, although its impact is declining as more workers remain in the workforce after the age of 65, and the impact of the baby boom generation moving out of the workforce lessens. In the APGC, Replacement will create 1,935 Job Openings over the 10 years of the forecast (Table 3). Table 3 Impact of Replacement on Job Openings Province Job Openings Created by Replacement, 2016 2020 Job Openings Created by Replacement, 2021 2025 % Job Openings Created by Replacement British Columbia 520 455 77% Alberta 365 395 59% Saskatchewan 40 45 81% Manitoba 60 60 89% APGC 985 950 69% Loss of Experience assesses the rate at which experienced workers are retiring in relation to the number of Job Openings. Between 2017 and 2023, the rate of loss is Medium. It is High in the remainder of the forecast (Table 4). Table 4 Loss of Experience Measure 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 High Medium High Medium High 35% of Job Openings represented by Replacement 35%-70% of Job Openings represented by Replacement More than 70% of Job Openings represented by Replacement Base Base is a measure of the decline in the number of workers who are active in an occupation at the beginning of the forecast and subsequently leave due to Replacement over the forecast period. Base is calculated as the total supply less the average number of unemployed workers, less Replacement from each year of the forecast. Base calculations demonstrate the changes in each year of the forecast period to the cohort of workers as compared with the first year of the forecast. In the APGC, Base is expected to decline by an average of 24% over the forecast period, with the decline higher in BC and Manitoba (Table 5). Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 7

Table 5 Changes to Base Labour Province Base, 2016 Decline, 2016 2020 % Decline, 2016 2025 British Columbia 2,806-520 -19% -975-35% Alberta 4,205-365 -9% -760-18% Saskatchewan 560-40 -7% -85-16% Manitoba 605-60 -10% -120-20% APGC 8,170-985 -12% -1,935-24% % New New is defined as the number of workers who are new to the occupation from Immigration, other provinces or regions, or other parts of the labour force, or who are New Entrants newly trained and new to the workforce. The Lag Measure assesses the extent to which New is keeping pace with Job Openings. It allows for an assessment of the extent to which conditions are tightening or loosening in the labour. Risk increases in 2017, declines starting in 2019, and becomes in 2022 where it remains for the balance of the forecast period (Table 6). Table 6 Lag Measure 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Medium High Medium Count too small Job Openings or New is less than 6 New is 0 or negative New is 97% or more of Job Openings Medium New is 93-97% of Job Openings High New is 93% or less of Job Openings The forecast shows New is keeping pace with Job Openings for the APGC and for BC, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. In Alberta, supply does not keep pace with Job Openings in the first 5 years, but stabilizes in the second half of the forecast (Table 7). Table 7 Labour Characteristics, 2016 2025 Province Average Number of Qualified Workers New Entrants International Mobility Mobility Labour Force Mobility British Columbia 3,045 620 460 230-25 Alberta 4,585 965 280 120-95 Saskatchewan 590 140 55-15 -70 Manitoba 605 140 0 0-15 APGC 8,825 1,850 795 335-205 Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 8

The composition of New will change over the forecast period, with increasing reliance on workers from other provinces and a shrinking portion of the workforce for other occupations (Figure 2). Percent of Total New 125% 75% 25% -25% -75% -125% New Entrants International Mobility Mobility Labour Force Mobility 2016 2025 Figure 2 Components of New, Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians, APGC, 2016 and 2025 New Entrants (workers who are newly trained and new to the workforce) are forecast to represent 67% of New in the APGC. Provincially, New Entrants represent: 48% in BC 76% in Alberta 128% in Saskatchewan (which loses workers to other occupations and other provinces) 109% in Manitoba which loses workers to other occupations) New Entrants refers to the number of graduates from school or training programs who are filling Job Openings. The number of New Entrants takes previous participation in the labour force into consideration. If a new graduate has never worked before, they would be counted as a New Entrant; if a new graduate worked 25% of the year prior to graduating, they would be counted as 0.75 of a New Entrant. The number of New Entrants may not match administrative data for graduates, as graduates do not always end up in the labour force. Immigration (workers coming from other countries) is expected to add a further 28% to the total New of labour in the APGC. Provincially, Immigration represents: 36% in BC 22% in Alberta 51% in Saskatchewan 1% in Manitoba The International Reliance Measure assesses the extent to which the New of workers is dependent on workers from other countries. Given that the levers that control Immigration are not in the control of employers, this measure provides insight into the potential for New expectations to be influenced by changes in Immigration policy. Reliance on Immigration for Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians is Medium for most of the forecast period (Table 8). Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 9

Table 8 International Reliance Measure for Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Extreme High Medium None Medium High Extreme New is 0 or negative International workers are not part of New Less than 10% of New represented by Immigration 10% to 25% of New represented by Immigration 25% to 50% of New represented by Immigration 50% or more of New represented by Immigration Mobility (workers moving into the APGC from other provinces) will increase New by 12%. Interprovincial Mobility: Accounts for 18% in BC Accounts for 9% in Alberta Reduces the workforce in Saskatchewan by 15% of New Adds 1% in Manitoba The Mobility Measure demonstrates the extent to which movement into or out of the province affects the supply of workers available to fill Job Openings. For most of the forecast period, workers will be moving into the APGC (Table 9). Table 9 Mobility Measure 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Fewer Jobs Moving In Fewer jobs The number of positions (demand) has declined from the previous year No Job Openings There are 0 Job Openings No Mobility Net Mobility is 0 Moving in Workers are moving to the province 10% or less of workers Moderate 10% to 25% of workers High 25% to 50% of workers Extreme 50% or more of workers Labour Force Mobility (workers from other occupations and those returning to the labour force) will reduce the number of Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians by 7% of New in the APGC. Provincially, Labour Force Mobility: Reduces the workforce by 2% of New in BC Reduces the workforce by 8% of New in Alberta Reduces the workforce by 65% of New in Saskatchewan Reduces the workforce by 11% of New in Manitoba Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 10

The APGC Labour Market: Three Economic Scenarios The Investment Scenario is conservative. It includes projects that are underway or certain to proceed, for a total of $103.5B from 2016-2025. 22% of this investment is in BC, 49% is in Alberta, 13% is in Saskatchewan and 16% is in Manitoba. The Moderate Investment Scenario is the expected scenario. It adds projects that are planned and likely to proceed, for a total of $165.1B in investments from 2016-2025. 36% of this investment is in BC, 35% is in Alberta, 17% is in Saskatchewan and 11% is in Manitoba. The High Investment Scenario is optimistic. It adds projects that have been announced, but with more distant start dates or more regulatory approvals needed to proceed, for a total of $304.9B in investment from 2016-2025. 31% of this investment is in BC, 46% is in Alberta, 16% is in Saskatchewan and 6% is in Manitoba. The APGST generates the information in these reports from a labour forecast based on three economic scenarios: the High Investment Scenario, Moderate Investment Scenario and Investment Scenario. The analysis in this report is based on the Moderate Investment Scenario, unless otherwise indicated. In the APGC, the High Investment Scenario will generate a total of about 370 more Job Openings than the Investment Scenario (30%) in the first 5 years of the forecast (2016 to 2020). In the final 5 years (2021 to 2025), the Investment Scenario outperforms the High by just over 460 Job Openings, for a net effect that has the Scenario generating about 95 more Job Openings (-3%) than the High. This pattern also holds true for Alberta. BC shows the largest scenario impact, with 49% more Job Openings from the High Investment Scenario in the first 5 years and 10% more over the full 10 years. Saskatchewan and Manitoba also show the Investment Scenario outperforming the High in the second half of the forecast. This is largely due to the economic impact of an overstimulated economy (Figure 3). 300 250 200 Job Openings 150 100 50 0-50 -100-150 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Moderate High Figure 3 Expansion Demand by Scenario, APGC, Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians, 2016-2025 Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 11

Conclusions The labour looks difficult for employers looking to fill Civil Engineering Technologist and Technician Job Openings over most of the 10 years of the forecast period, in the APGC as a whole as well as in BC and Manitoba. This is due to the loss of workers to other occupations, and more to the loss of experienced workers to retirement than it is to new demand for workers created by economic growth. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the conditions are somewhat less difficult; this is largely the result of the more challenging economics related to commodity and oil price forecasts for these two provinces. Employers can reduce the impacts of the forecast conditions by building programs and strategies to ensure an adequate labour supply. strategies to help employers gain access to workers and enhance productivity in this environment include: Developing retention and recruitment programs for experienced workers as central tools for expanding and maintaining a workforce Developing and supporting work experience, co-op, and internship programs to help build experience in newly trained workers Reviewing hiring and job requirements with a focus on transferability from other occupations and other sectors Offering job sharing and flexible working conditions as incentives Developing programs aimed at retaining mature workers to help maintain corporate memory Examining workforce retention and recruitment programs for mature workers to extend the working lives of current employees Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 12

APPENDICES Appendix A Duties and Educational Requirements Civil Engineering Technologists perform some or all of the following duties: Develop engineering designs and drawings from preliminary concepts and sketches Prepare construction specifications, cost and material estimates, project schedules and reports Supervise or conduct field surveys, inspections or technical investigations of topography, soils, drainage and water supply systems, road and highway systems, buildings and structures to provide data for engineering projects Conduct or supervise inspection and testing of construction materials May supervise, monitor and inspect construction projects Civil Engineering Technicians perform some or all of the following duties: Assist in developing engineering specifications and drawings Participate in field surveys, inspections or technical investigations of topography, soils, drainage and water supply systems, road and highway systems, buildings and structures to provide data for engineering projects Perform other technical functions in support of civil engineering activities Educational Requirements Completion of a two- or three-year college program in civil engineering technology or a closely related discipline is usually required for civil engineering technologists. Completion of a one- or two-year college program in civil engineering technology is usually required for civil engineering technicians. Certification in civil engineering technology or in a related field is available through provincial associations of engineering/applied science technologists and technicians and may be required for some positions. A period of supervised work experience, usually two years, is required before certification. Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 13

Appendix B Data Tables by Province and Economic Scenario Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) Note: Market Tightness: Assesses the tightness of the labour ; i.e., the degree of difficulty an employer may experience in trying to hire into the occupation. 1 - Excess supply More than 60% higher than normal unemployment 2 - Balanced supply and demand Between 30-60% higher than normal unemployment 3 - Nearing a tight labour Between 0-30% higher than normal unemployment 4 - Excess demand, limited supply Below normal unemployment APGC, Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Employment 7,938 7,739 7,955 7,853 7,892 7,986 8,099 8,208 8,297 8,380 8,499 8,599 8,682 Expansion Demand 295-211 225-108 39 95 116 111 91 85 122 103 85 Replacement Demand 145 155 198 201 198 196 195 194 192 190 188 187 185 Job Openings 440-56 423 92 236 291 311 305 283 275 310 289 270 Net New Positions - -199 216-102 39 94 113 109 89 83 119 100 83 Labour Force 8,267 8,101 8,348 8,327 8,374 8,458 8,559 8,658 8,744 8,828 8,940 9,042 9,128 Net New 391-12 446 179 244 280 296 293 277 273 300 289 271 New Entrants 191 182 187 183 180 180 180 180 181 184 189 191 192 International Mobility -390-3,483 91 183 167 60 77 99 89 61 66 61 57 Mobility 105-635 67 5-51 -2 9 18 31 46 55 52 37 Labour Force Mobility 485 3,924 101-192 -52 42 30-4 -24-18 -10-15 -15 Average Age 39 42 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 40 40 Market Tightness 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Mobility Moving in Fewer jobs Moving in Moving in Moderate Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Lag High Medium Medium Medium Medium International Reliance None Medium Extreme Extreme Medium High High High Medium Medium Medium Medium Loss of Experience Medium High High Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 14

APGC, Moderate Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Employment 7,938 7,739 7,955 7,918 8,037 8,184 8,311 8,424 8,524 8,618 8,700 8,755 8,804 Expansion Demand 295-211 225-41 123 151 130 116 102 96 83 55 49 Replacement Demand 145 155 198 201 197 196 196 195 194 192 190 189 187 Job Openings 440-56 423 160 320 347 326 311 295 288 274 244 237 Net New Positions - -199 216-37 119 147 127 113 100 94 82 55 49 Labour Force 8,267 8,101 8,348 8,371 8,476 8,599 8,711 8,807 8,896 8,986 9,072 9,140 9,201 Net New 391-12 446 222 302 320 308 291 283 283 276 258 247 New Entrants 191 182 187 184 182 183 184 183 185 188 191 193 193 International Mobility -390-3,483 91 281 114 62 71 66 47 30 35 42 46 Mobility 105-635 67-20 7 28 30 37 54 71 60 42 27 Labour Force Mobility 485 3,924 101-223 -1 47 23 5-3 -6-10 -19-19 Average Age 39 42 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 40 40 Market Tightness 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Mobility Moving in Fewer jobs Moving in Fewer jobs Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Lag High Medium High Medium Medium Medium International Reliance None Medium Extreme High Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Loss of Experience Medium High Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 15

APGC, High Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Employment 7,938 7,739 7,955 8,092 8,346 8,506 8,608 8,678 8,722 8,775 8,770 8,785 8,812 Expansion Demand 295-211 225 141 264 164 104 70 44 52-7 13 27 Replacement Demand 145 155 198 201 163 165 166 166 166 168 167 167 168 Job Openings 440-56 423 341 427 329 270 236 210 221 161 180 194 Net New Positions - -199 216 137 254 160 102 70 44 53-5 15 27 Labour Force 8,267 8,101 8,348 8,488 8,697 8,835 8,925 8,989 9,036 9,096 9,124 9,161 9,203 Net New 391-12 446 340 373 303 256 230 214 228 197 204 210 New Entrants 191 182 187 187 187 188 188 187 187 190 192 193 193 International Mobility -390-3,483 91 2,999 59 36 36 32-54 96 40 5 365 Mobility 105-635 67 55 77 54 29 15 7 13 4 26-327 Labour Force Mobility 485 3,924 101-2,901 50 25 3-4 74-71 -39-20 -21 Average Age 39 42 41 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 Market Tightness 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 Mobility Moving in Fewer jobs Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Lag High High High Medium International Reliance None Extreme Medium Extreme Medium Medium Medium Medium None High Medium Extreme Loss of Experience Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High High High High High Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 16

BC, Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Oversupplied Employment 2,761 2,480 2,692 2,731 2,753 2,766 2,770 2,770 2,778 2,793 2,838 2,877 2,907 Expansion Demand 130-297 220 39 21 11 2-2 7 14 45 39 29 Replacement Demand 64 70 106 107 106 104 102 99 96 92 89 86 83 Job Openings 194-227 326 147 126 115 104 98 103 106 134 125 113 Net New Positions - -281 212 39 22 13 4 0 8 15 45 39 30 Labour Force 2,907 2,654 2,816 2,870 2,905 2,931 2,947 2,956 2,963 2,971 3,003 3,034 3,057 Net New 159-182 268 161 141 130 118 108 103 101 121 117 107 New Entrants 67 59 63 63 62 62 61 60 60 60 60 60 59 International Mobility -368-3,105 83 61 44 45 51 70 73 56 45 38 33 Mobility 23-828 46 52 30 8-5 -11-2 12 22 24 20 Labour Force Mobility 437 3,692 76-15 5 15 11-11 -28-27 -6-5 -5 Average Age 42 48 47 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 42 Market Tightness 3 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 Mobility Moving in Fewer jobs Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moderate Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Lag High High Medium High Medium Medium International Reliance None High High High High High Extreme Extreme Extreme High High High Loss of Experience High High High High High High High Medium Medium High Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 17

BC, Moderate Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Oversupplied Employment 2,761 2,480 2,692 2,741 2,811 2,878 2,900 2,911 2,934 2,958 2,978 2,986 2,995 Expansion Demand 130-297 220 49 72 68 21 10 22 24 19 6 7 Replacement Demand 64 70 106 107 106 104 103 100 97 94 91 88 85 Job Openings 194-227 326 156 178 172 124 110 119 118 110 94 91 Net New Positions - -281 212 49 70 67 22 11 23 24 20 8 9 Labour Force 2,907 2,654 2,816 2,875 2,944 3,012 3,046 3,061 3,077 3,094 3,109 3,118 3,127 Net New 159-182 268 167 175 172 135 116 114 111 106 97 94 New Entrants 67 59 63 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 62 61 61 International Mobility -368-3,105 83 60 48 49 48 51 55 51 35 30 31 Mobility 23-828 46 52 41 30 14 7 15 23 20 16 13 Labour Force Mobility 437 3,692 76-8 23 30 10-4 -18-25 -11-10 -11 Average Age 42 48 47 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 42 Market Tightness 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Mobility Moving in Fewer jobs Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Lag High High Medium Medium Medium International Reliance None High High High High High High High High High High High Loss of Experience Medium Medium Medium High High High High High High High Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 18

BC, High Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Oversupplied Employment 2,761 2,480 2,692 2,832 2,980 3,042 3,054 3,041 3,031 3,030 3,012 3,003 3,004 Expansion Demand 130-297 220 145 153 63 10-15 -13-3 -21-12 0 Replacement Demand 64 70 106 107 107 106 104 102 99 95 91 88 85 Job Openings 194-227 326 252 259 169 114 87 86 92 70 77 85 Net New Positions - -281 212 140 148 62 12-13 -10-1 -18-9 1 Labour Force 2,907 2,654 2,816 2,938 3,069 3,137 3,159 3,156 3,149 3,149 3,140 3,138 3,142 Net New 159-182 268 229 237 174 126 98 92 95 82 86 89 New Entrants 67 59 63 64 65 66 65 64 63 63 62 62 61 International Mobility -368-3,105 83 62 51 41 37 37 49 58 29 28 31 Mobility 23-828 46 74 78 46 20 7 6 10 7 8 8 Labour Force Mobility 437 3,692 76 29 43 21 4-10 -26-36 -16-12 -11 Average Age 42 48 47 46 45 44 44 43 43 43 42 42 42 Market Tightness 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 Mobility Moving in Fewer jobs Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Lag High High High High International Reliance None High High Medium Medium High High Extreme Extreme High High High Loss of Experience Medium Medium Medium High High High High High High High Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 19

Alberta, Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Oversupplied Employment 3,997 4,140 4,147 4,005 4,021 4,104 4,203 4,306 4,387 4,456 4,526 4,584 4,629 Expansion Demand 58 148 8-148 17 87 103 107 84 72 73 60 47 Replacement Demand 67 68 70 72 70 71 72 74 75 77 78 79 81 Job Openings 125 217 78-76 87 158 175 181 159 149 151 139 128 Net New Positions - 143 7-142 16 83 99 103 81 69 70 58 45 Labour Force 4,143 4,281 4,366 4,291 4,296 4,354 4,432 4,517 4,596 4,672 4,748 4,816 4,873 Net New 138 206 155-3 76 129 150 159 154 151 155 148 138 New Entrants 94 95 95 93 91 91 92 93 95 97 101 103 104 International Mobility 37 83 10 71 24 37 33 29 25 24 27 28 26 Mobility 29 65 21-31 -18-11 13 28 33 33 33 27 17 Labour Force Mobility -22-37 29-136 -21 12 12 9 1-3 -6-10 -9 Average Age 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 Market Tightness 4 4 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 Mobility Moving in Moving in Moving in Fewer jobs Lag Medium International Reliance High High Count too small Moderate Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in High High High High Medium High High Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Loss of Experience Medium High High Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 20

Alberta, Moderate Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Employment 3,997 4,140 4,147 4,036 4,065 4,157 4,259 4,366 4,449 4,520 4,581 4,626 4,661 Expansion Demand 58 148 8-116 30 95 106 112 86 74 63 47 36 Replacement Demand 67 68 70 72 71 72 73 75 76 77 79 80 81 Job Openings 125 217 78-44 101 167 179 186 162 152 142 127 118 Net New Positions - 143 7-111 29 92 102 107 83 71 61 45 35 Labour Force 4,143 4,281 4,366 4,311 4,324 4,386 4,464 4,550 4,628 4,703 4,773 4,831 4,878 Net New 138 206 155 16 84 134 151 161 153 152 148 138 129 New Entrants 94 95 95 93 91 92 93 94 95 98 101 103 104 International Mobility 37 83 10 19 45 34 32 30 26 25 25 23 19 Mobility 29 65 21-6 -29-7 13 27 30 31 28 20 13 Labour Force Mobility -22-37 29-90 -23 15 13 10 2-2 -6-8 -7 Average Age 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 Market Tightness 4 4 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Mobility Moving in Moving in Moving in Fewer jobs High Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Lag Medium High High High High Medium International Reliance High High Extreme Extreme High Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Loss of Experience Medium High High Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 21

Alberta, High Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Employment 3,997 4,140 4,147 4,105 4,171 4,264 4,355 4,445 4,509 4,571 4,605 4,635 4,662 Expansion Demand 58 148 8-44 68 97 95 93 67 64 35 32 27 Replacement Demand 67 68 70 72 34 36 39 42 45 49 53 56 60 Job Openings 125 217 78 28 102 133 134 135 113 113 87 88 87 Net New Positions - 143 7-42 66 93 91 90 64 62 34 30 27 Labour Force 4,143 4,281 4,366 4,353 4,393 4,457 4,527 4,600 4,664 4,731 4,784 4,830 4,869 Net New 138 206 155 59 74 100 109 115 109 116 105 101 99 New Entrants 94 95 95 94 93 93 94 95 96 99 101 103 104 International Mobility 37 83 10 2,902-16 3 7 9 6 8 2-1 -4 Mobility 29 65 21-8 3 1 4 7 6 9 2-1 -2 Labour Force Mobility -22-37 29-2,929-6 3 4 4 1 0 0 0 1 Average Age 39 39 39 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 Market Tightness 4 4 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 Mobility Moving in Moving in Moving in Fewer jobs Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Lag Medium High High High High Medium International Reliance High High Extreme None None None Loss of Experience Medium High High Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 22

Saskatchewan, Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Employment 617 561 553 525 524 541 562 570 568 566 567 570 574 Expansion Demand 147-58 -8-29 -1 17 21 8-1 -3 1 3 5 Replacement Demand 5 6 9 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 Job Openings 152-52 1-20 8 26 30 18 8 7 11 13 15 Net New Positions - -56-8 -28-1 17 21 8-2 -2 1 3 4 Labour Force 622 581 577 553 553 568 587 595 595 593 594 597 601 Net New 126-35 6-15 9 24 29 18 9 7 12 13 14 New Entrants 16 14 14 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 International Mobility 87-245 -4 6 90 9 9 4-8 -19-5 -2 0 Mobility 3 37 2-3 -60-6 -3 0 0 0 1 0 0 Labour Force Mobility 20 159-6 -31-34 8 9 0 3 12 2 1 0 Average Age 33 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 Market Tightness 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Mobility Moving in Moving in Moving in Fewer jobs Fewer jobs High Lag High High Medium Medium International Reliance Extreme None Moderate No Mobility No Mobility No Mobility Moving in No Mobility No Mobility Extreme High High Medium None None None None None Loss of Experience High High Medium High High High High Medium Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 23

Saskatchewan, Moderate Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Employment 617 561 553 545 556 562 575 577 572 569 568 569 573 Expansion Demand 147-58 -8-9 12 6 14 1-5 -3-1 2 4 Replacement Demand 5 6 9 10 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 Job Openings 152-52 1 1 20 14 22 10 3 6 8 11 14 Net New Positions - -56-8 -8 11 6 13 2-5 -3-1 1 4 Labour Force 622 581 577 570 580 586 599 600 596 594 593 594 597 Net New 126-35 6 3 18 14 21 10 4 7 8 11 13 New Entrants 16 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 International Mobility 87-245 -4 160 5 0 6-6 -30-45 -24-8 -2 Mobility 3 37 2-52 -2 0-1 1 6 16 11 4 1 Labour Force Mobility 20 159-6 -119 1 0 2 1 14 22 7 1 0 Average Age 33 36 36 35 35 36 36 36 37 37 38 38 38 Market Tightness 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 Mobility Moving in Moving in Moving in Fewer jobs Lag High International Reliance Extreme Count too small Moderate No Mobility High Medium Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Count too small High None Extreme High None High None None None None None None Loss of Experience High High Medium Medium Medium High High High High High High Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 24

Saskatchewan, High Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Oversupplied Employment 617 561 553 557 589 607 616 613 602 593 574 567 565 Expansion Demand 147-58 -8 4 34 19 9-3 -11-10 -20-7 -2 Replacement Demand 5 6 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 12 12 11 11 Job Openings 152-52 1 14 43 29 19 8-1 3-8 4 9 Net New Positions - -56-8 4 32 18 9-3 -11-9 -19-7 -2 Labour Force 622 581 577 580 608 624 633 631 622 615 600 593 592 Net New 126-35 6 12 38 27 19 8 2 5-5 5 9 New Entrants 16 14 14 14 14 14 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 International Mobility 87-245 -4-3 11 9 5-8 -105 32 12-18 340 Mobility 3 37 2 1 0 2 1-2 -7-7 -8 17-333 Labour Force Mobility 20 159-6 0 13 2-2 4 100-34 -23-8 -12 Average Age 33 36 36 37 37 37 37 37 39 38 38 38 38 Market Tightness 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 Mobility Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in No Mobility Lag High High High Medium International Reliance Extreme Moving in Moving in Fewer jobs Fewer jobs Fewer jobs Fewer jobs Moving in Fewer jobs Count too small Count too small None None High High High None None Extreme Loss of Experience High High Medium High High High High Count too small Count too small None Extreme Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 25

Manitoba, Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Extremely difficult Oversupplied Employment 563 559 563 591 594 575 564 562 563 564 568 569 571 Expansion Demand -40-4 5 29 3-20 -11-3 1 1 3 1 3 Replacement Demand 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 Job Openings -31 6 17 42 15-8 1 9 13 13 15 13 14 Net New Positions - -4 4 28 3-19 -11-2 1 1 4 1 2 Labour Force 594 585 590 613 619 604 593 590 591 592 594 594 596 Net New -29 1 17 36 19-2 1 8 13 13 14 12 13 New Entrants 15 14 14 15 15 14 14 13 14 14 14 14 14 International Mobility -146-215 2 46 10-31 -15-4 -1-1 0-2 -1 Mobility 51 92-1 -14-3 8 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 Labour Force Mobility 51 110 2-11 -3 7-2 -2 0 0 0-1 0 Average Age 37 39 39 39 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 Market Tightness 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Mobility Moving in Moving in High Moderate Lag Medium High High International Reliance None Medium Extreme Extreme Moving in Moving in Moving in Count too small Count too small No Mobility No Mobility No Mobility Moving in No Mobility High Medium High High None None None None None None None Loss of Experience High High High High High High High High High High Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 26

Manitoba, Moderate Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Extremely difficult Oversupplied Oversupplied Employment 563 559 563 596 605 588 577 570 569 571 573 574 576 Expansion Demand -40-4 5 34 9-18 -11-7 -1 1 2 1 3 Replacement Demand 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 Job Openings -31 6 17 47 21-5 1 5 11 13 14 12 14 Net New Positions - -4 4 33 9-17 -11-7 -1 2 2 1 2 Labour Force 594 585 590 616 628 615 603 596 595 595 597 597 598 Net New -29 1 17 39 24-1 0 6 11 12 14 11 14 New Entrants 15 14 14 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 International Mobility -146-215 2 42 15-22 -15-8 -4-2 -1-3 -1 Mobility 51 92-1 -13-4 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 Labour Force Mobility 51 110 2-5 -2 2-3 -3-1 -1 0-1 0 Average Age 37 39 39 39 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 Market Tightness 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 Mobility Moving in Moving in High Moderate Lag Medium High High International Reliance None Medium Extreme Extreme Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Count too small Loss of Experience High High Medium Count too small No new supply High High None None None None None None High High High High High High Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 27

Manitoba, High Investment Scenario Hiring y Index Extremely difficult Oversupplied Employment 563 559 563 597 607 592 584 579 579 580 579 580 581 Expansion Demand -40-4 5 35 10-15 -9-5 1 1-1 0 2 Replacement Demand 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 Job Openings -31 6 17 48 22-3 3 7 12 12 11 12 13 Net New Positions - -4 4 34 10-15 -8-5 0 1-1 1 1 Labour Force 594 585 590 616 628 617 607 602 601 601 600 600 601 Net New -29 1 17 39 25 1 2 8 11 11 11 12 13 New Entrants 15 14 14 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 International Mobility -146-215 2 37 14-17 -12-6 -3-3 -4-4 -2 Mobility 51 92-1 -12-4 5 4 3 1 1 2 2 1 Labour Force Mobility 51 110 2-1 0-1 -4-3 -1-1 -1 0 0 Average Age 37 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 Market Tightness 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 Mobility Moving in Moving in High Moderate Lag Medium High High International Reliance Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Moving in Count too small Count too small High High None Medium Extreme Extreme None None None None None None None None Loss of Experience High High Medium High High High High High High High Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians (NOC 2231) 28