Poverty and income inequality
|
|
- Aron Wiggins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Poverty and income inequality Jonathan Cribb Public Economics Lectures, Institute for Fiscal Studies 17 th December 2012
2 Overview The standard of living in the UK Income Inequality The UK income distribution Measuring income inequality Explaining changes in income inequality Poverty Measuring income poverty Effect of government policy on poverty Material deprivation Summary and conclusions
3 How do you measure living standards? Clothing Consumption Health Education Nutrition Employment Income Housing Crime Status Political voice/power
4 Measurement of income Income as measured by government in Households Below Average Income (HBAI) Income is measured net of direct taxes and benefits Measured at the household level (implicitly assumes income sharing) Adjusted for household size (equivalised) Adjusted for inflation Based on Family Resources Survey (from onwards) 25,000 households across the UK Subject to sampling error
5 Comparing HBAI income to GDP per capita 120 Quarter = GDP per capita Mean income Median income Source: ONS series IHXW and Family Resources Survey, various years
6 Income Inequality
7 The UK income distribution in Net household income ( per week) 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Equivalent income for a childless couple 50th percentile: 419 Corresponds to 279 for one-person household or 587 for couple with 2 children Percentile point Source: Author s calculation using the Family Resources Survey
8 The UK income distribution in ,500 Household income ( per week) 2,000 1,500 1, th percentile: th percentile: th percentile: Percentile point Source: Author s calculation using the Family Resources Survey
9 Where do you fit in? Single person with starting pay of 30k A. 20 th percentile B. 50 th percentile C. 70 th percentile D. 78 th percentile Couple no children, with joint pay of 80k A. 64 th percentile B. 74 th percentile C. 84 th percentile D. 94 th percentile Source: IFS calculations using TAXBEN and Where do you fit in?
10 How do we measure income inequality? Typically, inequality refers to the gap between rich and poor But we may also be interested in the gap between rich and middle or poor and middle. Therefore we can look at the difference in income at different points in the income distribution Or we can use a measure which summarises the whole distribution in one number.
11 Measures of inequality: Gini coefficient Share of total income (%) Gini = A A + B Perfect equality Percentage of population, ranked by income A B UK Lorenz curve in : Gini = 0.34
12 Gini coefficient since to 1990 Gini increased from 0.25 to to Gini rose from 0.33 to 0.36 Gini coefficient Source: Figure 3.7 of Cribb, Joyce and Phillips 2012
13 Gini masks changes in different types of inequality Ratio Year 50/10 ratio 90/50 ratio 99/90 ratio
14 Why has income inequality risen? Skills-biased technological changes [see Acemoglu (2002), Machin (2001) and Goldin and Katz (2008)]
15 Rising college premium Wage premium (Skilled / unskilled wage) Supply P 2011 P 1979 Demand 2011 Demand 1979 Q 1979 Q 2011 Skilled / unskilled employment
16 Real earnings growth: increasing inequality? UK ( ) Sweden ( ) Avg annual earnings growth Avg annual earnings growth Avg annual earnings growth USA ( ) Source: OECD. Notes: Full-time male workers only
17 Why has income inequality risen? Skills-biased technological changes [see Acemoglu (2002), Machin (2001) and Goldin and Katz (2008)] International trade and globalisation (Stolper-Samuelson theorem) Labour market institutions: weaker trade unions and a decline of collective bargaining (Goodman and Shephard 2002) Changes in the tax and benefit system
18 Effect on income inequality of replacing tax/benefit system with those from previous years (UK) Increase in Gini relative to Regressive tax and benefit changes in late 1980s correlate with rise in inequality But inequality has not fallen since, despite inequality-reducing tax/benefit changes Source: Adam and Browne (2010). Note: Tax and benefit systems from previous years have been uprated in line with the Retail Prices Index. Years up to and including 1992 are calendar years; thereafter, years refer to financial years.
19 Other reasons for changes in inequality More inequality in employment status across households (Gregg and Wadsworth, 2008) Is there also an increase in transitory shocks to income? Inequality observed from cross-sectional income distributions may be higher than inequality in life-time incomes Transitory income shocks affect the former more Strong growth in permanent shocks in early 80s; but strong growth in transitory shocks in late 80s; and slower growth in both in the 90s (Blundell and Etheridge 2009) What about top income inequality? Superstar effects and globalisation (OECD 2012) but difficult to measure and understand
20 Decomposing reasons for rising earnings inequality Percentage contributions to changes in household earnings inequality, OECD average, mid-1980s to mid-2000s Women's employment Men's earnings disparity Men's employment Assortative mating Household structure Residual -19% 42% 17% 11% 11% 39% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% Percentage contribution Source: OECD (2012) pp.33
21 Poverty
22 What is poverty? Destitution, relative deprivation, capability or functioning in society, livelihood sustainability? But how do we measure this? Economists have tended to compare people s incomes relative to a certain poverty line Those with income under the poverty line are in poverty
23 How do we choose a poverty line? Absolute Poverty line $1 a day poverty line (in 1990 prices) (Ravallion et al 1991) US government basket of goods and services
24 Calculating absolute poverty Count the proportion of people below that poverty line Draw a line of real-terms income Lowest Highest Income
25 Absolute poverty over time Count the proportion of people below that poverty line Draw a line of real-terms income Lowest Highest Income
26 Absolute poverty over time Count the proportion of people below that poverty line Draw a line of real-terms income Lowest Highest Income
27 How do we choose a poverty line? Absolute Poverty line $1 a day poverty line (in 1990 prices) (Ravallion et al 1991) US government basket of goods and services Relative Poverty lines
28 Calculating relative poverty Take (e.g.) 60% of that amount. Everyone with income less than this is in relative poverty. Find the middle person s income (the median) Lowest Income Highest
29 Relative poverty over time a moving target...then 60% of median income the relative poverty line grows too... If median income grows......even with no change to incomes of low-income people, relative poverty goes up Lowest Income Highest
30 How do we choose a poverty line? Absolute Poverty line $1 a day poverty line (in 1990 prices) (Ravallion et al 1991) US government basket of goods and services Relative Poverty lines have important implications No effect of top income inequality If median income falls poverty may fall too Relative poverty is a kind of inequality We could use a Poverty Gap measure, which puts weight on how far households are from the poverty line
31 Relative Poverty by subgroups (GB) 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Children Pensioners Working-age adults without children Source: Author s calculations using the FRS and FES, multiple years. Poverty measured using BHC incomes.
32 Fiscal redistribution and child poverty under Labour Labour s direct tax and benefit policies clearly driven by child poverty targets Increased annual entitlements to net state support by average of 4,000 for poorest half of households with children, compared to default (mostly price) indexation or by 1,165 compared to GDP-indexation In , 18 billion more spent on child-contingent benefits/tax credits than if Labour had just applied default indexation rules (Browne and Phillips, 2010).
33 A very close correspondence between movements in benefit levels and child poverty levels Couple, 3 children, no work Lone parent, 1 child, no work Lone parent, 1 child, part-time work Change in BHC relative child poverty rate in UK Entitlements grew faster than relative poverty line (median income) Entitlements grew more slowly than relative poverty line (median income) Source: Table 5.7 from Cribb, Joyce and Phillips (2012)
34 Government policy and poverty Current government argued in Child Poverty Strategy that a focus merely on incomes would be too narrow And that policy should focus more on long-term causes We know from recent experience that income-based poverty measures highly sensitive to fiscal redistribution Unsurprisingly given welfare cuts, IFS researchers forecast child income poverty to rise in coming years (absolute and relative) Important tradeoffs: Redistribution versus financial work incentives Government tax revenue not spent on benefits could be spent on education or deficit reduction Government has made clear that it thinks costs of much more redistribution in coming years would be too great
35 Problems with measuring living standards Two reasons for thinking we are underestimating living standards lower down the distribution
36 Benefit incomes are under-recorded Administrative data ( billion) HBAI data ( billion) % of total expenditure recorded in HBAI data Basic State Pension Pension Credit Tax credits Child Benefit Housing Benefit Disability Living Allowance All benefits and tax credits Source: Table D.1. in Cribb, Joyce and Phillips (2012)
37 Those with the lowest incomes do not have the lowest consumption Median Expenditure Median expenditure Income Source: Brewer and O Dea (2012)
38 Income v Consumption Saving Income/Consumption Borrowing Borrowing Consumption Income Age Income or consumption? Consumption is conceptually better measure of living standards But income is easier to measure and more data on income in the UK
39 Comparing Gini coefficient from Income and Consumption HBAI Inc Consumption Source: Brewer and O Dea (2012)
40 Problems with measuring living standards Two reasons for thinking we are underestimating living standards lower down the distribution Benefit spending under-recorded in the data Incomes at the bottom of the distribution don t match consumption Furthermore Inequality in consumption has grown much less quickly than inequality in income People face different prices- can we measure living standards in another way?
41 Material deprivation as an alternative indicator Percentage of working age adults unable to afford item With dependent children Without dependent children Able to keep accommodation warm Two pairs of all-weather shoes for each adult Money for decent decoration of home Household contents insurance Replace or repair major electrical goods (e.g. refrigerator) when broken A small amount of money to spend each week on yourself, not on your family Have friends or family around for a drink or meal at least once a month Replace any worn-out furniture Adult has a hobby or leisure activity A holiday for at least one week a year, not at home or relative s home Regular savings of 10 a month or more for rainy days or retirement Memo: Relative income poverty rate (BHC) Memo: Absolute income poverty rate (BHC) Source: Table 6.7 from Cribb, Joyce and Phillips (2012)
42 Material deprivation as an alternative indicator Percentage of working age adults unable to afford item With dependent children Without dependent children Able to keep accommodation warm Two pairs of all-weather shoes for each adult Money for decent decoration of home Household contents insurance Replace or repair major electrical goods (e.g. refrigerator) when broken A small amount of money to spend each week on yourself, not on your family Have friends or family around for a drink or meal at least once a month Replace any worn-out furniture Adult has a hobby or leisure activity A holiday for at least one week a year, not at home or relative s home Regular savings of 10 a month or more for rainy days or retirement Memo: Relative income poverty rate (BHC) Memo: Absolute income poverty rate (BHC) Source: Table 6.7 from Cribb, Joyce and Phillips (2012)
43 Material deprivation as an alternative indicator Percentage of working age adults unable to afford item With dependent children Without dependent children Able to keep accommodation warm Two pairs of all-weather shoes for each adult Money for decent decoration of home Household contents insurance Replace or repair major electrical goods (e.g. refrigerator) when broken A small amount of money to spend each week on yourself, not on your family Have friends or family around for a drink or meal at least once a month Replace any worn-out furniture Adult has a hobby or leisure activity A holiday for at least one week a year, not at home or relative s home Regular savings of 10 a month or more for rainy days or retirement Memo: Relative income poverty rate (BHC) Memo: Absolute income poverty rate (BHC) Source: Table 6.7 from Cribb, Joyce and Phillips (2012)
44 Material deprivation as an alternative indicator Percentage of working age adults unable to afford item With dependent children Without dependent children Able to keep accommodation warm Two pairs of all-weather shoes for each adult Money for decent decoration of home Household contents insurance Replace or repair major electrical goods (e.g. refrigerator) when broken A small amount of money to spend each week on yourself, not on your family Have friends or family around for a drink or meal at least once a month Replace any worn-out furniture Adult has a hobby or leisure activity A holiday for at least one week a year, not at home or relative s home Regular savings of 10 a month or more for rainy days or retirement Memo: Relative income poverty rate (BHC) Memo: Absolute income poverty rate (BHC) Source: Table 6.7 from Cribb, Joyce and Phillips (2012)
45 Regional variation in child poverty and deprivation Rate (%), to Relative income poverty rate Material deprivation rate, old items, updated weights Region North West Yorkshire and the Humber London North East West Midlands Wales East Midlands South West Northern Ireland Scotland South East East of England Source: Table 6.5 from Cribb, Joyce and Phillips (2012)
46 Variation in local prices and housing costs Poverty in high living cost areas underestimates the level of material deprivation Differences in housing costs are important too People who own their own home, without a mortgage look like they are poorer than renters on housing benefit We could impute the benefit from owning one s own house Or we could look at low incomes measured AHC (after housing costs are deducted). This is especially relevant for pensioners, and for those whose rent is covered by housing benefit or live in social housing
47 Summary Income inequality rose quickly in the 1980s, since 2000 mainly been inequality at the very top of the distribution Leading explanation of inequality is changing returns to skills Poverty can be defined using an absolute or relative income measure Different groups have benefited differentially from the generosity of government tax and benefit policy There are still many difficulties understanding living standards, especially at the bottom of the income distribution
48 References (1) Acemoglu, D. (2002) Technical Change, Inequality and the Labor Market, Journal of Economic Literature 40 (1) Adam, S., and Browne,J. (2010) Redistribution, work incentives and thirty years of UK tax and benefit reform, IFS Working Paper 10/24 Atkinson, A. (2008) The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD countries, Oxford University Press, Oxford Blundell, R., and Etheridge, B. (2009) Consumption, income and earnings inequality in Britain, Review of Economic Dynamics Blundell, R., and Preston, I. (1998) Consumption inequality and income uncertainty, Quarterly Journal of Economics 113, pp Brewer, M., and O Dea, C. (2012) Measuring Living Standards with income and consumption: Evidence from the UK, IFS Working Paper W12/12, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London.
49 References (2) Cribb, J., Joyce, R., and Phillips, D. (2012) Living Standards, Poverty and Ineqaulity in the UK: 2012 IFS Commentary no. 124, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London Goldin, C., and Katz, L. (2008) The Race Between Education and Technology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA Goodman, A. and Shephard, A. (2002), Inequality and living standards in Great Britain: some facts, IFS Briefing Note 19, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London Gregg, P. and Wadsworth,J. (2008) Two Sides to Every Story: Measuring Polarization and Inequality in the Distribution of Work, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A Machin, S. (2001) The Changing Nature of Labour Demand in the New Economy and Skill- Biased Technology Change, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 63 (S1) OECD (2011) Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising OECD Publishing Ravallion, M., Datt, G., and van de Walle, D. (1991) Quantifying Absolute Poverty in the Developing World, Review of Income and Wealth no.37 pp
Public economics: Inequality and Poverty
Public economics: Inequality and Poverty Chris Belfield Overview Measuring living standards Why do we use income? Accounting for inflation and family composition Income Inequality The UK income distribution
More informationPublic Economics: Poverty and Inequality
Public Economics: Poverty and Inequality Andrew Hood Overview Why do we use income? Income Inequality The UK income distribution Measures of income inequality Explaining changes in income inequality Income
More informationPublic economics: Income Inequality
Public economics: Income Inequality Chris Belfield Overview Measuring living standards Why do we use income? Accounting for inflation and family composition Income Inequality The UK income distribution
More informationPoverty figures for London: 2010/11 Intelligence Update
Poverty figures for London: 2010/11 Intelligence Update 11-2012 Key points The number of Londoners living in poverty has seen little change. Children, particularly those in workless households, remain
More informationPublic economics: inequality and poverty
Agnes Norris Keiller agnes_nk@ifs.org.uk 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Real median income (2007 08 = 100) Average income at an all-time
More informationPoverty. Chris Belfield, IFS 15 th July Institute for Fiscal Studies
Poverty Chris Belfield, IFS 15 th July 2014 Outline Income based measures how has poverty changed since the recession and why? which groups have been affected by recent changes? Non-income based measures
More informationIncomes and inequality: the last decade and the next parliament
Incomes and inequality: the last decade and the next parliament IFS Briefing Note BN202 Andrew Hood and Tom Waters Incomes and inequality: the last decade and the next parliament Andrew Hood and Tom Waters
More informationPoverty. David Phillips, p, IFS May 21 st, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Poverty David Phillips, p, IFS May 21 st, 2010 Poverty: the story under Labour After poverty rose between 2004/5 and 2007/8 200,000000 for each of pensioners and children 200,000 for working age adults
More informationPoverty and Income Inequality in Scotland: 2013/14 A National Statistics publication for Scotland
Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland: 2013/14 A National Statistics publication for Scotland EQUALITY, POVERTY AND SOCIAL SECURITY This publication presents annual estimates of the percentage and
More informationRESTRICTED: STATISTICS
Households Below Average Income 2008/09 Peter Matejic (DWP) HBAI Publication Private households in United Kingdom Main source DWP Family Resources Survey Measurement of living standards as determined by
More informationIFS. Poverty and Inequality in Britain: The Institute for Fiscal Studies. Mike Brewer Alissa Goodman Jonathan Shaw Andrew Shephard
IFS Poverty and Inequality in Britain: 2005 Mike Brewer Alissa Goodman Jonathan Shaw Andrew Shephard The Institute for Fiscal Studies Commentary No. 99 Poverty and Inequality in Britain: 2005 Mike Brewer
More informationMONITORING POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION 2013
MONITORING POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION 213 The latest annual report from the New Policy Institute brings together the most recent data to present a comprehensive picture of poverty in the UK. Key points
More informationLiving standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: Jonathan Cribb Agnes Norris Keiller Tom Waters
Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: 2018 Jonathan Cribb Agnes Norris Keiller Tom Waters Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: 2018 Jonathan Cribb Agnes Norris Keiller Tom
More informationThe 30 years between 1977 and 2007
Economic & Labour Market Review Vol 2 No 12 December 28 FEATURE Francis Jones, Daniel Annan and Saef Shah The distribution of household income 1977 to 26/7 SUMMARY This article describes how the distribution
More informationLiving standards during the recession
Living standards during the recession IFS Briefing Note 117 James Browne 1. Introduction Living standards during the recession James Browne Institute for Fiscal Studies 1 We are used to our incomes rising
More informationLiving standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: to Andrew Hood Tom Waters
Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: 2017 18 to 2021 22 Andrew Hood Tom Waters Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: 2017 18 to 2021 22 Andrew Hood Tom Waters Copy-edited by
More informationAn assessment of Labour s record on income inequality and poverty
Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 29, Number 1, 2013, pp. 178 202 An assessment of Labour s record on income inequality and poverty Robert Joyce* and Luke Sibieta** Abstract We document the evolution
More informationEconomic Standard of Living
DESIRED OUTCOMES New Zealand is a prosperous society, reflecting the value of both paid and unpaid work. Everybody has access to an adequate income and decent, affordable housing that meets their needs.
More informationEconomic Standard of Living
DESIRED OUTCOMES New Zealand is a prosperous society, reflecting the value of both paid and unpaid work. All people have access to adequate incomes and decent, affordable housing that meets their needs.
More informationPoverty and Inequality in the UK: 2010
Poverty and Inequality in the UK: 2010 Robert Joyce Alastair Muriel David Phillips Luke Sibieta Institute for Fiscal Studies Copy-edited by Judith Payne The Institute for Fiscal Studies 7 Ridgmount Street
More informationLiving Standards: Recent Trends and Future Challenges
Living Standards: Recent Trends and Future Challenges IFS Briefing Note BN165 IFS election analysis: funded by the Nuffield Foundation Jonathan Cribb Andrew Hood Robert Joyce Election 2015: Briefing Note
More informationChild and working-age poverty in Northern Ireland over the next decade: an update
Child and working-age poverty in Northern Ireland over the next decade: an update IFS Briefing Note BN144 James Browne Andrew Hood Robert Joyce Child and working-age poverty in Northern Ireland over the
More informationFamily Resources Survey and related series update. Surveys Branch Department for Work and Pensions
Family Resources Survey and related series update Surveys Branch Department for Work and Pensions Family Resources Survey Donncha Burke Households Below Average Income John Shale Pensioners Incomes Series
More informationINEQUALITY AND LIVING STANDARDS IN GREAT BRITAIN: SOME FACTS
INEQUALITY AND LIVING STANDARDS IN GREAT BRITAIN: SOME FACTS Alissa Goodman Andrew Shephard THE INSTITUTE FOR FISCAL STUDIES Briefing Note No. 19 INEQUALITY AND LIVING STANDARDS IN GREAT BRITAIN: SOME
More informationSocial Situation Monitor - Glossary
Social Situation Monitor - Glossary Active labour market policies Measures aimed at improving recipients prospects of finding gainful employment or increasing their earnings capacity or, in the case of
More informationMinimum Wages: Possible Effects on the Distribution of Income
Fiscal Studies (1996) vol. 17no. c4 pp. 31 48 Minimum Wages: Possible Effects on the Distribution of Income AMANDA GOSLING 1 I. INTRODUCTION Since the 1980s, there has been increased interest among unions
More informationChild and working-age poverty from 2010 to 2020
Child and working-age poverty from 2010 to 2020 Mike Brewer, Professor of Economics, ISER, University of Essex and Research Fellow, Institute for Fiscal Studies (drawing on work by James Browne, Rowena
More informationCopies can be obtained from the:
Published by the Stationery Office, Dublin, Ireland. Copies can be obtained from the: Central Statistics Office, Information Section, Skehard Road, Cork, Government Publications Sales Office, Sun Alliance
More informationPensioners Incomes Series: An analysis of trends in Pensioner Incomes: 1994/ /16
Pensioners Incomes Series: An analysis of trends in Pensioner Incomes: 1994/95-215/16 Annual Financial year 215/16 Published: 16 March 217 United Kingdom This report examines how much money pensioners
More informationUnderstanding Income Distribution and Poverty
Understanding Distribution and Poverty : Understanding the Lingo market income: quantifies total before-tax income paid to factor markets from the market (i.e. wages, interest, rent, and profit) total
More informationEVIDENCE ON INEQUALITY AND THE NEED FOR A MORE PROGRESSIVE TAX SYSTEM
EVIDENCE ON INEQUALITY AND THE NEED FOR A MORE PROGRESSIVE TAX SYSTEM Revenue Summit 17 October 2018 The Australia Institute Patricia Apps The University of Sydney Law School, ANU, UTS and IZA ABSTRACT
More informationEconomic Standard of Living
DESIRED OUTCOMES New Zealand is a prosperous society, reflecting the value of both paid and unpaid work. All people have access to adequate incomes and decent, affordable housing that meets their needs.
More informationBackground Notes SILC 2014
Background Notes SILC 2014 Purpose of Survey The primary focus of the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) is the collection of information on the income and living conditions of different types
More informationGabriel Zucman. Inequality: Are we really 'all in this together'? #ElectionEconomics PAPER EA030
PAPER EA030 A series of background briefings on the policy issues in the May 2015 UK General Election Inequality: Are we really 'all in this together'? Gabriel Zucman #ElectionEconomics CEP ELECTION ANALYSIS
More informationThe impact of tax and benefit reforms by sex: some simple analysis
The impact of tax and benefit reforms by sex: some simple analysis IFS Briefing Note 118 James Browne The impact of tax and benefit reforms by sex: some simple analysis 1. Introduction 1 James Browne Institute
More informationPoverty, Inequality and the Welfare State
Poverty, Inequality and the Welfare State Lectures 3 and 4 Le Grand, Propper and Smith (2008): Chp 9 Stiglitz (2000): Chp 14 Connolly and Munro (1999): Chp 14, 15, 16, 17 Outline Income and wealth defined
More informationMicro-simulating child poverty in 2010 and Mike Brewer, James Browne and Holly Sutherland
Micro-simulating child poverty in 2010 and 2020 Mike Brewer, James Browne and Holly Sutherland The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has supported this project as part of its programme of research and innovative
More informationWealth inequality and accumulation. John Hills, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics
Wealth inequality and accumulation John Hills, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics Conference on Economic and Social inequalities: Causes, implications and Some paradoxes
More informationLiving Standards, Poverty and Inequality in the UK: to
Living Standards, Poverty and Inequality in the UK: 2016 17 to 2021 22 Neil Andrew Amin Hood Smith, David Phillips, Tom Polly Waters Simpson Institute for Fiscal Studies David Eiser Fraser of Allander
More informationTrends in Income Inequality in Ireland
Trends in Income Inequality in Ireland Brian Nolan CPA, March 06 What Happened to Income Inequality? Key issue: what happened to the income distribution in the economic boom Widely thought that inequality
More informationRecessions, income inequality and the role of the tax and benefit system. Jonathan Cribb Andrew Hood Robert Joyce
Recessions, income inequality and the role of the tax and benefit system Jonathan Cribb Andrew Hood Robert Joyce Recessions, income inequality and the role of the tax and benefit system Jonathan Cribb
More informationA NEW POVERTY BENCHMARK FOR BASIC INCOME SCHEMES by ANNIE MILLER
ABSTRACT A NEW POVERTY BENCHMARK FOR BASIC INCOME SCHEMES by ANNIE MILLER (AnnieMillerBI@gmail.com) The official EU poverty benchmark, defined as 0.6 median household equivalised income, (with two versions
More informationEconomic Standard of Living
DESIRED OUTCOMES New Zealand is a prosperous society where all people have access to adequate incomes and enjoy standards of living that mean they can fully participate in society and have choice about
More informationIntroduction to the UK Economy
Introduction to the UK Economy What are the key objectives of macroeconomic policy? Price Stability (CPI Inflation of 2%) Growth of Real GDP (National Output) Falling Unemployment / Raising Employment
More informationPoverty and low pay in the UK: the state of play and the big challenges ahead
: the state of play and the big challenges ahead Robert Joyce Agnes Norris Keiller Poverty in the UK: past trends and future outlook Agnes Norris Keiller Measuring poverty Focus on material living standards
More informationPoverty and low pay in the UK: the state of play and the big challenges ahead
: the state of play and the big challenges ahead Robert Joyce Agnes Norris Keiller Incomes in low paid employment Robert Joyce Hours of work have been changing narrowing earnings inequalities between women...
More informationMONITORING POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION 2015
MONITORING POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION 2015 This annual review by the New Policy Institute brings together indicators covering poverty, work, education and housing. It looks at changes over the last parliament
More informationLiving with austerity how is it affecting the better-off half of the 99%?
Living with austerity how is it affecting the better-off half of the 99%? Danny Dorling School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Social Research Institute Lecture: July 1 st 2014 Baring
More informationGini coefficient
POVERTY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION INDICATORS (Preliminary results for 2010) 1 Poverty and social inclusion indicators are part of the general EU indicators for tracing the progress in the field of poverty and
More informationHousehold disposable income and inequality in the UK: financial year ending 2017
Statistical bulletin Household disposable income and inequality in the UK: financial year ending 2017 Initial insight into main estimates of household incomes and inequality in the UK, along with analysis
More informationHousing and poverty: Causal links, conceptual links and practical implications
Housing and poverty: Causal links, conceptual links and practical implications CRESR Policy forum on poverty in the UK, February 2015 Prof Becky Tunstall, Centre for Housing Policy, University of York
More informationLaw and Economic Justice
University of Oklahoma College of Law From the SelectedWorks of Jonathan B. Forman April 29, 2011 Law and Economic Justice JONATHAN B FORMAN, University of Oklahoma Available at: https://works.bepress.com/jonathan_forman/170/
More informationA Minimum Income Standard for London Matt Padley
A Minimum Income Standard for London 2017 Matt Padley December 2017 About Trust for London Trust for London is the largest independent charitable foundation funding work which tackles poverty and inequality
More informationIncome Poverty. Chris Belfield 16 th July Institute for Fiscal Studies
Income Poverty Chris Belfield 16 th July 2015 Outline Recent trends in income poverty how has poverty changed since the recession and why? how have different groups been affected? Relationship between
More informationExecutive Summary: A review of the evidence base on older people in Northern Ireland. Age NI
Executive Summary: A review of the evidence base on older people in Northern Ireland Age NI Dr Jay Wiggan and Dr Pauline Prior School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Queen s University Belfast
More informationDr Rachel Loopstra King s College
Financial insecurity, food insecurity, and disability: the profile of people receiving emergency food assistance from The Trussell Trust Foodbank Network in Britain. Dr Rachel Loopstra King s College London
More informationHow taxes and benefits redistribute income and affect work incentives: a lifecycle perspective. Institute for Fiscal Studies
How taxes and benefits redistribute income and affect work incentives: a lifecycle perspective What we do Two questions about UK tax and benefit system: 1. How does it affect work incentives? 2. How much
More informationPublic sector pay and pensions
Public sector pay and pensions Jonathan Cribb (IFS) OME Reward in the Public Sector: Research Seminar Friday 10 th July 2015 For more details see: Cribb, Emmerson and Sibieta (2014) Public sector pay in
More informationTHE IMPACT OF TAX AND BENEFIT CHANGES BETWEEN APRIL 2000 AND APRIL 2003 ON PARENTS LABOUR SUPPLY
THE IMPACT OF TAX AND BENEFIT CHANGES BETWEEN APRIL 2000 AND APRIL 2003 ON PARENTS LABOUR SUPPLY Richard Blundell Mike Brewer Andrew Shepherd THE INSTITUTE FOR FISCAL STUDIES Briefing Note No. 52 The Impact
More information1. Introduction A note on measures... 2 Poverty measures... 2 Geographical comparisons The historical background...
Contents 1. Introduction... 1 2. A note on measures... 2 Poverty measures... 2 Geographical comparisons... 2 3. The historical background... 3 4. Longer term trends in incomes and living standards... 3
More informationDetailed calculation of out of London Living wage: method, rationale, data sources and figures for the 2010/11 calculation.
Detailed calculation of out of London Living wage: method, rationale, data sources and figures for the 2010/11 calculation. by Donald Hirsch The following account of the process involved in setting the
More informationMeasuring poverty and inequality in Latvia: advantages of harmonising methodology
Measuring poverty and inequality in Latvia: advantages of harmonising methodology UNITED NATIONS Inter-regional Expert Group Meeting Placing equality at the centre of Agenda 2030 Santiago, Chile 27 28
More informationDevelopment Economics Lecture Notes 4
Development Economics Lecture Notes 4 April 2, 2009 Hausmann-Rodrik-Velasco Growth Diagnostics 1. Low return on economic activity 1.1 Low Social returns 1.2 Low Appropriability 2. High cost of Finance
More information1. Poverty and social inclusion indicators
POVERTY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION INDICATORS BASED ON THE EUROPEAN SURVEY ON INCOME AND LIVING CONDITIONS (EU-SILC) IN THE CONTEXT OF THE OPEN METHOD FOR COORDINATION The open method of coordination is an instrument
More informationThe at-risk-of poverty rate declined to 18.3%
Income and Living Conditions 2017 (Provisional data) 30 November 2017 The at-risk-of poverty rate declined to 18.3% The Survey on Income and Living Conditions held in 2017 on previous year incomes shows
More informationIntroduction to Taxes and Transfers: Income Distribution, Poverty, Taxes and Transfers. 131 Undergraduate Public Economics Emmanuel Saez UC Berkeley
Introduction to Taxes and Transfers: Income Distribution, Poverty, Taxes and Transfers 131 Undergraduate Public Economics Emmanuel Saez UC Berkeley 1 REMINDER: Two General Rules for Government Intervention
More informationIncome Inequality and the Labour Market
Income Inequality and the Labour Market Richard Blundell University College London & Institute for Fiscal Studies Robert Joyce Institute for Fiscal Studies Agnes Norris Keiller Institute for Fiscal Studies
More informationThe Short- and Medium-Term Impacts of the Recession on the UK Income Distribution*
FISCAL STUDIES, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 179 201 (2013) 0143-5671 The Short- and Medium-Term Impacts of the Recession on the UK Income Distribution* MIKE BREWER, JAMES BROWNE, ANDREW HOOD, ROBERT JOYCE and
More informationIntermediate Macroeconomic Theory. Costas Azariadis. Costas Azariadis. Lecture 3: Productivity and Labor
Lecture 3: Productivity and Labor 1. THE ISSUES a)productivity most important determinant of living standards in the long run 2008 U.S. GDP per worker employed (current $) $100,000 per worker per year
More informationNational Social Target for Poverty Reduction. Social Inclusion Monitor 2011
National Social Target for Poverty Reduction Social Inclusion Monitor 2011 published by Department of Social Protection Arás Mhic Dhiarmada Store Street Dublin 1 Ireland ISBN: 978-1-908109-17-0 Dublin,
More informationEU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
16 November 2006 Percentage of persons at-risk-of-poverty classified by age group, EU SILC 2004 and 2005 0-14 15-64 65+ Age group 32.0 28.0 24.0 20.0 16.0 12.0 8.0 4.0 0.0 EU Survey on Income and Living
More informationDr. Micheál Collins. The Citizens Assembly
Paper of Dr. Micheál Collins Assistant Professor of Social Policy, University College Dublin delivered to The Citizens Assembly on 08 July 2017 UCD School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice
More informationIncomes Across the Distribution Dataset
Incomes Across the Distribution Dataset Stefan Thewissen,BrianNolan, and Max Roser April 2016 1Introduction How widely are the benefits of economic growth shared in advanced societies? Are the gains only
More informationPoverty and income inequality in Scotland:
A National Statistics Publication for Scotland Poverty and income inequality in Scotland: 2008-09 20 May 2010 This publication presents annual estimates of the proportion and number of children, working
More informationWhat should policy do about low earnings?
What should policy do about low earnings? Chair: Ben Chu, The Independent Sir Richard Blundell, IFS/UCL Tito Boeri, Bocconi and FRDB Hilary Hoynes, UC Berkeley Philippe Martin, Sciences Po and Chair, Council
More informationHouseholds Below Average Income (HBAI) Quality and Methodology Information Report
UK Data Archive Study Number 7196 - Family Resources Survey and Households Below Average Income: Safe Room Access Households Below Average Income (HBAI) Quality and Methodology Information Report 2016/17
More informationTRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP Statistical Bulletin
TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP 2016 Statistical Bulletin May 2017 Contents Introduction 3 Key findings 5 1. Long Term and Recent Trends 6 2. Private and Public Sectors 13 3. Personal and job characteristics 16
More informationLiving Costs and Food Survey
Living Costs and Food Survey Main results and developments Giles Horsfield Headline figure 2010 Average household weekly expenditure was 474 ( 455 in 2009) Increase to 2008 levels, after a drop was reported
More informationEconomic standard of living
Home Previous Reports Links Downloads Contacts The Social Report 2002 te purongo oranga tangata 2002 Introduction Health Knowledge and Skills Safety and Security Paid Work Human Rights Culture and Identity
More informationPoverty, Inequality, and Development
Poverty, Inequality, and Development Outline: Poverty, Inequality, and Development Measurement of Poverty and Inequality Economic characteristics of poverty groups Why is inequality a problem? Relationship
More informationWealth and Welfare: Breaking the Generational Contract
CHAPTER 5 Wealth and Welfare: Breaking the Generational Contract The opportunities open to today s young people through their lifetimes will depend to a large extent on their prospects in employment and
More informationDISPOSABLE INCOME INDEX
DISPOSABLE INCOME INDEX Q1 2018 A commissioned report for Scottish Friendly CREDIT CARD 1234 5678 9876 5432 JOHN SMITH Executive summary The Scottish Friendly Disposable Income Index uses new survey data
More informationPOVERTY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION INDICATORS IN Main poverty indicators
POVERTY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION INDICATORS IN 2013 Poverty and social inclusion indicators are part of the general EU indicators for tracing the progress in the field of poverty and social exclusion. Main
More informationCopies can be obtained from the:
Published by the Stationery Office, Dublin, Ireland. Copies can be obtained from the: Central Statistics Office, Information Section, Skehard Road, Cork, Government Publications Sales Office, Sun Alliance
More informationMonitoring poverty and social exclusion 2009
Monitoring poverty and social exclusion 29 December 29 Findings Informing change The New Policy Institute has produced its twelfth annual report of indicators of poverty and social exclusion in the United
More informationThe Impact of Austerity Measures on Households with Children
Families in an Age of Austerity: January 2012 The Impact of Austerity Measures on Households with Children Analysis by James Browne, Institute for Fiscal Studies Contents Foreword 3 Executive Summary 5
More informationEMPLOYMENT EARNINGS INEQUALITY IN IRELAND 2006 TO 2010
EMPLOYMENT EARNINGS INEQUALITY IN IRELAND 2006 TO 2010 Prepared in collaboration with publicpolicy.ie by: Nóirín McCarthy, Marie O Connor, Meadhbh Sherman and Declan Jordan School of Economics, University
More informationPOVERTY IN AUSTRALIA: NEW ESTIMATES AND RECENT TRENDS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR THE 2016 REPORT
POVERTY IN AUSTRALIA: NEW ESTIMATES AND RECENT TRENDS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR THE 2016 REPORT Peter Saunders, Melissa Wong and Bruce Bradbury Social Policy Research Centre University of New South Wales
More informationData Management and Analysis Group. Child Poverty in London Income and Labour Market Indicators
Data Management and Analysis Group Child Poverty in Income and Labour Market Indicators 60 50 40 30 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 DMAG Briefing 2006/19 June 2006 Social Exclusion
More informationECON 256: Poverty, Growth & Inequality. Jack Rossbach
ECON 256: Poverty, Growth & Inequality Jack Rossbach Measuring Poverty Many different definitions for Poverty Cannot afford 2,000 calories per day Do not have basic needs met: clean water, health care,
More informationA minimum income standard for the UK in 2011
A minimum income standard for the UK in 2011 Donald Hirsch www.jrf.org.uk A minimum income standard for the UK in 2011 Donald Hirsch July 2011 This is the 2011 update of the Minimum Income Standard for
More informationIncome Inequality and Poverty (Chapter 20 in Mankiw & Taylor; reading Chapter 19 will also help)
Income Inequality and Poverty (Chapter 20 in Mankiw & Taylor; reading Chapter 19 will also help) Before turning to money and inflation, we backtrack - at least in terms of the textbook - to consider income
More informationThe impact in of the change to indexation policy
The impact in 2012-13 of the change to indexation policy IFS Briefing Note 120 Robert Joyce Peter Levell The impact in 2012 13 of the change to indexation policy 1. Introduction 1 Robert Joyce and Peter
More informationResearch Briefing, January Main findings
Poverty Dynamics of Social Risk Groups in the EU: An analysis of the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, 2005 to 2014 Dorothy Watson, Bertrand Maître, Raffaele Grotti and Christopher T. Whelan
More informationIreland's Income Distribution
Ireland's Income Distribution Micheál L. Collins Introduction Judged in an international context, Ireland is a high income country. The 2014 United Nations Human Development Report ranks Ireland as having
More informationMaurizio Franzini and Mario Planta
Maurizio Franzini and Mario Planta 2 premises: 1. Inequality is a burning issue for economic, ethical and political reasons (Sen, Stiglitz, Piketty and many others ) 2. Inequality is today a more complex
More informationAIM-AP. Accurate Income Measurement for the Assessment of Public Policies. Citizens and Governance in a Knowledge-based Society
Project no: 028412 AIM-AP Accurate Income Measurement for the Assessment of Public Policies Specific Targeted Research or Innovation Project Citizens and Governance in a Knowledge-based Society Deliverable
More informationMULTIPLE CUTS FOR THE POOREST FAMILIES
OXFAM RESEARCH REPORTS APRIL 2014 MULTIPLE CUTS FOR THE POOREST FAMILIES 1.75 million of the poorest families have seen their benefits cut due to welfare reform HANNAH ALDRIDGE & TOM MACINNES New Policy
More informationInflation Report 2009
Inflation Report 2009 Why Inflation is a class issue Commissioned by: Andrew Fisher Contents Executive Summary 3 Author s Foreword 4 1. Methodology 5 2. How Expenditure Differs 6 3. Defining a new measure:
More informationEffects of taxes and benefits on UK household income: financial year ending 2017
Statistical bulletin Effects of taxes and benefits on UK household income: financial year ending 2017 Analysis of how household incomes in the UK are affected by direct and indirect taxes and benefits
More information