global business tariff multinational corporation nontariff barriers direct foreign investment quota trade barriers voluntary export restraints protectionism government import standard
A direct tax on imported goods. The buying and selling of goods and services by people from different countries. Nontax methods of increasing the cost or reducing the volume of imported goods. A corporation that owns businesses in two or more countries. A limit on the number or volume of imported products. A method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country. Voluntarily imposed limits on the number or volume of products exported to a particular country. Government-imposed regulations that increase the cost and restrict the number of imported goods. A standard ostensibly established to protect the health and safety of citizens but, in reality, often used to restrict imports. A government s use of trade barriers to shield domestic companies and their workers from foreign competition.
subsidies Maastricht Treaty of Europe customs classification North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) regional trading zones Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
A regional trade agreement between most European countries. Government loans, grants, and tax deferments given to domestic companies to protect them from foreign competition. A regional trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. A classification assigned to imported products by government officials that affects the size of the tariff and imposition of import quotas. A regional trade agreement between Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the United States. A worldwide trade agreement that reduced and eliminated tariffs, limited government subsidies, and established protections for intellectual property. A regional trade agreement between Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. As the successor to GATT, the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible. A regional trade agreement between Australia, Canada, Chile, the People s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, the United States, and all members of ASEAN, except Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar. Areas in which tariff and nontariff barriers on trade between countries are reduced or eliminated.
global consistency franchise local adaptation strategic alliance exporting joint venture cooperative contract wholly owned affiliates licensing global new ventures
A collection of networked firms in which the manufacturer or marketer of a product or service, the franchisor, licenses the entire business to another person or organization, the franchisee. When a multinational company has offices, manufacturing plants, and distribution facilities in different countries and runs them all using the same rules, guidelines, policies, and procedures. An agreement in which companies combine key resources, costs, risk, technology, and people. When a multinational company modifies its rules, guidelines, policies, and procedures to adapt to differences in foreign customers, governments, and regulatory agencies. A strategic alliance in which two existing companies collaborate to form a third, independent company. Selling domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries. Foreign offices, facilities, and manufacturing plants that are 100 percent owned by the parent company. An agreement in which a foreign business owner pays a company a fee for the right to conduct that business in his or her country. New companies that are founded with an active global strategy and have sales, employees, and financing in different countries. An agreement in which a domestic company, the licensor, receives royalty payments for allowing another company, the licensee, to produce the licensor s product, sell its service, or use its brand name in a specified foreign market.
purchasing power political uncertainty policy uncertainty national culture expatriate
A comparison of the relative cost of a standard set of goods and services in different countries. The risk of major changes in political regimes that can result from war, revolution, death of political leaders, social unrest, or other influential events. The risk associated with changes in laws and government policies that directly affect the way foreign companies conduct business. The set of shared values and beliefs that affects the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of the people from a particular country. Someone who lives and works outside his or her native country.