"Regional Environmental Cooperation in ASEAN: Present and Future Prospects"

Transcription

1 "Regional Environmental Cooperation in ASEAN: Present and Future Prospects" Atsushi Ohno (COE Researcher, IDEC, Hiroshima University) 1 Motivation of Research What kind of relationship between regional integration and environmental cooperation? What is a present structure of Environmental Cooperation in ASEAN and East Asia? What is a future prospect? 2

2 Hypothesis The regional integration in Asia leads to strong environmental cooperation. NO!! 3 Outline of Today s Presentation Background of Research Regional Integration and Environmental Cooperation An analysis for FTA strategy of Singapore An analysis for ASEAN Social Capacity Analysis 4

3 Background of Research Unsuccessful results at the WTO (World Trade Organization) 5 Background of Research Expansions of EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement) FTA (Free Trade Agreement) 6

4 Background of Research Emergence of trans-boundary environment problems Request for regional environmental cooperation schemes 7 Background of Research Background1+2+3 Strong needs for scoping and providing solution for the environmental problem caused by regional integration 8

5 Background of Research 2 types of Trans boundary Environmental Issues 1Conventional Issues Climate change, Haze, 2Trade Related Issues Pollution export, development pollution, etc 9 Regional Integration and Environmental Cooperation Bi or multi-lateral EPA/FTA is the more effective tool to increase trade than WTO. This belief makes incentive towards EPA/FTA Then, what kind of environmental cooperation does EPA/FTA have?? 10

6 Regional Integration and Environmental Cooperation Importance of regional level environmental cooperation (Carror, 2006) Norm plays important EU Trade Union and NGOs play important NAFTA 11 Regional Integration and Environmental Cooperation Case of USA Strong Pressure from Trade Union and NGOs environmental side agreement at NAFTA Trade Promotion Authority Act (TPA) of 2002 (Guideline for EPA) CAFTA-DR Free Trade Agreement

7 Regional Integration and Environmental Cooperation Analysis for EPA/FTA of Singapore Analysis for environmental cooperation of ASEAN We need both to identify the relationship between regional integration and environmental cooperation at East Asia 13 Role of Singapore at East Asia Regional integration at East Asia EPA/FTA is also a main actor. Singapore is the leading country. Singapore is to be a hub of EPA/FTA between ASEAN and rest of the world. For developed countries, Singapore is easy to shake hands because of lack of agriculture. 14

8 Summary of Singapore EPA Mere environment measures in Singapore s EPA/FTA EPA relays on service and investment. These matters are difficult to engage in environmental cooperation. There is no agreement about Environmental evaluation on EPA and FTA (NAFTA and EU have) 15 ASEAN role in East Asia Building on the Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation of 1999, cooperation between the Southeast and Northeast Asian countries has accelerated with the holding of an annual summit among the leaders of ASEAN, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (ROK) within the ASEAN Plus Three process 16

9 ASEAN TRADE 17 ASEAN TRADE Intra-ASEAN Intra-East Asia Non-ASEAN ASEAN plus 3 is important 18

10 ASEAN and East Asia Bilateral trading arrangements have been or are being forged between ASEAN Member Countries and China, Japan, and the ROK. These arrangements will serve as the building blocks of an East Asian Free Trade Area as a long term goal. 19 Why ASEAN?? Does ASEAN become a mother body of environmental cooperation in East Asia?? Is ASEAN effective to manage and handle the issues?? Right now, No. 20

11 Why ASEAN?? Is bi-lateral negotiations for each better?? No. Each ASEAN country is too weak to negotiate with developed countries. AFTA will be a major vehicle to negotiate with other countries. 21 Structure of ASEAN a population of about 500 million, a total area of 4.5 million square kilometers, a combined gross domestic product of almost US$ 700 billion, a total trade of about US$ 850 billion. 22

12 Structure of ASEAN 23 Structure of ASEAN Openly Recruited Staff (ORS) : 42 Locally Recruited Staff (LRS) :

13 Structure of ASEAN ASEAN Economic Community. AFTA ASEAN Security Community. ARF ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Framework for Environmentally Sustainable Cities (ESC) ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. 25 How is AFTA to be Implemented? The Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) Scheme is the main instrument for realising AFTA: Reduction of intra-regional tariffs to 0-5% over a ten year period Elimination of all quantitative restrictions and other non-tariff barriers For partly produced or obtained product, it must satisfy the ASEAN local content requirement of 40%. 26

14 The current status The current status for products with 0-5% duties for the original six countries is as follows: Singapore 100% Brunei 97.3% Malaysia 91.7% Thailand 90.0% Philippines89.8% Indonesia 89.7% Even the new members of ASEAN (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Myanmar) have included 56.9% of their products into the CEPT scheme, of which 55.4% has a maximum duty of 5%. 27 Environmental Issues at AFTA No agreement in AFTA about Environment No environmental enforcement No dispute settlement provisions No commission for environmental cooperation No monitors the environmental effects of the trade agreement 28

15 ASEAN Environmental Office No mandate towards trade evaluation or monitor of trade Weak analysis capacity only 10 officers for whole ASEAN regions No annual report Of course, no trade and environment report 29 Summary Regional integration does not always lead environmental cooperation deepen. The trade related environment cooperation among East Asian is low. The important key is pressure from external factors. (Japan, USA or EU) 30

16 Social Capacity Analysis What is an engine of deep environmental cooperation?? NAFTA Pressure from USA breeds Social Capacity of Mexico EU Total Social Capacity at EU 31 Social Capacity Analysis To scope Social Capacity at the region is important. Needs for strengthening ASEAN environment office to monitor and evaluate trade effect. Needs for strengthening its enforcement and implement capacity. 32

17 This presentation is supported by the 21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program at Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University (Principal Researcher, Shunji Matsuoka, Ph.D.). 33