The Occupational Composition of the Canadian Labour Force BY SYLVIA OSTRY

Transcription

1 The Oupational Composition of the Canadian Labour Fore BY SYLVIA OSTRY t

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5 The Oupational Composition of the Canadian Labour Fore by Sylvia Ostry ONE OF A SERIES OF LABOUR FORCE STUDIES in the CENSUS MONOGRAPH PROGRAMME DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS OTTAWA, CANADA 1967

6 Published under the Authority ol The lilinister ol Trade and Commere Crown Copyrights reserved Available by mail from the Queen's Printer, Ottawa, and at the following Canadian Government bookshops; HALIFAX: 177 Barrington St, MONTREAL: JEtema-Vie Building, 1182 St. Catherine SI. West OTTAWA: Daly Building, orner Makenzie Ave. and Rideau St. TORONTO: 21 Yonge St. WINNIPEG: Mall Center BIdg., 499 Portage Ave. VANCOUVER: 657 Granville St. or through your bookseller Prie: $1.00 Catalogue CS /1967 ROGER DUHAMEL, F.R.S.C. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa, Canada 1967

7 Foreword The Canadian Censuses onstitute a rih soure of information about individuals and their families, extending over many years. The ensus data are used widely but it has proved to be worthwhile in Canada, as in some other ountries, to supplement ensus statistial reports with analytial monographs on a number of seleted topis. The 191 Census was the basis of several valuable monographs but, for various reasons, it was impossible to follow this preedent with a similar programme until. Moreover, the Census had two novel features. In the first plae, it provided muh new and more detailed data, partiularly in suh fields as inome, internal migration and fertility, and seondly, the use of an eletroni omputer made possible a great variety of tabulations on whih more penetrating analytial studies ould be based. The purpose of the Census Monograph Programme is to provide a broad analysis of soial and eonomi phenomena in Canada. Although the monographs onentrate on the results of the Census, they are supplemented by data from previous ensuses and by statistial material from other soures. The present Study is one in a Series on the Canadian labour fore. In addition to these Labour Fore Studies, monographs will be published on marketing, agriulture, eduation, fertility, urban development, inome, immigration, and internal migration. I should like to express my appreiation to the universities that have made it possible for members of their staff to ontribute to this Programme, to authors within the Dominion Bureau of Statistis who have put forth extra effort in preparing their studies, and to a number of other members of DBS staff who have given assistane. The Census Monograph Programme is onsidered desirable not only beause the analysis by the authors throws light on partiular topis but also beause it provides insight into the adequay of existing data and guidane in planning the ontent and tabulation programmes of future ensuses. Valuable help in designing the Programme was reeived from a ommittee of Government offiials and university professors. In addition, thanks are extended to the various readers, experts in their fields, whose omments were of onsiderable assistane to the authors. Although the monographs have been prepared at the request of and published by the Dominion Bureau of Statistis, responsibility for the analyses and onlusions is that of the individual authors. ^hujbo^- X)-oo^/x;t?^ DOMINION STATISTICIAN.

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9 Prefae This is the seond of a series of studies dealing with seleted aspets of the labour fore in Canada as revealed, in the main, by the and earlier Censuses. A large part of the present study is devoted to traing the hanges in oupational deployment of the working population over the first six deades of this entury. This long-run analysis is neessarily onfined to the level of broad oupational ategories and, insofar as data permit, an attempt is made to expose and explain the growth or deline in numbers within these broad groups. More detailed information was available for the deade -61, whih is therefore subjeted to more intensive analysis. Thanks are due to members of the Census Division of the Dominion Bureau of Statistis, in partiular to Miss A.G. Wood and Mrs. A.J. Kempster, for their o-operation and assistane in providing historial data. I am also indebted to Miss Louise Woods of the Department of Manpower and Immigration, who prepared some of the trend tables inluded in this study. Finally, I should like to express my gratitude for the many helpful omments of Professor Noah H. Meltz of the University of Toronto and Mr. N.L. MKellar, Diretor, Central Classifiation Researh and Development Staff, Dominion Bureau of Statistis. The usual observation, with respet to the author's responsibility for error, of ourse applies. Sylvia Ostry, Diretor, Speial Manpower Studies and Consultation, Dominion Bureau of Statistis OTTAWA, 1967

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11 Table of Contents Page FOREWORD PREFACE LIST OF TABLES iii V viii LIST OF CHARTS, x 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. LONG-RUN OCCUPATIONAL TRENDS: 1901 TO Changes in Composition The Components of Change 5 Inter-Deade Movements 8. OCCUPATIONAL TRENDS: THE - DECADE The Components of Change 15 Growth Rates of Speifi Oupations 19 Professional and Tehnial Oupations 19 Managerial Oupations 20 Craftsmen, Prodution Proess and Related Workers 21 Primary Oupations 24 Transport and Communiation Oupations 24 Servie and Rereation Oupations ASPECTS OF THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS 27 The Proportion of Females: 1901 to 27 Age: 191 to 0 Eduation: to. 6 Class of Worker: to CONCLUSION ; 45 TABLES Vll

12 Table List of Tables Page 1 - Changes in Oupational Distribution of the Labour Fore, for Canada, 1901 to Censuses, with Estimates of Components of Change 49 Table 2 Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, and Sex, for Canada: 1901 to Censuses 50 Table -Numerial Distribution of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, and Sex, for Canada: 1901 to Censuses : 52 Table 4 Changes in Oupational Distribution of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, for Canada, to Censuses, with Estimates of Components of Change 54 Table 5 -Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada, and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade 56 Table 6 -Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, in Seleted Oupational Classes of Craftsmen, Prodution Proess and Related Workers Division, and Censuses, Grouped Aording to Perentage Inrease over the Deade, for Canada 74 Table 7 -Twenty-five Leading Oupations of the Female Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, for Canada, Census 76 Table 8 -Perentage Distribution, by Sex, of the Labour Fore, IS Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, for Canada, 1901 to Censuses ' '7 Table 9 - Labour Fore, 14 Years of Age and Oyer, by Sex and Oupation Division, as of, Showing Median Age, for Canada, 191 to Censuses '^^ Table 10 - Perentage Changes in Median Age of Female Labour Fore, 14 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, for Canada, 191 to Censuses 79 Table lla-male Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, Showing the Numerial and Perentage Distribution by Age and the Median Age, for Canada, and Censuses 80 Table 1 IB-Female Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, Showing the Numerial and Perentage Distribution by Age and the Median Age, for Canada, and Censuses 82 Table IIC-Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, Showing the Numerial and Perentage Distribution by Age andthemedian Age, for Canada, and Censuses 84 Table 12 -Differene Between Atual and "Expeted" Perentage of Age Groups in Major Oupation Divisions of Female Labour Fore, for Canada, Census 86

13 LIST OF TABLES (onluded) Page Table 1-7 Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Sex, by Oupation Division, as of, Showing the Numerial and Perentage Distribution by Years of Shooling and the Median Years of Shooling, for Canada, and Censuses faing 86 Table 14 Perentage Inrease in Median Years of Shooling of the Labour Fore, by Sex, by Oupation Division, as of, for Canada, and Censuses 87 Table 15 Differentials in Median Years of Shooling, by Oupation Division, as of, and Sex, for Canada, and Censuses 88 Table 16 Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, and Sex, Showing Class of Worker, for Canada, and Censuses faing 88 IX

14 List of Charts Page Chart 1-Comparison between Atual Oupational Distribution in and Distribution based on 1901 Oupational Struture 4 Chart 2 Perent Distribution of the Labour Fore: Major Oupation Setors: 1901 to Chart Perent Distribution of Oupation Divisions, 1901 to, within White Collar Setor, Blue Collar Setor, and Servie Setor, respetively l2

15 J. Introdution The hanging oupational omposition of the working population refleting, as it does, the gradual remoulding of labour supply to the pattern of labour demand, is the result of a number of fundamental growth trends in the eonomy. On the demand side two broad sets of fators underlie the long-run oupational transformation of the labour fore: differing rates of growth of different industries and modifiation of the oupational omposition within individual industries. Shifts in the industrial distribution of the labour fore stem from a wide omplex of fores shaping the final demand for goods and servies and hene the derived demand for labour. Within industries, oupational requirements respond to a great variety of pressures of whih the most pervasive and ompelling is tehnologial hange. Thus, over the long run, as some industries grow and others deline, as new industries emerge and expand, and as tehnologial innovation transforms methods of prodution, so the demand for workers of differing degrees and kinds of ability, eduation and training is gradually altered. Fundamental strutural hange of the labour fore is a gradual proess, a slow evolution refleting basi soial, tehnologial and eonomi hanges. In the long run, the hanging oupational omposition of the working population is among the most revealing indiators not only of eonomi development but of soial struture. But in the short run, hanges in industrial employment aused by flutuations in the level of business ativity may have a sharp and diret effet on the oupational pattern of the work fore. A general deline in eonomi ativity always has a more serious impat on some industries than on others: whereas, to take one example, employment in the onstrution industry is extremely sensitive to hanges in the eonomi limate, the trade and servie industries are muh more stable. Sine the industrial pattern of employment indiretly affets the oupational pattern, flutuations in the level of eonomi ativity are refleted in oupational shifts in employment. These hanges in employment patterns are transferred, at least in some degree, to the labour fore beause of the inter-oupational shifts whih aompany the re-employment of the laid-off workers and beause eonomi onditions affet the employment opportunities of new labour fore entrants and perhaps also the atual degree of partiipation of some groups of workers. Then too, the oupational omposition of employment within industries is also affeted by business flutuations sine employers tend to hire or lay-off prodution

16 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE workers muh more readily than they do supervisory, professional and lerial staff.' Although in the present ontext it is neither feasible nor appropriate to analyse the assoiation between variations in the level of demand for labour and the oupational struture of the labour fore, in making omparisons of oupational pattern deade by deade, at different ensus dates (and hene, in some ases, under widely differing eonomi onditions) it is well to remember that suh a relationship does exist. The oupational omposition of the labour fore reflets hanges in labour supply as well as demand. Over a long period of time, as oupational manpower requirements hange, the oupational hoies of workers are gradually refashioned in aordane with those hanging requirements.' The eduational institutions of the ommunity play a dominant role in the omplex proess of oupational hoie. In Canada, as in North Ameria generally, the eduational system has been haraterized by an inreasing degree of voational orientation and by a philosophy of utilitarianism whih strengthens this role in the ommunity and permits a more effetive adjustment of labour supply to demand. Sine the proess of adjustment is highly imperfet, however, and in any ase never instantaneous, at any given time shortages or surpluses of partiular groups of workers will arise and the market will register these disequilibria in a variety of ways of whih the most important is prie hange, i.e. hanges in the relative wages paid to differing oupational groups. The prie hanges will, of ourse, in turn affet the oupational omposition of industries as employers seek to substitute less for more expensive labour.' A full-sale analysis of oupational hange - integrating hanges in final demand; deployment by industry; pries and intra-industry oupational struture-is far beyond the sope of this hapter.* Our onern is muh more modest. Given the omplex of underlying fores whih shape the oupational distribution of.the labour fore, we seek to expose and trae their ombined effets in transforming the oupational pattern of Canada's working population over the ourse of this entury and espeially this past inter-ensal deade. ' Cf. H.A. Turner, "Employment Flutuations, Labour Supply and Bargaining Power, The Manhester Shool ol Eonomi and Soial Studies, Vol. XXVII. 2, esp. pp Employers will also, insofar as they are able, respond to short-nin hanges in relative pries (wages) but the extent of substitutibility may be limited in many ases. 'just as, in the short run, marked hanges in demand will affet the oupational stmture.so too will similar developments on the supply side, suh as, for example, the mass immigration of the early years of this entury. ' Substitution of labour for apital will also ensue as a onsequene of hanges in relative fator pries. * Cf. Noah M. Meltz, "Changes in the Oupational Position ol the Canadian Labour Fore, 191-" (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1965).

17 2. Long-Run Oupational Trends: 1901 to CHANGES IN COMPOSITION The full signifiane of the profound transformation of the Canadian labour fore over the past sixty years of this entury is perhaps best grasped initially by visual means suh as the bar diagram in Chart 1. Superimposed on the atual oupational distribution is the distribution as it would have been if the labour fore had simply grown on the basis of the 1901 oupational onfiguration, a stringent assumption implying no hange in either industrial distribution or in the oupational struture of the work fore within industries. Clearly, as the work fore has expanded, a onsiderable amount of oupational shifting has taken plae, so that today the 1901 "mould" is a most inadequate and inappropriate frame for the struture. Perhaps the most striking example of the effets of distributional hange is that of the agriultural oupations. If the 1901 pattern had not altered there would have been over two and one half million farmers and farm workers instead of barely 650,000 in Canada today. On the other hand, there would have been far fewer white ollar workers; less than one million instead of the almost 2'/^ million at present in the Canadian working population. Within eah oupational group making up the white ollar setor, Chart 1 demonstrates how onsiderable has been the oupational shifting sine the outset of this entury. The growth in relative importane of lerial workers is espeially pronouned: the 1901 oupational pattern would have yielded just over 200,000 lerial workers instead of the atual 819,000 of, While the transformation of the oupational struture of the labour fore sine 1901 has dramatially inreased white ollar work and greatly redued the importane of farming, the shifting pattern has had very little effet on the numbers in blue ollar or manual oupations. The blue ollar division as a whole has expanded pari passu with the growth in the labour fore: there would be today very nearly the same number of these workers, given the labour fore growth, if the oupational distribution had not altered sine In the ase of labourers (an oupation within the blue ollar setor) the 1901 pattern would have yielded well over 400,000 workers

18 CHART-I THOUSSNOS OF WORKERS IN 2,800 2,600 CHANGES IN OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE, 1901 TO * PRIMARY OCCUPATIONS THOUSANDS OF WORKERS IN 2,800 2,600 2,400 2,400 2,200 2,200 2,000 2,000 1,800-1,800 1,600 1,600 1,400 1,2 00 NUMBER OF yiorkers IN IF OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION WERE IDENTICAL TO THAT OF ,000 BLUE COLLAR OCCUPATIONS ACTUAL NUMBEftOF WORKERS IN 1,400 1,200 1, :^^^i^v'..^-'^^'#' / ^vp>,'- 0^' <*^,'5 *<.' ^»r-«'» Comporiton b«tween omuol diilribulior in OBd diittibution oluloled on basis of 1901 oeopolionol «triilur«.

19 COMPONENTS OF CHANGE instead of the atual 50,000 of. For the other two groups whih make up the manual ategory-manufaturing and onstrution oupations - the effet of oupational shifts has been negligible. The two remaining broad oupational divisions transportation and ommuniation and servie have both enjoyed a more-than-proportionate expansion in numbers over the six deades sine If the oupational distribution of the labour fore had prevailed to the present time there would have been roughly 200,000 fewer in transportation and ommuniation outions and 250,000 fewer in servie work. THE COMPONENTS OF CHANGE It is possible to estimate, albeit in an approximate fashion, the extent to whih hanges in numbers within a speifi oupational group arise from the shifting oupational struture of the labour fore or simply from the growth in the size of the working.population. Chart 1 ompared the labour fore, standardized on the basis of the 1901 oupational distribution, with the atual oupational distribution of the labour fore. In Table 1 these standardized data provide the information for analysing the omponents of the hange in oupational totals whih has taken plae sine the beginning of the entury. If one assumes that the differene between the 1901 and the standardized distributions of workers is attributable to the growth in numbers of workers and alloates the remainder of the net hange between the two years to oupational shifting' then the relative importane of these two fators may be observed for the male labour fore as shown in Table 1. For men, the major portion of the growth in numbers of white ollar workers was attributable to the hange in oupational struture between 1901 and. For this oupational setor-the fastest growing in the labour fore - the net inrease was almost one and a quarter million workers; of this, over three-quarters of a million was attributable to oupational shifting, the remainder to the proliferation of numbers in the working population. The predominant role of oupational shifts as a ause of the inrease in numbers in this setor of the work fore may be observed in eah of the omponent oupational groups and is espeially notieable for professionals. The number of males in professional oupations grew by The "oupational shifting" arises from hanges in Industrial deployment as well as hanging oupational struture within Industries. It should be noted that this simple standardization tehnique assumes, rudely, that there is no interation between the growth in numbers and the "oupational omposition", learly an oversimplifiation. Cf. Gertrude Banroft, r/ie Arnerlan Labour Fore, Census Monograph Series, 1958, pp. 5-40; Meltz, op. it., Chapter 7; Gladys L. Palmer and Ann Ratner, Industrial and Oupational Trends in National Employment (Philadelphia): 1949).

20 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE over 00,000 between 1901 and and over 200,000 of this net inrease stemmed from a hange in labour fore omposition between those two dates: the past sixty years have witnessed the development of a wide range of new professional jobs for men. A similar situation may be observed in the transportation and ommuniation group and in servie oupations: in both ategories the augmentation in numbers would have been onsiderably less in the absene of the oupational shift whih ourred over the sixty year period. In sharp ontrast to the piture of rapid growth whih haraterized the white ollar and servie groups is that of the primary oupations. The numbers engaged in these ativities delined slightly (by nearly 27,000) between 1901 and, and, as Table 1 shows, this deline was the result of a near-balane between the massive negative effets of oupational shifts and the very substantial growth in the working population. The shrinkage of agriultural oupations was somewhat greater than the deline of the primary group as a whole, but again the adverse effet of oupational hange was all but offset by labour fore expansion. Only in logging did oupational shifting give rise to a small inrease in numbers. As Table 1 demonstrates, sine 1901 some growth in blue ollar work has arisen from hanges in the oupational omposition of the work fore but by far the larger portion of the net inrease in this setor has arisen beause of growth in numbers. The onsequenes of labour fore shifts were "positive" in the ase of manufaturing and onstrution oupations but not so for labourers. Although the ategory "labourers" tended to be a residual in ensus lassifiation pratie so that these data must be interpreted with some aution, it seems lear enough that in the absene of the large expansion of the working population sine the beginning of the entury the number of labourers would assuredly have diminished, by, below the 1901 level. Changes in oupational struture were of prime importane in aounting for many developments in the female labour fore over the six deades.' As may be seen in Table 1, by far the greater part of the inrease in numbers in white ollar oupations was attributable to oupational shifts. The importane of the hanging oupational pattern of the female labour fore is most heavily underlined in the lerial group, and sarely less apparent in ommerial and finanial ativity. In ontrast, the ontribution of oupational shifts to the inreased number of female professionals ' For a detailed disussion of the oupational struture of the female labour fore and hanges sine 191 see Canada, Department of Labour, Women's Bureau, Changing Patterns in Women's Employment (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1966) and Canada, Department of Labour, Oupational Trends in Canada, 191 to (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 196).

21 COMPONENTS OF CHANGE was negligible. Thus, whereas a wide range of professional jobs opened up for men over the six-deade period, the numbers of women professionals (onentrated mainly in teahing and nursing) have simply kept pae with the growth of the labour fore. It should be remembered, however, in respet to this entire analysis of oupational hanges in the female labour fore, that the partiipation rate of women in Canada more than doubled between 1901 and (while that for males delined slightly). Thus, for the female labour fore the growth in numbers over this period would tend to "swamp" all but the most powerful oupational shifts. Another important area of female employment is the servie group of oupations, espeially personal servie, and in the early part of the entury this meant mainly domesti servie. As Table 1 demonstrates, the growth in the number of women in servie oupations between 1901 and appears to have been very muh restrained beause of a pronouned deline in the relative importane of these oupations in the female labour fore. Thus a redution of nearly 50,000 in the servie ategory, stemming from an alteration in the oupational omposition of the labour fore, was set against a vast labour fore expansion whih produed almost double that number in servie oupations. The resulting net hange between 1901 and was an inrease of almost 00,000 women in this labour fore division, as is shown in Table 7. In the blue ollar group of oupations, too, the marked redistribution of the female labour fore would have drained away more than 00,000 in this setor. Labour fore growth, however, more than ompensated for the shift away from blue ollar work and the end result was an inrease of 125,000 over the sixty-year period. In the primary oupation group the effet of ompositional shifts was relatively unimportant and also positive (in ontrast, on both ounts, to the situation for males) and most of the net inrease in these oupations stemmed from labour fore growth. Finally, the more-than-proportionate expansion of transport and ommuniation oupations was the main fator explaining growth in this ategory of female labour fore ativity. In general terms, the hanging oupational omposition of the labour fore is learly of some importane in explaining its present numerial onfiguration. This has already been illustrated by omparing the initial and terminal years of the period under onsideration. Thus without the shifts in oupational omposition whih took plae between 1901 and the typial male worker of today would be a farmer; his female assoiate in the labour fore, a domesti servant. A fuller piture of the long-run developments in the oupational struture of the Canadian labour fore is provided by surveying the shifts in omposition deade by deade, sine the turn of

22 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE the entury. In what follows, more emphasis will be plaed on the relative distributions although the absolute, figures are also provided for the readers' information. INTER-DECADE MOVEMENTS Chart 2 provides a graphi representation of the interensal hanges in the labour fore shares of the major oupational divisions sine The data on whih Chart 2 is based are ontained in Table 2 and in Table the oupational totals as. measured in the deennial Censuses of Canada sine For the most part, this Study will onern itself with the total labour fore: some omment on reent oupational developments in the female work fore is ontained in Setion 4, below. One again, what stands out most learly from this, as from the earlier pitorial representation, is that the shift away from agriulture has been the single most dramati and persistent hange that has ourred in the Canadian labour fore over the ourse of this entury. In 1901 Canada was largely an agriultural ommunity. While it is true that by the beginning of the twentieth entury a majority of Canadians were engaged in nonagriultural pursuits, agriultural oupations were far and away the largest single group in the eonomy and agriultural ativity was the single most important form of work. Agriulture and other resoure-based oupations omprised almost 45 per ent of the work fore and represented almost 800,000 workers. For men, the dominane of primary oupations was more striking: a lear, if bare, majority (50.5 per ent) of the male labour fore in Canada at the turn of the entury was farmers, farm workers, fishermen, hunters, trappers, loggers or miners. As Chart 2 and the aompanying Tables demonstrate, the numbers engaged in suh pursuits ontinued to grow for more than forty years: the" Census of was the first to reord an atual deline in the total lassified in the primary oupation group. Looking at agriulture only, the absolute redution in numbers appeared a deade earlier, in (It might have appeared in the 'thirties' but for the effet of the Great Depressipn; see.below). However, it was not until, in the first postwar ensus, that agriulture lost its plae as the largest single oupational ativity in Canada, being replaed by "manufaturing and mehanial pursuits". We may thus say that for almost half this entury the numbers engaged in agriulture and resoure-oriented labour fore ativities in Canada ontinued to advane-but at a pae outstripped from the beginning by those in the working population with other oupational attahments. The muh steeper fall of the primary share of the labour fore after 1941, shown in Chart 2, reflets the ombined effets of the relative and absolute deline of these oupations, or more partiularly of agriulture. Over the thirty-year period from 1901 to 191, the great 8

23 INTER-DECADE MOVEMENTS "wheat phase" of the Canadian eonomy,' the agriultural labour fore grew by just over 400,000 workers: in the thirty years following, this growth was more than mathed in size by a deline of 470,000! The reasons for the, relative and eventual absolute deline of the agriultural work fore are well known and need not be detailed here. The major fators have been a low inome-elastiity of demand for farm produts, sharp ompetition from syntheti and other substitutes and impressive strides in farm tehnology whih raised worker produtivity relative to other setors suh as servie and trade. Further, inreased speialization in advaned eonomies has transformed many of the traditional farm ativities into manufaturing funtions. In the war and postwar period, expanding job opportunities off the farm, at inome levels well above those provided by farming, siphoned off inreasing numbers of the tural population made redundant by the enhaned pae of mehanization of agriultural prodution during these years. In this respet it is interesting to ontrast these years with those of the Great Depression when the rate of deline of the agriultural population was muh more sluggish as movement off the farm was disouraged by the heavy unemployment and general disorganization of urban labour markets.' We have already noted the spetaular rise in the labour fore share of the white ollar oupations over the six deades of this entury. As Chart 2 depits, however, the extent of this growth has learly not been onsistent from deade to deade. There have been two great strides in the development of these oupations. After a modest inrease during the first ( ) deade, between 1911 and 1921 the numbers of white ollar workers grew rapidly, by almost 75 per ent, expanding from onsiderably less than one-fifth to just over one-quartet of the labour fore. Again, between 1941 and the average inter-deade grov/th was over 50 per ent and the labour fore share by the end of the period had limbed to well over one-third, making the white ollar setor the largest major division of the labour fore in and in. Between 1921 and 1941, however, the white ollar oupations barely sustained the same pae of growth as that of the whole work fore and onsequently their labour fore share reahed a plateau whih extended throughout the 1920s and 190s until at least the early years of the Seond World War. ' See W.T. Easterbrook and H..G.J. Aitken, Canadian Eonomi History (Toronto: 1956), Chapter XX. Cf. D.J. Daly, "Aspets of the deline in Employment Canadian Journal ol Agriultural Eonomis, Vol. Ill, 2. in Canadian Agriulture",

24 CHART-2 PER CENT OF LABOUR FORCE 50 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF LABOUR FORCE MAJOR OCCUPATION SECTORS, 1901-I 961 PER CENT OF LABOUR FORCE I jjo ! 195! 10

25 INTER-DECADE MOVEMENTS Within the major division of white ollar oupations there was a good deal of similarity in the growth pattern of the omponent groups (see Chart ). The striking advane of the white ollar setor after 1941 is in large degree attributable to the proliferation of lerial oupations, largely as a onsequene of hanges in the size and method of business operation and the expansion of governmental ativities. The "quiesene" of the middle deades of the period ( ) is also seen to be harateristi of the lerial oupations. The professional group, whih advaned very rapidly in the most reent deade (indeed led the list of expanding oupations between and ), had been growing at a muh slower pae over most of the earlier part of this entury exept for a spurt forward during the period whih straddled the First World War. A similar pattern is observed for the proprietary and managerial group: the numbers in this ategory expanded by over 80 per ent between 1911 and 1921, delined slightly in the following deade and then, after 1941, shared in the advane of the white ollar group as a whole. Within this group of oupations there have been onfliting growth trends, with the independent proprietors delining in importane as the managerial oupations have grown. Commerial and finanial oupations have shown a fairly steady, though modest, pae of growth over the six deades. The line whih traes the hanging share of blue ollar oupations, as shown in Chart 2, also exhibits a rather flat entre setion, showing that there was little hange in the labour fore proportion of this major ategory of oupations during the years of the twenties and thirties. A modest rise in the blue ollar share during the opening deade of the entury was followed by a somewhat more substantial deline during the seond ten-year period, so that by a year of very high unemployment in Canada-the blue ollar share of the labour fore was well below that of The stable proportions of the next two deades were followed, in the forties, by a small relative expansion in blue ollar ativities: an absolute inrease of more than 400,000 workers raised the share from 27.1 to 29.4 per ent. In the past interensal deade blue ollar oupations failed to grow at the pae of the total labour fore and their share onsequently slipped bak again to just below 27 per ent. As was pointed out earlier, this share is slightly lower than that in 1901 and, indeed, the proportion is lower than that of any ensus year in this entury exept the depression year of 1921, The deline in the blue ollar proportion in the past deade ontrasts markedly with the rising trend of the white ollar groups. But it should be noted that similar divergent movements in the behaviour of these two oupational setors have existed in other periods during this entury. 11

26 CHART- PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATION DIVISIONS 1901 TO PER CENT OF LABOUR FORCE 40 I WHITE COLLAR SECTOR ! ! 40 BLUE COLLAR SECTOR 1 40 BLUE COLLAR SECTOR 0 20 I SERVICE SECTOR 20 SERVICE SECTOR PERSONAL SERVICE

27 INTER-DECADE MOVEMENTS In Chart it will be observed that the three oupational groups whih together make up the blue ollar setor have experiened rather different growth patterns over the six deades. The numbers in onstrution oupations have grown steadily in step with the total labour fore: their proportion of the total working population has shown very little variation at eah ensus date, hovering just below or just above 5 per ent. This stability of the onstrution share is not repeated by the other two oupational groups. Labouring oupations grew muh more quikly than average during the first deade: indeed the number of labourers inreased by 150 per ent over the years 1901 to 1911 and the unskilled were by far the fastest-growing oupational group of any in Canada. Again, the reader is reminded of the diffiulties of interpreting the data on labourers sine this oupational ategory tended to be treated as a residual incensus lassifiation. However, the growth of labouring oupations in. the first deade of this entury was far too marked to be seriously distorted by minor hanges in ensus pratie. Apart from the influene of industrial shifts and tehnologial hange on the expansion of labouring ativity at this time, it seems likely that an important fator influening the growth of the unskilled in Canada was the great wave of limmigration from Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, whih started in the early years of the deade and ontinued until the outbreak of the First War. Too muh emphasis should not be plaed on the more modest hanges in this oupation reorded by the Censuses of 1921 and 191. The years of the Great Depression, however, witnessed a preipitate deline in unskilled work: an absolute deline in numbers from over 440,000 to well under 00,000 resulted in a drop in share from over 11 per ent to under 8 per ent. During the war and early postwar period, some reovery in the numbers of labourers resulted in a modest (and, perhaps illusory) rise in proportionate share. Not unexpetedly, in view of reent trends in tehnologial hange, in the past interensal deade (-) the unskilled oupations lost ground, suffering both an absolute deline in numbers and a quite onsiderable fall in relative share. Observation of Chart makes it lear that the appearane of stability in the labour fore share of the blue ollar setor during the thirties masks a strong divergene in the growth pattern of the labourers and the manufaturing and mehanial workers. The substantial deline, both absolute and relative, in unskilled oupations during the Great Depression has already been noted. This shrinkage in the numbers of labourers was more than om-. pensated by an inrease in the manufaturing and mehanial group roughly the skilled and semi-skilled prodution workers whose numbers grew by 220,000, marking an improvement in labour fore share from 11.6 to over 1

28 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE 16 per ent. This advaning proportion in the thirties had followed little hange in the previous deade and a steady deline between 1901 and The Seond World War stimulated further growth in manufaturing industry, and manufaturing oupations expanded their share of the labour fore during the 1940's, but in the last interensal period, to, these oupations have not managed to keep step with the growth of the labour fore as is apparent from Chart. Of the remaining two major oupational divisions (see Chart 2) the transportation and ommuniation oupations have shown a small but steady improvement in share sine The servie group, as may be seen in both Charts 2 and, has been inreasing its share of the labour fore sine the 1920's, exept for a slight deline in the deade. During the Great Depression the numbers of servie workers (of whom the vast majority were in personal servie oupations) grew more rapidly than any exept manufaturing and mehanial oupations. This "shift" into personal servie ativities during the depression has been observed in many ountries and some portion of it may be onsidered a form of "disguised" or "hidden" unemployment.' During the War and early postwar years the numbers in personal servie delined (refleted in a drop in the share from 9, in 1941 to 7.2 per ent in ) but more than reovered this loss by as a onsequene of above-average growth during the fifties. (At least some part of this upward trend in personal servie oupations, espeially after 1957, may have been due to lak of higher-paying alternative job opportunities. Finally, over the long-run period, as Chart shows (by impliation), the government, business and ommunity servie oupations have formed an inreasing proportion of the total servie group. In summary, it is worthwhile pointing out that the deade of the 1940s, whih straddled the years of the Seond World War, the early postwar boom and the beginning of the Korean War, appears in retrospet as a "watershed" in the transformation of the work fore of this ountry. By, for the first time, the ensus reorded a smaller number of workers in primary oupations than in manual pursuits: industrialism, in this sense, had "ome of age" in Canada. By, however, these manual workers were themselves outnumbered by the white ollar work fore. Together the professionals, the managers, the lerks and the salesmen formed the largest single oupational setor of the working population. In the deade whih followed, the pre-eminene of the white ollar worker beame more pronouned. A loser look at this deade, -, forms the subjet matter of the next setion. ' Cf. Joan Robinson, Essays in the Theory ol Employment (Oxford, 1947), pp

29 . Oupational Trends: The Deade A long view of oupational hange, over the ourse of the first sixty years of this entury, unovered the major trends whih have reshaped the struture of the Canadian working population. These important transforming developments are brought into learer fous as we appraise, in somewhat greater detail, the hanging pattern of the past deade. Before turning to an examination of growth rates of speifi oupations, however, it is useful to summarize briefly the relative effets of oupational shifts and labour fore growth in produing the hange in oupational totals over the - period. Thus estimates of the "omponents of hange" (derived in the manner desribed above) are presented, for males and females separately, for the past interensal deade, in Table 4. The reader should note that this analysis is onduted in terms of the Census lassifiation of oupations whih is less industry-oriented than the earlier () lassifiation used for the longer-run trend data,' THE COMPONENTS OF CHANGE The largest absolute inrease in the male labour fore during the 1950s was to be found in the white ollar division and the major portion of this growth was attributable to a deided shift in oupational struture over this period. As has been pointed out, the Census was the first to reord a larger number of white ollar than manual workers in Canada: by this lead had grown muh wider. Most remarkable, within the white ollar ategory, was the proliferation of professional and tehnial oupations and here the effet of oupational shifting was very strong indeed: of a net inrease of almost 18,000 male workers in this group our estimate alloated over 100,000 to a hange in oupational omposition between and. Less dramati, but nevertheless still pronouned, was the effet of ompositioiial hange on the sales group, where it outweighed, It proved impossible to onvert the earlier (pre-) ensus data to a oupational lassifiation base, hene the long-run analysis was onduted in terms of the Census lassifiations. However, the -61 developments are analysed on the basis of the (improved) lassifiation. The neessary onversions, in both instanes, were arried out by the Census Division, Dominion Bureau of Statistis. 15

30 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE by better than two to one, the influene of labour fore growth on the expansion of numbers in the oupation. In the other two oupations managerial and lerial the inrease in numbers was attributable, in greater part, to the growth of the labour fore rather than to its hanging omposition although the latter development was by no means insignifiant in impat. In the blue ollar,division of the male labour fore the effet of the hanging oupational distribution over the deade was very small and was also negative, although labour fore growth was suffiient to bring about a net inrease of more than 200,000 workers. The adverse effets of ompositional hanges on the blue ollar setor as a whole are seen to stem from the labouring oupations whih suffered a net diminution in numbers as a onsequene of a notable shift away from these ativities between and. For the remainder of the blue ollar division the raftsmen, prodution proess and related workers labour fore growth was muh the more important fator ontributing to the net inrease of 208,000 over the deade, although the effets of ompositional hanges were positive and not inonsiderable. Labour fore growth was not nearly sizeable enough to onvert to a net gain the very large derease of males in primary oupations whih stemmed from the strongly adverse hanges in the omposition of the male fore in this instane. This development haraterized not only the primary setor as a whole but eah omponent oupational group. The most massive effets of hanges in the male labour fore distribution are, not unexpetedly, to be observed in the agriultural group and these effets have already been noted in the preeding disussion of long-run hanges. However, the Canadian labour fore is now also shifting out of the other resoureoriented pursuits, a fat whih was not at all evident from the long-run analysis. For the transportation and ommuniation group of oupations, the inrease of almost 00,000 men over the deade was attributable mainly to overall labour fore growth, the effets of ompositional hange being positive but relatively small. Not so for the remaining oupational ategory, that of servie and rereation. Here the larger part of the inrease in numbers stemmed from an above-average rate of growth of this partiular oupation division during this ten-year period. The analysis of the hanging oupational pattern of the female labour fore is, in some respets, very different from that of the males just desribed. It is worth noting, too, that experiene in the most reent deade also, in some instanes, ontrasts with developments observed over the longer period, 1901 to. 16

31 COMPONENTS OF CHANGE Not surprisingly, in view of the partiularly marked rise in female partiipation during the -61 deade, the effets of oupational shifting were generally overshadowed by labour fore growth. Thus, for females in white ollar oupations, the hange in oupational omposition between and was muh less pronouned than was the ase for men during the same period or for women' over the longer, six-deade period. For the white ollar division as a whole, of a net inrease of almost 60,000 women in these oupations, by far the major portion almost 25,000 was attributable to labour fore expansion and very little (fewer than 0,000) to oupational shifting. It is possible, however, that the strong movement into these oupations, whih was observed in the longer-run analysis (see Table 1), may be tapering off to some degree. Indeed, in the ases of the managerial and proprietary and also the sales oupations, the impat of hanging omposition on the numbers in the oupation in was negative. The fastest-growing femiale oupations in the white ollar division were the lerial oupations: but here, too, the effets of shifting were swamped by labour fore growth. Relatively speaking, the shift in oupational omposition over the deade was most important in the professional and tehnial oupations. Even in this instane, however, the inrease in numbers stemming from hanging omposition was small in omparison with the effets of labour fore expansion in market ontrast to the piture revealed by the analysis of the male labour fore. The onsequenes of oupational shifting were muh more important in the blue ollar oupations for women. In this ase, a deisive shift away from these ativities over the deade had the effet of utting down the net growth in numbers from 111,000 (stemming from labour fore expansion) to barely over 15,000. The effets of the adverse shifts in this area were muh stronger for women than men and were already apparent in the long-run analysis desribed above. A very surprising result of this estimation of the omponents of the hanging oupational totals in the past deade is that an above-average growth of agriultural oupations of women produed an inrease of almost 40,000 in this oupational group, the major portion of the total inrease of just over 50,000. Beause there is good reason to question these data (see below, pp. 29 and 44) it is impossible to interpret this finding. It would be neessary to subjet the ensus information to a detailed examination in the light of alternative estimates of the female agriultural labour fore from the Monthly Labour Fore Survey, a task beyond the sope of this disussion. It should be noted, in this respet, that the majority of women in farming oupations are "unpaid family workers" and it may be diffiult for a ensus enumerator to distinguish between farm housewives 17

32 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE who ontribute to the running of the farm and those engaged mainly in housework. For this reason, the estimates of the female agriultural labour fore derived by untrained ensus enumerators maybe subjet to substantial response error; As Table 4 shows, the inrease in numbers in the transportation and ommuniation group of female oupations was very muh pared down by a relatively strong (adverse) ompositional hange over the deade. The effets of hanges in the oupational distribution of the labour fore were less important (and also were positive) in the servie and rereation group. In this ase, it should be noted, the experiene of the most reent deade differed from that of the longer-run development: the analysis (see Table 1) showed a very large negative ompositional effet on the servie oupations. The ontent of the servie oupations groups in reent years is somewhat different from that of the earlier period at the outset of the entury, being less heavily weighted by domesti and other personal servie ativity. Referene has been made in this and the previous disussion to the variation in the rates of growth of the different oupational divisions and the broad oupational setors of the labour fore. Unfortunately, the absene of suffiiently detailed statistial information for earlier deades preludes all but the most ursory examination of the very important hanges whih have been taking plae within these broad ategories at the level of finer ategories of oupations or of speifi oupations. Changes in prodution methods, hanges in the sale and organization of business operations, the emergene of new industries and the deline or disappearane of others, radially transform the nature of speifi oupations, destroying some, reating some and profoundly modifying others. In a dynami eonomy it is, therefore, impossible to trae, over any long period of time, any onsiderable number of speifi oupations. Very broad oupational ategories, reasonably omparable in ontent, an be utilized for long-run analysis in the manner of the preeding setions of this Study. For a shorter time-span-one interensal period-it is useful to supplement this type of exposition by examining a number of seleted speifi oupation lasses whih have, upon areful appraisal, been judged omparable on the basis of the two ensus lassifiations. This we propose to do now for the deade -,' * For a disussion of long-term hanges in 117 oupation lasses see Canada* Department of Labour, Oupafiona/ Trends, op» it, 18

33 PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS GROWTH RATES OF SPECIFIC OCCUPATIONS In Table 5 are presented the numbers in seleted oupation lasses in and and the perentage hange over the deade. The oupation lasses are grouped within the broad divisions and major oupational ategories of the Census, and were seleted on the basis of their omparability.in and. PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS As has been pointed out, the fastest growing of all the major oupational groups during the 1950s was that of professional and tehnial workers (see Chart ). This ategory inludes all the established professions; engineering, physial siene, biology, teahing, mediine, law, religion, et., as well as a variety of tehnial oupations many of whih, though requiring less formal eduation than fully professional work, demand some degree of training and experiene; medial and dental tehniians, draughtsmen, siene and engineering tehniians and the like.' The professional and tehnial group as a whole grew by over 6 per ent, almost three times as rapidly as the average for all oupations. However, some professions grew less rapidly than others: the engineers were among this group. None of the engineering professionals.inluded in Table 5 grew at a pae equal to that of the professidnal group as a whole and the perentage inrease in hemial engineers was well below the average for all oupations. It should be noted, nonetheless, that the numerial inrease in ivil, mehanial and industrial engineering was substantial, aounting for more than half the growth in the engineering professions between and. It was stimulated mainly by the expansion in onstrution, researh and development expenditure in industry and government over the deade. A sharply rising shool-age population prompted the rapid growth of the teahing profession during the 1950s: the numbers of shool teahers grew by over 65,000 or almost 64 per ent. Rising inome and an evergrowing stress on the value of extended eduation were refleted in an enormous perentage inrease in professors and ollege prinipals: their numbers more than doubled between and, plaing this in the first rank of the expanding oupations during the past deade. In ontrast, despite inreased expenditure on health servies, only two of the health professional oupations attained a growth rate greater than the average for the professional group as a whole: graduate nurses, whose numbers expanded by over 75 per ent between and, and the medial and dental tehniians group whih inreased by a phenomenal 145 per ent. The tehnial oupations are not shown separately in Table 5 beause of lak of omparability between the and data. 19

34 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE (Note too, in the servie oupation ategory, the enormous perentage inrease in numbers of nursing aides and assistants.) Of the health professionals, the dentists made the poorest showing: their inrease of less than 19 per ent was below that of the all-oupation average. Among the other professional oupations for whih detailed information exists, the atuaries and statistiians, starting from a small base of 1,000, almost tripled in number. Rates of growth, well above the average for the professional group as a whole, were also enjoyed by arhitets, journalists and librarians. The two anient learned professions, the law and the lergy, grew muh more slowly than most professional oupations, the latter lass at a rate whih was even below the all-oupation average. MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS The rate of growth in the managerial oupational group was only slightly better than that of the experiened labour fore during the -61 deade and very muh below that of the white ollar setor as a whole. The proportion of self-employed in this group (see Table 16) delined over the deade as a onsequene of hanges in the size and method of business operations. Absene of suffiient detail preludes investigation of the hanging omposition of this oupational ategory, but it is lear from observation of a variety of trend information that the expansion of the managerial and proprietary oupational group stemmed mainly from a proliferation and extension of the supervisory and administrative funtions in private industry and government and to a muh lesser degree from an expansion of independent ownership. The wide variation in growth rates among the seleted managerial lasses shown in Table 5 presumably reflets differenes in growth rates and organization hanges in the industries to whih they are attahed.' It is of interest to note, however, that between and there was an inrease in the perentage share of managerial oupations within all the major industry divisions exept trade and servies. ' In other words, in most industries, as prodution methods advane, the ratio of managers to subordinates inreases. The reasons for the ontrary trend in trade and servie are not immediately apparent and would require further investigation. ' The use of industrial grouping as a basis for lassifying oupations, whih appears in this and other areas of the Census Oupational lassifiation System, makes analysis of trends extremely diffiult. In this instane, for example, we annot distinguish managers by area of speialization i.e. work performed whih should be the relevant riterion for grouping. Cf. I.L.0.,Rev/sion of the International Standard ClaaBitiatlon ol Oupations (Geneva: 1966), p. 1. ' See Meltz, op. f(.. Table

35 CRAFTSMEN, PRODUCTION PROCESS AND RELATED WORKERS The numbers in lerial oupations grew by 44 per ent, a rate double that for the experiened labour fore and just about equal to the perentage inrease for the white-ollar setor as a whole. More.extensive reord-keeping, ommuniation and omputation within industries, * as well as the expansion of ertain industries suh as finane, insurane and real estate, and government servie, whih are large employers of lerial staff, have ontributed to the multipliation of jobs involving lerial ativity of one kind or another. The impat of hanging tehnology in the offie is seen in the very high rate of growth of offie appliane operators; their numbers inreased by 158 per ent during the 1950s. The numbers of stenographers and typists also grew at a rate (56.2 per ent) well above the average for all oupations and this group showed the largest numerial inrease, an expansion of almost 80,000 persons. More modest rates of growth were experiened by the other lerial oupations shown in Table 5. Indeed, in one instane-baggagemen and expressmen - the numbers diminished by over 20 per ent between and, refleting both shifts in demand among various kinds of transport servie and also improvement in the mehanis of handling freight and baggage. Sales workers also inreased, in perentage terms, muh faster than did the total labour fore during the past interensal deade, although at a rate somewhat below the average for the white ollar setor. The fastestgrowing sales oupation was that of servie station attendants, a notsurprising development in view of the expansion of road transport and the tremendous inrease in the use of private ars in Canada during the fifties. Another intimation of the affluent soiety was the mushrooming of the oupation "advertising salesmen and agents", whose numbers inreased by almost 80 per ent over the deade. Seurity salesmen and brokers also multiplied rapidly, growing at a rate over three times the average for all oupations. Sales lerks (mainly retail), on the other hand, the largest single oupation in the sales group, grew at a muh more modest pae, affeted, no doubt, by tehnologial developments in retailing suh as selfservie supermarkets, vending mahines, onveyer belts for hekout servie, prepakaging of food and household supplies, et. CRAFTSMEN, PRODUCTION PROCESS AND RELATED WORKERS The average perentage inrease of numbers in the rnanual oupations was below that for all oupations (17 per ent as ompared with nearly 2 per ent) and onsequently very muh lower than that of the white ollar setor. But as Table 5 reveals, there was wide variation in the growth rates of different oupations within the manual ategory. Clerial workers inreased their proportion in almost every industry division between and. See ibid. 21

36 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE The 61 skilled or semi-skilled oupational lasses in Table 5 (i.e. all the lasses listed in the blue ollar ategory exept labourers) are grouped into three ategories and shown below in Table. 6. In Category I are the oupations in whih the perentage inrease between and was greater than the average for all oupations; Category II lists these oupations with below-average perentage inrease; in Category III are those oupations whih suffered an absolute deline in numbers between and. In Category I are 28 oupations representing, in, 480,290 workers or nearly one-third of the total in the raftsmen and prodution workers group; in Category II are 16 oupations with 214,080 workers or 14 per ent of the total and in Category III are 17 oupations, 208,149 workers, 1.6 per ent of the group total. Among the more rapidly growing oupations - Category I-were mehanis and repairmen for aeroplanes and motor vehiles. These oupations are representative of a number of similar oupations whih grew very rapidly during the 1950s as mehanis and repairmen of all kinds were required in inreasing numbers to install, maintain and servie the growing omplex of new and improved mahinery and equipment being used in fatories, offies, stores and in the home. One exeption to this general trend is seen in Category III: the numbers of mehanis and repairmen handling railroad equipment delined by almost one-quarter between and, primarily as a onsequene of tehnologial hanges in the railway industry, in partiular dieselization. The skilled onstrution trades have experiened a wide variation in growth rates over the past deade. Inspetors and foremen in onstrution, both listed in Category I, have inreased at rates above the all-oupation average. This development reflets a more general trend, affeting most industries, of inreasing proportions of these front-line supervisory workers. Again, although no preise data are available, it is estimated that foremen and inspetors in non-primary industries inreased at rates well above the average for the experiened labour fore and were among the most rapidly growing oupations in the raftsmen, prodution proess workers ategory. In many industries, mehanization, standardization and mass prodution require loser supervision not only of men but of goods and mahines. This may, however, be a temporary development whih will be reversed as fully automated proesses (inluding quality ontrol of output) are introdued. Among the other onstrution trades for whih we have omparable information in and, Category I inludes briklayers, stonemasons and tilesetters, plumbers and pipefitters and ement and onrete finishers. On the other hand, the numbers of painters, paperhangers and glaziers and plasterers and lathers lagged behind, the inrease being less than 9 per 22

37 CRAFTSMEN, PRODUCTION PROCESS AND RELATED WORKERS ent over the deade. Another important skilled onstrution raft suffered an atual redution in numbers; arpenters delined by about 5 per ent between and. These developments reflet not only hanges in the level of ativity of the onstrution and other seondary industries employing onstrution workers but also hanging methods in onstrution, the use of new materials and hanging onsumer tastes. Carpenters are, for example, adversely affeted by the growing prevalene of interior and exterior prefabriation in both residential and other onstrution; paperhangers, by hanging tastes in design and deoration. The rapid expansion of the ommuniation and publi utilities industries over the 1950s aounts for the above-average growth of the oupations assoiated with them. Thus, in Category I, are inluded power station operators and telephone, telegraph and power linemen and serviemen. Also among the more rapidly growing oupations in the prodution worker group (see Category I) were a number of the skilled metal working trades; welders and flame utters, heat treaters, annealers and temperers, rolling mill operators, boilermakers, millwrights, sheet metal workers, et. But these ases were by no means harateristi of all oupations in the metalworking family. Thus the numbers of workers engaged in many other metalworking and related ativities did not inrease very rapidly over the deade; below-average inreases or atual delines (see Categories II and III) haraterized tool and diemakers, inspetors (metal), fitters and assemblers (metal), engravers, filers, grinders and sharpeners, metal polishers and buffers, riveters and rivet heaters, blaksmiths, oremakers. Impressive developments in metallurgial sienes have greatly improved the durability of materials in the metal-using industries and the introdution of automati and semi-automati mahinery has also slowed down the expansion of employment in many types of ativity in these areas of the eonomy. Another aspet of the effets of automation the growing use of automati heating and power equipment may be observed in the sluggish growth of oupations suh as stationary enginemen and the deline in numbers of boiler firemen. The only unskilled manual oupation for whih omparable data are available in and is labouring. As may be seen from Table 5, the number of labourers in Canada delined during the past interensal deade; in there were approximately 2 per ent fewer labourers than in. This trend has been harateristi of most types of unskilled work in reent years and reflets the inreasing substitution of mahines for the human musle power required in heavy work. 2

38 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE PRIMARY OCCUPATIONS The primary oupation group as a whole suffered the largest numerial deline between and and the detailed oupational information available, santy as it is, suggests that the diminution in numbers was harateristi of almost all resoure-oriented ativity. As may be seen from Table 5, the rate of deline of farmers was onsiderably more rapid than that of farm managers and foremen. The rising produtivity of farming, owing to suh fators as greater mehanization, use of improved seed and fertilizer and the inreasing size of farms, has, as has been seen, redued the labour requirements of farm prodution: but these labour-saving effets have been somewhat mitigated, in the ase of the supervisory and administrative funtions, beause of the growth in size and omplexity of farm operations. The inrease in the number of (non farm) gardeners may well reflet rising inome levels in the private setor as well as an expanded publi (governmental) programme of land beautifiation and onservation. Among the other primary oupational groups only miners managed (almost) to maintain their numbers over the deade; loggers were depleted by over one-fifth and fishermen by over 0 per ent. Within the "loggers and related workers" group, however, the forest rangers and ruisers inreased at a rate almost three times the all-oupation average as a onsequene of more extensive forest management and onservation efforts on the part of provinial governments.' TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION OCCUPATIONS This group of oupations grew rather more slowly than the experiened labour fore between and but, as Table 5 demonstrates, the average perentage inrease for the group masks a very onsiderable variability in growth rates of speifi oupations. Thus, there are marked ontrasts in the rates of expansion of oupations assoiated with different types of transportation. While air pilots and kindred workers grew by 140 per ent (admittedly from a numerially small base) the numbers of workers in eah of the railway oupations inluded in Table 5 delined radially, refleting not only the industry's delining share of traffi but also the major tehnologial hanges of a deade in whih, for example, dieselization of the railway system in Canada was ompleted. In this latter respet it is worth noting the drasti shrinkage in numbers of loomotive firemen between.and. Changing modes of urban transport aount in large ' For further examination of the manpower situation In the logging industry see Dunan R. Campbell and Edward B. Power, Manpower Impliations ol Prospetive Tehnologial Changes in the Eastern Pulpwood Logging Industry, Department of Manpower and Immigration (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1966). 24

39 SERVICE AND RECREATION OCCUPATIONS part for the ontrast between the hange in numbers of bus drivers (inrease of 6 per ent) and operators of eletri street railways (derease of 78 per ent). Among the ommuniation oupations inluded in Table 5, the most rapid perentage inrease was enjoyed by radio and television announers, a numerially small oupation, however, in both and. The expansion in "paperwork", harateristi of the ontemporary eonomy and already noted in onnetion with the rapid growth of the lerial labour fore, is refleted in the marked proliferation of postmen and mail arriers, an oupation for whih it has not yet been possible to introdue a mehanial substitute. On the other hand, the numbers of telephone operators grew by only 15 per ent, a rate well below the all-oupation average, and telegraph operators delined by over one-third during the 1950s. In both instanes, an enormously expanded servie was failitated by important tehnologial transformation in methods of prodution. SERVICE AND RECREATION OCCUPATIONS This group of oupations grew at a rate about two and one-half times that of the experiened labour fore as a whole. As may be seen from Table 5, above-average rates of inrease were enjoyed by all the protetive servie oupations. The servie oupations assoiated with the restaurant and hotel trades ooks, bartenders, waiters and waitresses expanded by over 40 per ent, experiening a substantial numerial growth (almost 42,000 workers) stimulated by the growing popularity among Canadians of "eating out" and by tourism. Porters (baggage and pullman), however, delined by over 10 per ent between and, largely as a onsequene of delining passenger traffi on the railways. The very large inrease in nursing aides and assistants has already been mentioned. It stems not only, from the expansion in medial servies but is related also to the shortage of fully trained nurses. Among the personal servie oupations inluded in Table 5, it is worth pointing out the very high rate of growth (7 per ent) of barbers, hairdressers and maniurists, another indiation of rising inome levels in the ommunity during the 1950s. On the other hand, another servie oupation laundering and dry-leaning expanded by only 18 per ent, a rate very muh below the average for the servie group as a whole. Tehnology of a labour-saving nature in the laundering and leaning industry permitted onsiderable expansion of servie with a rather modest growth in the work fore. In the "beauty industry", however, there has been very little tehnologial hange of this type (indeed, many new tehniques are probably more rather than less labour intensive) although the quality of materials and servie has greatly improved. 25

40 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE The far greater use of automati elevators in both residential and ommerial buildings aounts for the negligible perentage inrease of building elevator tenders. Building janitors and leaners, on the other hand, were among the fastest-growing servie oupations, having almost doubled in number between and. During reent years, the emergene of a virtually new industry providing janitorial and leaning servies on a ontrat basis has greatly stimulated the growth of this oupational ategory. In, the number of janitors and leaners in this servie industry ("servies to buildings and dwellings") was almost 7,000, while in the industry was too insignifiant to be separately lassified. This review of speifi oupational trends over the past deade has illustrated both the employment-reating and employment-destroying effets of tehnologial hange as well as the impat of hanging patterns of onsumer expenditure. It is diffiult, however, to summarize these detailed but highly fragmented data in terms of eonomially meaningful generalizations. The diffiulties are ompounded by the present system of oupational lassifiation whih still retains too many industry-oriented ategories and whih, moreover, does not failitate analysis in terms of levels of job performane, a matter of great onern to eonomists and planners alike.' In lieu of further disussion of suh trends, then, this present hapter will onlude with an examination of aspets of the hanging omposition of the broad oupational groups, with respet to sex, age, eduation and lass of worker. (The geographi aspets of the broad oupational groups will be treated in another Study in the Series.) ' Cf. James G. Soville, The Job Content ol the United States Eonomy, : An Attempt at Quentilletlon, Ph. D. thesis. Harvard University, Cambridge, 1964 (mimeo). Cf. also The Job Content ol the Canadian Eonomy, , Dominion Bureau of Statistis, Speial Labour Fore Studies, (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1967). 26

41 4. Aspets of the Changing Struture of Oupational Groups THE PROPORTION OF FEMALES: 1901 TO Although there are few jobs today earmarked "for men only", some oupations an still be haraterized as primarily "women's work". Traditionally, women have been onerned with the are and training of hildren, ooking, leaning, making and repairing lothes, ministering to the sik. Over time, as the performane of many of these funtions has shifted from the home, they have ontinued to be regarded as predominantly "women's work". Women's ativities in the world of work are, in other words, heavily onentrated in a few oupations and with some notable exeptions most of these are an extension of her traditional funtions in the home. The major exeptions are, of ourse, the white ollar jobs: many lerial and some sales oupations are largely female preserves. In there were twenty-five oupations, eah with at least 10,000 women, whih together onstituted almost 70 per ent of the experiened female work fore (see Table 7). Almost one-third of the women in this group were in oupations in whih at least 90 per ent of the labour fore was female: more than half were in oupations in whih at least 75 per ent were women. The only two professional oupations appearing in Table 7 are teahing and nursing, the traditionally "feminine" professions. This is hardly surprising sine in women in these two professions onstituted almost three-quarters of the entire female work fore in the professional field. Traditional servie funtions are well represented among the leading twenty-five oupations: maids, waitresses, nursing aides, leaners, ooks, laundresses, baby sitters, housekeepers. Prominent among the manual oupations are semi-skilled food proessing and textile and lothing operations. Nonetheless, the largest single "female" oupation in was stenographers (over 9 per ent of the female work fore) followed by sales lerks (another 8 per ent). These oupations (and others related to them) do not derive from the traditional work of women in the home. The growth of these new types of women's work is refleted in the long-run hanges in the sex distribution of the major oupational ategories shown in Table 8. 27

42 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE From Table 8 it may be seen that eah ensus sine 1901 has reorded a rise in the "female ontent" of the white ollar division, amounting, by, to a doubling of the female perentage of the white ollar work fore. Most of this growth has derived from an enormous inrease in women's share of the lerial group of oupations from about 20 per ent in 1901 to over 60 per ent in. Thus lerial work has beome a predominantly feminine ativity over the ourse of this entury, a marked transformation within a period of six deades. Although the number of workers involved is muh smaller, there has been, over the same period, an equally striking rise in the proportion of women in ommerial (sales) oupations from something under 10 per ent in 1901 to 40 per ent in. Women have also made some minor enroahment into the male world of managerial jobs (although, even today, barely over per ent of women workers are found in these oupations, mainly as managers of retail stores or personal servie establishments). Only the professional group of oupations has exhibited a ontrary trend: the female share of the professional work fore in was lower than at any period in this entury exept 1901.' This fat underlines the signifiane of our earlier observations about long-run shifts in oupational omposition within the female work fore: despite the muh greater partiipation by women in labour fore ativity over the ourse of this entury, they have not been suessful in moving in proportionate degree into broader areas of professional employment. In the past few deades, moreover, even some of the traditional female strongholds suh as shool teahing and nursing, have been undergoing siege.' The lerial and, to a lesser degree, the ommerial oupations in whih the proportion of women has greatly inreased, are rapidly growing oupations. In the less expansive manual or blue ollar setor, however, the female share has delined. The majority of female blue ollar workers are in manufaturing and mehanial oupations in whih the proportion of women has delined from almost 25 per ent in 1901 to approximately 17 per ent, although with a slight reversal of trend during the Seond War as women moved into "war work" fatory jobs vaated by serviemen. It should be noted that the proportion of females in unskilled labouring jobs, although very small, has grown over the past few deades. In general, however, blue ollar work is "men's work" and has beome even more so over the ourse of this entury. It should be pointed out, however, that at the turn of the entury a good portion of the teahing and nursing groups would not have been onsidered professional by present standards so that these data really understate the growth in numbers of female professional workers. While this omment might be made about some of the other older professional oupations, it probably is more relevant to teahing and nursing (the predominant female professions) than most others. ' Between 1941 and the male share of shool teahers rose from 25 to almost 0 per ent; of graduate nurses from less than 1 per ent to 4 per ent. S 28

43 PROPORTION OF FEMALES: 1901 TO The data in Table 8 show that the female proportion of the primary oupation division of the labour fore in Canada has expanded substantially, espeially over the past deade. Within the primary setor, females are onentrated almost entirely in agriulture and it is the agriultural oupations whih appear to have experiened this marked rise in the proportion of women workers sine. It is extraordinarily diffiult to interpret this trend and indeed there is strong reason to believe that the and data on the female agriultural labour fore (in partiular unpaid family workers who are espeially diffiult to enumerate) are not entirely omparable. In this regard it is worth noting that the Labour Fore Survey for June in revealed a muh higher proportion of females in agriulture than did the Census (10 per ent ompared with the ensus ratio of.9 per ent) but the relevant Survey figure for was somewhat less than the ensus figure 9.5 per ent ompared with 11.7 per ent. It seems that the Census in very muh understated the size of the female agriultural labour fore (and perhaps the ount was somewhat overstated) and onsequently the trend observed in Table 8, i.e. the marked and dramati inrease in the proportion of females in agriultural oupations between and, is quite misleading. The proportion of women in transportation and ommuniation oupations has grown over the six-deade period under review although it is still well below 10 per ent today. On the other hand, within the servie oupation group, whih was predominantly female in 1901 (women oupied almost 70 per ent of the entire servie group and a somewhat higher proportion in the personal servie area), the proportion of women has delined. By, women were no longer a majority in this oupational group, their share of the work fore having dropped to just under 50 per ent. The trend in personal servie alone, however, has not been so deisively downward; indeed between 1911 and 1941 the female share of personal servie oupations limbed from under 65 per ent to almost 7 per ent (note the rise during the Great Depression) and only fell sharply during the war and early postwar years. In the past interensal deade there has one more been a slight rise in the female proportion of the personal servie work fore. In summary, the most striking hange in the sex omposition of the major oupational groups over the six deades of this entury has been the transformation of some of the white ollar oupations, in partiular the lerial group, from predominantly male to predominantly female ativities. Apart from this, the traditional onepts of "women's work" have largely prevailed. 29

44 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE AGE: 191 TO Inter-oupational differenes in age omposition and differential hanges in the average age of the work fore in partiular oupations are influened by many fators. The length of training required for qualifiation; formal or informal retirement praties; the arduousness, physial or mental, of the work; opportunities for promotion ' these, and many other harateristis of a given line of work will all affet the ranking of oupations by average age. A shift in these ranks over time will result from hanges in these fators as well as from other influenes suh as variation among oupations in the rate of growth of employment and in the pae of transformation of oupational skills. A full analysis of inter-oupational age differenes is learly outside the sope of this disussion, the purpose of whih is simply to expose and desribe the broad hanges in age omposition of the major oupational groups over the past thirty years. The basi data are presented in Table 9, showing median ages (as a onvenient, though admittedly inexat indiator of age omposition) of the major oupational groups in the labour fore for eah of the ensus years from 191 to. As may be observed from Table 9, the median age of the experiened labour fore as a whole was slightly higher at eah suessive ensus date from 191 to : over the thirty-year period the average age of the work fore inreased by three years, from 4.2 to 7.2. Underlying these developments were similar hanges in the age struture of the population whih represents the bulk of the potential labour fore - persons between 15 and 64 years. Thus the median age of the "labour fore population" in Canada inreased from.2 to 5.4 years over the three deades. Of ourse, the age omposition of the labour fore does not simply reflet that of the population, sine partiipation rates vary widely by age group and the partiipation rates of different age and sex groups have moved differently over the past thirty years. In partiular, hanges in female partiipationespeially over the past deade-have had a marked effet on the age omposition of the female labour fore as a whole and on ertain oupations, while the developments in the male labour fore have been less striking. For this reason the hanges in average age of the broad oupational groups will be onsidered separately for males and females. ' Some jobs are first rungs on promotion ladders and promotion proeeds stritly by seniority: there is very little out-movement above the first rung, and only one "port of entry". Some jobs, on the other hand, are "dead-ends" or "exit" jobs, and the rate of turnover is high. Suh jobs are often filled by persons who have retired from their prinipal areer and work only intermittently as personal irumstanes and opportunity ditate. These kinds of differenes in oupational labour markets have been reognized and desribed by eonomists and soiologists (Cf. Clark Kerr, "The Balkanization of Labor Markets", in Labor Mobility and Eonomi Opportunity (New York: 1954) and L. Broom and J.H. Smith, "Bridging Oupations", British Journal ol Soiology, De. 196) but there has been no expliit analysis of their impliation in respet to age struture. 0

45 AGE: 191 TO From Table 9 it may be seen that the hanges in median age for most of the major oupations in the male labour fore have been moderate over this period, paralleling, for the most part, the small but persistent rise in the average age of the base population. The inrease in average age between 191 and 1941 observed for the labour fore as a whole and most of the oupations reflets, in part, the impat of wartime reruitment, i.e. the withdrawal of many of the younger men out of ivilian jobs and into the armed servies. The first postwar ensus, in, reorded some slight deline in average age in most oupations probably as a onsequene of demobilization and reintegration of most serviemen into the ivilian eonomy. Between and, the hanges in median age for most of the major oupations in the male labour fore were very small, rarely more than 1 or 2 per ent in either diretion. While the overall piture fits the general desription given above, there are exeptional ases worth noting. Of these, perhaps the most striking is the agriultural worker group. The median age of male farmers and farm workers has risen from just under 6 years in 191 to 4 years in. In 191, the average agriultural worker was somewhat younger than the average male worker: by, he was, on average, almost 5 years older. Farming is, as we have seen, a delining oupation. When employment opportunities in a given type of work have been shrinking over a onsiderable period of time, the average age of the work fore will rise not only beause new labour fore entrants are less likely to be attrated to these jobs but also beause the more mobile i.e. the younger workers will try to leave it for other, more promising lines of work. A similar, though far less dramati, "aging" is observed in the transportation and ommuniations oupations over the -61 deade. The operation of strit unionsupervised seniority systems in the railway industry has been an important fator in shifting the age omposition of the railway work fore into the middle age groups as employment was ut bak over the "dieselization deade". In ontrast to these situations desribed above, and ontrary to the general trend, the average age of professional and tehnial workers has delined over the three-deade period under examination. The reasons for this development are worth exploring. Professional oupations require a more extensive eduational preparation than do others and hene the average age of entry is likely to be higher. Further (see Table 16, below) the self-employed onstitute a somewhat larger proportion of the professional group than of most other oupations (exept managers and some of the primary oupations) and sine the self-employed are not subjet to institutionalized retirement arrangements 1

46 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE they tend to remain in the work fore longer than do wage-earners.' Both these oupational harateristis would tend to raise the average age of the professional worker relative to that of the labour fore as a whole and indeed, as may be seen in Table 9, in 191 the average professional worker was more than 2 years older than the average member of the experiened labour fore. But by the professional worker was somewhat younger, on average, than the male labour fore. One important ontributing fator to this development was the muh more rapid growth of the professional oupations than the male labour fore as a whole; between 191 and the numbers of men in professional and tehnial jobs doubled while the experiened male labour fore grew by only 40 per ent. ^ A large net addition to an oupational work fore may normally be expeted to lower the average age (just as delining employment will have the opposite effet) sine most of the new reruits will be either labour fore entrants or persons with relatively short length-of-servie. * Further, the frequent assoiation The self-employed are onsiderably older, on average, than other lasses of worker: in the average (median) age of the self-employed was 46 years ompared with 6 for wage earners and 2 for unpaid family workers. There are a number of explanations for this of whih, of ourse, the absene of ompulsory retirement programmes is only one, although an inreasingly important one as institutionalized retirement programmes affet growing numbers of wage earners. There is some evidene that there is an assoiation between retirement rates and the rate of growth of the oupational work fore in that retirements tend to be postponed under irumstanes in whih the demand for the oupation is rising (A.J. Jaffe and R,0. Carleton, Oupational Mobility in the United States (New York: 1954), esp. p. 27), Sine the market for most types of professional work has been rising over the past deade there may have been some fall in retirement rates and this would tend, eteris paribus, to pull up the average age of this oupational group. See also Sylvia Ostry and Jenny Podoluk, The Eonomi Status of the Aging (Ottawa: 1966), pp It hardly needs remarking that 191 is a very poor base year for alulating labour fore growth rates, but perhaps espeially so in the ase of professional oupations beause during the Depression many highly trained people were fored to aept work outside of their own field. It is probable, then, that the 191 Census ount of professional workers is "understated" relative to the ount. However, the danger of this kind of understatement is very muh lessened when the "gainfully oupied" rather than the "urrent ativity" onept is applied, as it was in 191, beause the "gainfully oupied" onept relates to ustomary or habitual ativity. See Study on Historial Estimates of the Canadian Labour Fore (by Frank T. Denton and Sylvia Ostry), in this Series. * Cf. Herbert S. Fames, "The Labor Fore and Labor Markets", Employment Relations Researh, Herbert G. Heneman et, al editors, Industrial Relations Researh Assoiation (New York: 1960), pp and bibliography pp An inverse relationship between mobility and age and between mobility and length of servie has been onlusively established in a large number of studies. Assuming there has been no migration, growth in the size of an oupational work fore requires that the gross aessions new entrants, reruits via interoupational mobility be greater than the gross withdrawals retirement, death, interoupational out-mobility. The numbers leaving the oupation via inter-oupational outmobility ere likely to be relatively small during a period of rapid growth and growth will indue high net in-mobility. Thus the average age of the aession group, onsisting as it does of new entrants and more mobile (i.e. younger-than-average) workers, will normally be lower than the average age of the withdrawal group. However as we shall see below, this is not neessarily so in the ase of women. The working life yle of women is very different from that of men and this affets, among other things, the age omposition of the female labour fore. (For analysis of seleted aspets of female labour fore partiipation in Canada see Dominion Bureau of Statistis, Speial Labour Fore Studies, 5 and 1, Series B, both by John D., Allingham, (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1967); and Women's Bureau, op, dt,, setion by Sylvia Ostry). Further, in Canada, the effet of immigration and emigration on the age omposition of a given oupation may be important and would require separate onsideration. 2

47 AGE: 191 TO of rapid growth in employment with hanging oupational skill requirements tends to reinfore this effet on age omposition. A younger worker often has more opportunity or is more willing to aquire new skills and undertake re-training than is an older worker. Finally, over the most reent interensal deade, the tehnial oupations have inreased their share of the "professional and tehnial workers" divisions of the labour fore. This development has had, one would suspet, some impat on the age struture. Most of these tehnial oupations require shorter periods of training than do professional jobs and the age of entry into these oupations is thus likely to be lower. (A prime example of these new "tehnial" skills of the 1960s is omputer programming: in the median age of male omputer programmers was 0.5, nearly six years below the average for the professional group as a whole.) Thus while the eduational requirements for many professional jobs have inreased over the past 0 years tending, as a onsequene, to raise the average age of labour fore entry of this group the fators desribed above have more than ounterated this influene with the result, shown in Table 9, that the professional group as a whole is, on average, younger today than it was thirty years ago. While hanges in the age struture of the major oupations in the male labour fore have, with few exeptions, been moderate over the past three deades, most of the oupational groups in the female work fore have undergone a radial and dramati "aging" during the same period. As may be seen in Table 9, the median age of the female work fore as a whole has risen almost ten years-from just over 25 years in 191 to nearly 5 years in -although the average age of the base population of women (15-64 years of age) rose by less than three years over the same periodfrom 2.6 in 191 to 5.4 in. Although the aging of the female work fore over the entire period is ommon to all the major oupations, the pattern of hange varies widely from oupation to oupation. The rise in partiipation of middle-aged and older women (more pronouned during the most reent deade than in the earlier part of the period-see Study on the Female Worker in this Series) has learly affeted some oupations muh more than others. In the main, these women found work in jobs whih required little in the way of training or experiene. Thus, as may be seen in Table 10, the largest inrease in average age between 191 and took plae in sales oupations, servie jobs and blue ollar work. On the other hand, the hange in median age in the "higher status" female oupations, managerial and professional, whih have more stringent eduational requirements, was well below the alloupation average. Perhaps for the same reason, below-average hanges were found in the lerial and transportation and ommuniation (mainly telephone operators) groups as well.

48 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 10 also shows that for some oupational groups there were marked differenes in the rate and even the diretion of hange in eah of the three deades between 191 and. A thorough exploration of these variations is preluded by lak of detailed information for the period before. * Nonetheless, some of the more striking hanges demand omment, however speulative. In most oupations the "aging" of women workers proeeded more rapidly in the final deade, -, than in the two earlier periods beause as was mentioned earlier the flow of middle-aged and older women into the labour market was aelerated during the 1950s. But, for example, there was a greater inrease in the average age of women in professional oupations between 191 and 1941 than in either subsequent deade. Over the last interensal deade, indeed, the rise in age of women in professional oupations was virtually negligible. Most women professionals in 191 and, indeed, in were teahers or nurses, employed, for the most part, in publi institutions or institutions drawing heavily on publi funds. During the Depression both publi and private employers, but more often the former, applied stringent regulations against the employment of married women. The relatively low median age of women in professional oupations in 191 as shown in Table 9 and hene the above-average inrease over the deade (Table 10) may be one, not improbable, onsequene of this poliy. A similar explanation ould aount, at least in part, for the greater-than-average inrease in the median age of lerial workers and telephone operators (transportation and ommuniation group) between 191 and The rise in average age of telephone operators, however, is exeptionally large and other fators probably ontributed to this striking hange and the subsequent deline in age over the following ( ) deade. In this regard, it is of some interest to note that between 191 and 1941 the number of women in transportation and' ommuniation oupations delined by over 12 per ent but in the following deade the work fore in this oupational division inreased by almost 140 per ent (see Table for data). This broad historial analysis of the hanging age omposition of the major oupational divisions of the work fore has been onfined to the most onvenient summary measure median age. Reasons of onveniene * The preparation of the historial trend data for Table 8 an enormously timeonsuming task undertaken by the Eonomis and Reaearh Branh of the Department of Labour involved rearranging the 191 and 1941 Census information to onform to the oupational lassifiation. In the ourse of this work it was often neessary to make ertain arbitrary assumptions as to age distributions of partiular groups of workers sine the required detailed information was not available. No atte'mpt was made to adjust these ounts to the labour fore definitions. The distributions on whih Tables 8 and 9 are based will be published shortly in a forthoming volume prepared by Noah H. Meltz for the Department of Man-, power and Immigration. 4

49 AGE: 191 TO and brevity aside, the pauity of information from the earlier ensuses has preluded more detailed investigation of longer-run ompositional hanges but the more omprehensive data whih are available for the -61 deade permit some additional ommentary on reent developments. Tables lla and IIB present the numerial and perentage distributions of the male and female experiened work fore lassified by major oupation division^ in and, along with the median ages alulated from these data. As may be seen from Table lla (and as has already been mentioned in the longer-run analysis) the hanges in the age omposition of the male labour fore as a whole and most of the major oupational divisions within it have been very slight over the -61 deade: they require little additional omment. The previously noted rise in median age of farmers and farm workers reflets the inreased proportion of workers over the age of 45 in that oupation. Although there has been an absolute deline in the numbers of farm workers in all age ategories, the drop has been muh greater for younger workers. The situation is somewhat different for the transportation and ommuniation division. For this group of workers the rise in median age stems mainly from a deline in the number of workers under 25, with a onsequent proportional shifting into the older age ategories. The muh more dramati ^hanges in the age struture of the female work fore and its main oupational omponents over this interensal deade may be learly seen in^itable IIB. Although most of these developments have already reeived.omment, some additional points whih emerge from observation of the atual distributions are worthy of mention. Of partiular interest is the ontrast between developments in two large white ollar oupations, sales and lerial. Sales oupations provide the most spetaular example of "aging" in the female work fore: the average female sales worker was nearly ten years older in than in. This radial hange was, as may be seen in Table IIB, entirely a onsequene of the massive influx of middle-aged and older women into sales jobs. The female sales work fore over the age of 5 inreased by over 140 per ent between and (ompared with an inrease of 100 per ent for all oupations) but the numbers of women under 5 atually delined. Clerial oupations, however, ontinued to attrat younger women: the numbers of women between the ages of 15 and 4 grew by almost 0 per ent over the deade (ompared with a 22 per ent average for all oupations). This growth, it is true, was dwarfed by the enormous inrease in the middleaged and older workers in the lerial group and, as a onsequene, the ' The oupational lassifiation was used in Tables HA and B and hene there are some differenes in these estimates of median age, for ertain oupation divisions, and those shown in Table 9. 5

50 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE median age of the lerial work fore rose, between and, by almost five full years. It is interesting to note, however, that by a signifiantly larger proportion of female sales than lerial workers over the age of 5 was married, the relevant proportions being 77 and 58 per ent suggesting that the aging of the sales work fore was, more strongly than the lerial labour fore, influened by the influx of middle-aged and older women "re-entrants" to the labour market whih haraterized the deade.' A onvenient summary of the age omposition hanges in the female labour fore over the most reent (-61) deade is presented in Table 12 whih shows the differene between the atual and "expeted" ' perentages of women of a given age group in eah major oupation ategory. Sine the "expeted" distributions are alulated on the assumption that the age mix within eah oupation remained unhanged between and, these differenes illustrate the effets of age "seletion" in the reruitment of women to various kinds of work. It may be seen that the hanges over the deade in reruitment by age were suh as markedly to inrease the "seletion" of women over 5 in both lerial and sales oupations but to redue the "seletion" of these women in managerial and, more espeially, in professional oupations. There was, on the other hand, some inreased tendeny for younger women, partiularly those between the ages of 20-24, to enter professional oupations. The burgeoning of baby-sitting as a teenage oupation is refleted in the substantially greater proportion of year-olds in the servie oupation group. In onlusion, the hanges in the average age of the broad oupational groups in the male labour fore have been relatively moderate ompared with those for females over both the longer period, 191-, and the most reent interensal deade. An important development underlying this ontrast has been the differing patterns of hange in labour fore partiipation, by age, for males and females. EDUCATION: TO A omparison of eduational levels of the Canadian labour fore in and any earlier year is severely hampered by the hange in the Census ' Information on the marital status and age harateristis of the female work fore in the major oupations was, unfortunately, not available from the Census so it was not possible to ompare the relative rates of inrease of married women in partiular age ategories in these two oupational divisions. However, in, there was almost no differene in the proportion of married women under the age of 5 in sales or lerial work (8 per ent ompared with 9.4 per ent) but a marked differene, noted above, in respet to the older women. This evidene strongly suggests that the "aging" of the sales labour fore was largely a onsequene of the reruitment of "older" married women into this work during the 1950s while a ontributing fator in the ase of the lerial worker fore was the "natural" aging of a substantial group of single women (still 47 per ent of the total lerial work fore in ) with strong attahment to their jobs, who survived the -61 deade. ' Cf. Banroft, op. it., pp

51 EDUCATION: TO onept of eduational attainment.' Analysis is being onfined to developments over the -61 deade but it must be reognized that all suh omparisons in levels of eduational attainment are rough and approximate for the two sets of ensus data are basially irreonilable. However, interest herein is entred on the broad and general trends in average eduational level, and the data have been evaluated as reasonably adequate to support suh analysis. The Canadian labour fore has ahieved a onsiderable improvement in eduational level over the past ten years. Whereas in, 9.4 per ent of the work fore had reahed or ompleted high shool, in the omparable proportion rose to 4.2 per ent (see Table 1). Of the group proeeding beyond high shool (10. per ent in ; 16. per ent in ) probably less than per ent had ompleted a university eduation in but in 4. per ent of the labour fore had one or more university degrees. At the other end of the sale, the proportion of the labour fore with less than five years of elementary shool was 7.2 per ent in and had dropped to 6.1 per ent in. The median years of shooling ahieved by the experiened labour fore as a whole had inreased from 8.5 years in to 9.4 in, an improvement of almost one full shool year.' This rate of improvement ompares favourably with that of the United States over a similar period although the average level of eduation in Canada is still very muh lower than in the United States.' The rise in the average years of shooling of the Canadian work fore over the past interensal deade reflets both an upgrading in eduational level within eah broad oupational group and also a pronouned shift in oupational omposition of the labour fore in favour of oupations haraterized by higher eduational requirements. Although onern in the present disussion is with the former phenomenon (intra-oupational upgrading) it is worth pointing out that for the total labour fore and for the male labour fore oupational shifts played a very important part in raising the level of shooling of the "average worker". Thus two-fifths of the -61 inrease in the median years of shooling of the total labour fore In the onept entred on "number of years attended" and in on "highest grade attended". In addition, there were differenes in the partiular shooling groups tabulated in the two Censuses. The extent of improvement may be somewhat understated beause the Census, in omparison with the, probably tend to overstate the grade ahieved. Cf. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistis, Speial Labor Fore Report 0, Eduational Attainment ol Workers, Marh Note, however, that the Amerian data refer to persons 18 years and over. For a more reent omparison of levels of shooling in Canada and the United States, see Dominion Bureau of Statistis, Speial Labour Fore Studies, 1. Eduational Attainment of the Canadian Population and Labour Foreei , by Frank J. Whittingham (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1966), pp

52 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE was attributable to oupational re-alloation and the omparable figure for males was one-third. For females, however, oupational shifts alone aounted for only 20 per ent of the inrease in average years of shooling over the deade.' Again, this finding ehoes the results of the preeding analysis: women, have not, in ontrast to men, moved into "higher level" jobs in signifiant proportions in reent years. Despite the importane of oupational shifts, the major influene affeting the overall level of eduation of the Canadian labour fore during the -61 deade was the hange in the distribution of persons by level of shooling within eah of the broad oupational ategories of the working population. In what follows these ompositional hanges will be disussed separately for males and females. In Table 14, a simple measure of "improvement" in eduation levels over the deade, the perentage inrease in median years of shooling, is presented so as to failitate analysis of the basi omprehensive information in Table 1. For males, it may be seen that in general the eduational upgrading whih ourred over the deade was somewhat less within the white ollar oupations than in most of the oupations haraterized by lower eduational requirements. An exeption to this pattern was the managerial group of oupations whih exhibited a relatively strong rate of improvement, at least as measured by hanges in median years of shooling. But the average level of shooling of the professional work fore sarely hanged between and ^ and the rates of gain for lerial and sales workers were relatively modest ompared to those for the large blue ollar group of ' These estimates of the ontribution of oupational shifts and eduational upgrading to the -61 hanges in median years of shooling were derived from a two-way standardization of the data with proportionate alloation of the interation effets. The distributions of labour fore in major oupations by years of shooling were standardized by (a) the perentage oupation distribution and (b) the intra-oupation shooling omposition. The differene between the atual median end the median derived from the standardized distribution (a) was attributed to hanges within oupations, the differene between the atual median and the median from (b) was attributed to oupational shifts. The "interation" effet was estimated as a residual. For a disussion and use of multiple standardization with alloation of interations see John D. Durand, The Labour Fore In the United States, , Soial Siene Researh Counil (New York: 1948), Appendix B. ' The use of hanges in median years of shooling as an indiator of eduational upgrading is rough and approximate in all ases, but partiularly defiient In the ase of the professional work fore. Beause of differenes in the eduational ategories used in preparing the distributions in and it was not possible to onvert the two sets of data to a ommon lassifiation system at the post-seondary shool level. Sine the median years of shooling of professional workers is loated In the post-seondary portion of the distribution, the and estimates are not entirely omparable and the measure of improvement must be regarded with aution. Thus, for example, the proportion of professional workers with one or more university degrees probably inreased from 6 to 44 per ent (nearly a doubung in numbers) over the deade (Table 1), a not inonsiderable improvement in "quality". The stability of the median is, therefore, somewhat misleading. 8

53 EDUCATION: TO raftsmen, for servie workers,' transport oupations and even some of the primary oupations. However, despite the upgrading whih took plae over the deade, the eduational level of the primary oupations and of unskilled manual workers still fell short of primary shool ompletion in. As a onsequene of the general pattern of hange revealed in Table 14, i.e. somewhat greater relative gains for the lesser as ompared with the better eduated workers, the dispersion in level of eduation within the male labour fore as a whole was slightly redued over the ourse of the -61 deade. Thus the interquartile range divided by the median, a ommon measure of dispersion, dropped from.605 to.556 between the two ensus dates. This same development is illustrated again in Table 15, whih shows that there was some small degree of narrowing in relative (perentage) differentials in average levels of eduational attainment among the broad oupational groups during this period. Between and the erosion of the differential advantage of the white ollar group (exept managers) out-weighed the slight deterioration in relative position of the manual, primary and other oupational groups. While the median level of shooling of the male labour fore rose by one full year over the deade, the improvement in the female labour fore was muh more modest: from 9.7 to 10.1 (Table 1) or just about 4 per ent (Table 14). There were two reasons for this relatively poorer overall showing. As has already been mentioned, oupational shifts within the female work fore were far less important in raising the eduational level of the average female as ompared with the male worker. Moreover, as may be seen in both Tables 1 and 14, in most oupational divisions the inrease in median years of shooling was onsiderably less for the female than the male work fore. As a result of these developments the very marked eduational lead of the average female worker over her male ounterpart 1% years or about 20 per ent in had been eroded to 1 year or just over 11 per ent by. The pattern of larger inreases in median eduation levels for male than for female workers is repeated, with variation in degree, for almost all the major oupation groups. One noteworthy exeption was the professional and tehnial group: on average, the females in this group of oupations did better than men in terms of eduational upgrading over the deade. A The relatively large inrease in the median for male servie workers is largely attributable to the fat that about half the ategory in both years was made up of the protetive servie oupations polie, firemen and armed servies for whom eduational requirements have, in reent years, been onsistently raised. In partiular there was, between and, a very substantial growth in the number of armed servie offiers, many of them graduates of the servie olleges, whih had greatly stepped up their output during this period. In, a larger proportion of the offier lass was wartime staff who, by, had been largely replaed by younger, better-eduated men. 9

54 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE likely explanation of both the general pattern and this exeption is that the flow of middle-aged and older women into the labour market, whih was so marked over this deade, was direted more to oupations with less stringent eduational requirements, and least of all to professional oupations (see Table 10, showing that the median age of women in professional oupations inreased far less than that of any other group between and ).' Sine these middle-aged and older women were, on average, less well-eduated than the younger members of the labour fore' the effet of their inflow was to "dilute" the eduational level of the female labour fore, damp down the rate of inrease in average years of shooling in most oupations in the female labour fore, and hene narrow the eduational gap between male and female workers. Another onsequene of the inreased numbers of older women in oupations with lower rather than higher eduational qualifiations was a rise in the degree of dispersion in eduational levels within the female labour fore: the interquartile range divided by the median rose from.4 in to.529 in. In ontrast, as mentioned above, eduational differentials among male workers narrowed slightly over the deade. CLASS OF WORKER: TO This examination of strutural hanges within the major oupational groups of the labour fore onludes with a brief analysis of the hanging proportions of the three different lasses of worker; wage earners, selfemployed and unpaid family workers.' Table 16 presents, for eah of the ' Another fator whih may have ontributed to the divergent developments in respet to upgrading of professional workers is that women are still onentrated in the traditionally feminine professions teahing, nursing, library siene in whih eduational standards have risen in reent years while males have moved Into a number of the new tehnial oupations whih do not require an extended formal eduation. ^ The median years of shooling of women, by age, in were: Age: and over Shooling: A wage and salary earner works for others for wages, salary, tips, piee rates or payment in kind. An unpaid family worker works without regular, money wages at tasks (other than home housework) whih ontribute to the operation of a farm or business operated by some member of the household related by blood, marriage or adoption. The self-employed inlude those who: operate a farm whether owned or rented; operate their own business regardless of form of business organization; are in their own professional pratie or working on free-lane basis; are salesmen maintaining their own offie or staff or working for a number of business firms; are private-duty nurses engaged for fee to attend a speifi patient in a hospital or at home for the period of Illness; ontrat or sub-ontrat to do a job. There is some evidene to suggest that response error in respet to the ensus question of "lass of worker." is suh as to overstate the numbers of self-employed at the expense of the wage earner group.-however, sine it was not possible to introdue a orretion fator the data are presented in their original form. It is unlikely that the error is suffiiently large to distort the broad trends whih are the subjet of the present disussion. 40

55 CLASS OF WORKER: TO major oupation groups in and, the absolute and perentage distribution of the oupational work fore by lass of worker. Beause this aspet of oupational omposition differs for males and females, eah sex will be disussed separately. The vast majority of male workers in non-agriultural ativity are wage earners. The self-employed are found in agriulture and in another resoure oupation, fishing and hunting, as well as in managerial oupations and to a lesser extent in ertain of the professions. Unpaid family workers are, for the most part, found in farming oupations. As may be seen in Table 16, the proportion of wage earners in the experiened male labour fore has risen over the past interensal deade from just over 7 per ent in to 80.4 per ent in. This gain in the wage earner share of the male work fore was made at the expense of both the other two lasses: the numbers of the self-employed fell from 974,000 (2.7 per ent) to 844,000 (18.0 per ent) and those of the unpaid family worker from 1,000 (.2 per ent) to an almost negligible 77,000 (1.6 per ent). These hanges in the experiened labour fore as a whole refleted hanges in oupational struture over the deade' -the shrinkage in the proportion of workers engaged in ertain oupations whih are largely entrepreneurial suh as farming and fishing and some of the skilled rafts as well as shifts to wage earning status within most oupations. It is this latter development whih onerns us here. ^'.^ In the white ollar setor the wage earner lass grew more rapidly than the self-employed (the number of unpaid family workers in white ollar work is very small) and hene the wage earner share of the male white ollar work fore rose from 75.5 per ent in to 79.4 per ent in. However, the numbers of self-employed in these oupations did inrease over the deade.' The most substantial numerial inrease took plae within the managerial oupations - from 206,857 in to 226,605 in. Nonetheless, the self-employed, as a proportion of the management group, delined quite markedly - from 54.2 to 47.1 per e n t-a s a onsequene of the more rapid growth of salaried managers over this period. Again, while the numbers of self-employed professionals grew from almost 8,000 to just over 47,000 during the deade, the self-employed, as a proportion of the professional and tehnial group, delined from 17.2 to 1. Given no hange, in the oupational omposition of the labour fore between and, the lass of worker division in would have been: wage earners, 79.8 per ent; self-employed, 17. per ent; unpaid family workers, 2.9 per ent instead of 82.9, 14.5 and 2.5 per ent respetively. The self-employed male white ollar worker is found almost exlusively in three of the four white ollar groups: managerial oupations, professional and tehnial oupations and sales work. They form less than 1 per ent of the lerial oupational ategory. 41

56 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE per ent. However, as may be seen from Table 16, the self-employed inreased their share of the male sales oupations: from a small base of just over 8,000 in, the number of independent sales workers grew to almost 16,000 in, an improvement in share from 4. to 5.9 per ent over the deade. The self-employed in the sales group are onentrated in a few oupations whih grew rapidly over the deade: ommerial travellers, insurane agents, real estate salesmen and brokers and door-to-door salesmen. The vast majority of male blue ollar workers in both and were wage earners: there was very little hange in status over the deade. The relatively few self-employed blue ollar workers are to be found within the raftsmen and related workers group: these are primarily skilled workers suh as arpenters, plumbers, mehanis and repairmen, eletriians and painters. The numbers of self-employed raftsmen have remained almost stationary over the deade (see Table 16) but as a proportion of the oupational group as a whole, the self-employed delined from 7.4 per ent in to 6.2 per ent in. A similar development may be observed in the transportation and ommuniation group. The self-employed made up less than 10 per ent of male workers in these oupations and were onentrated in a few ativities taxi drivers, hauffeurs and truk drivers. The numbers of male self-employed in the transportation and ommuniation group showed almost no hange over the deade and delined as a proportion of the total work fore from 9.5 to 8.2 per ent in. In the servie oupations, the self-employed (mainly barbers and hairdressers) delined from 5.8 to 4.6 per ent of the male work fore. The trend toward inreasing proportions of wage earners whih, as has been noted, haraterized the major oupation groups in the nonagriultural male work fore, may also be observed in eah of the primary oupation groups inluding agriulture. Of the four major primary oupational ategories of the male labour fore, two - loggers and miners - are predominantly wage earning ativities and in both the proportion of wage earners has inreased over the deade. In mining, the numbers of wage earners grew very slightly over the deade, while the numbers of selfemployed (who formed less than 2 per ent of the work fore in ) delined. In logging, the total work fore shrank between and. Hene the rise in wage earner share resulted from the more rapid deline in the self-employed as ompared v/ith wage earners: thus by the independent loggers made up less than 6 per ent of the male work fore ompared with almost 12 per ent in. The majority of male workers in fishing and farming are self-employed, although in both these ativities the proportion of wage earners inreased 42

57 CLASS OF WORKER: TO over the past interensal deade. In fishing, the wage earner share of the work fore rose from 18.9 to 1 per ent in. This rise in share represented only a small numerial gain (about 1,000 workers) and stemmed mainly from a very large deline in the numbers of independent fishermen, from over 40,000 in to fewer than 25,000 ten years later. Finally, as has been pointed out earlier in this Study, the total male work fore in farming ontrated dramatially between and : the number of men in farming oupations fell from 794,000 to just over 57,000, a drop of almost 0 per ent. The major portion of this loss was among farm operators and unpaid family workers: the number of farm labourers delined relatively little (about 10 per ent over the deade). The wage earner share of the farm work fore rose from 16.5 to 20.5 per ent while the self-employed fell very slightly, from 68.0 to 67.6 per ent (representing, however, a deline of 152,46 workers) and that of the unpaid family worker from 15.5 to 11.9 per ent (a deline of almost 54,000).' In general, the hanges in the status omposition within most of the major oupation groups of the female work fore parallel those just desribed for male workers. But there are some differenes in this area of development whih are suffiiently striking to deserve omment. As Table 16 shows, wage earners onstitute a larger proportion of the female than the male work fore. However, the wage earner share of the female work fore has not inreased over the past interensal deade but has delined slightly from 92.2 per ent in to 89.8 per ent in. The numbers of both the self-employed and unpaid family workers have grown more rapidly than have female wage earners over the deade, ontrary to the trends noted above for males. The most marked growth in the field of self-employment for women took plae in the servie oupations. Between and the number of self-employed women in servie ativity grew by almost 24,000, whih represented almost 66 per ent of the net growth in the self-employed lass in the female labour fore. As Table 16 shows, the proportion of the selfemployed in the servie group rose from 5.5 to 9. per ent over the deade. The servie oupations were unique in this respet: no other oupational group in the female labour fore exhibited a similar development. The inrease in the proportion of unpaid family workers in the female labour fore is attributable to hanges in the omposition of the agriultural work fore where most of this lass of worker is found. As has been pointed Most of these male unpaid family workers are teen-agers and very young men. The median age of the male unpaid.'family worker in was just over 20 years and almost 70 per ent were under 25 years of age; in the orresponding figures were 21.8 and 74 per ent. 4

58 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE out several times in previous disussion, it is not always easy to distinguish between women who are unpaid family workers in farm households and those who are engaged only in household hores and there are grounds for questioning the omparability of the and statistis on the female agriultural work fore. It an now be seen that the surprising growth in the numbers of women in agriultural oupations between and is almost entirely due to an apparently remarkable inrease in unpaid family workers: between and the numbers of female unpaid family workers on farms grew from just about 18,000 to almost 57,000, an inrease of 218 per ent! During this period the number of female wage earners in agriultural oupations rose from just over 6,000 to 10,245 and women farmers inreased marginally by only 10 per ent. The result of these diverse hanges was that the proportion of wage earners delined, from 19.2 to 1.5 per ent; the self-employed delined, from 25.5 to 12.0 per ent; but the share of the unpaid family worker shot up from 55. to 74.5 per ent. When these developments are ompared with the strutural hanges in the male labour fore over the same period the ontrast is most striking and asts further doubt on the reliability of these data. Aside from these developments in the servie oupations and in farming, the strutural hanges, with respet to lass of worker status, in the other major oupation groups of the female work fore have been similar to those in the male work fore over the same period. In most oupations, however, the trend toward inreasing proportions of wage earners has been somewhat less marked for women than men. 44

59 5. Conlusion This study has sought simply to desribe the major hanges whih have ourred in the oupational deployment of the Canadian work fore over the first six deades of this entury. Its bulk-and the length of time devoted to its preparation - testifies to the fat that the modesty of the stated objetives was more apparent than real. In large part the problems enountered were entred in data defiienies. The analyst who uses historial statistis annot esape these problems: muh time, energy and rage must be expended in wrestling with meagre information, loudy onepts and hanging lassifiation systems. The reader should be autioned that the unit digit preision of the figures in the tables whih aompany this Study is ditated by onvention and onveniene: as an historial reord, they are only approximate. Approximate though the reord is, the major hanges in oupational omposition whih have ourred in Canada sine the turn of the entury were so radial and sweeping that the outline of hange emerges learly: what blurring may have been aused by inadequate statistis annot be other than negligible. In this Study the familiar elements of this hangethe move away from agriultural tasks; the brief primay of manual ativities; the dramati upsurge of white ollar pursuits - were amply doumented and examined from a number of vantage points. The Study attempted also to trae less familiar hanges, alterations in the omposition of the major oupational divisions themselves in the deployment of workers, within oupations, aording to sex, age, eduation or lass of worker status. This proved a more perilous undertaking beause the basi information was so pitifully sparse. Thus, some of the historial statistis on intra-oupational omposition presented here were, of neessity, the produt of fairly rude estimation and arbitrary judgement. Despite this defiieny, the analysis pointed up some interesting developments whih deserve further study. In partiular, one hopes that future students in this field will be enouraged to explore more deeply the marked hanges in the age omposition of the female work fore in ertain setors of ativity and the ontrasting patterns of hange in the eduational distribution of the male and female work fore. Employer praties in the seletion, hiring and 45

60 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE promotion of workers have reently been the subjet of intensive investigation by labour market analysts.' The impat of these labour market praties on the deployment of workers among and within given broad ategories of ativity has largely been ignored. Further, the proesses of hange on the supply side the fators governing new entries, inter-oupational shifts and retirements remain largely to be explored.^ The data and analysis presented here should be viewed as a limited, though neessary, first step in the diretion of these broader horizons. ' Cf., for example, Albert Rees, "Information Networks in Labor Markets",.Amerian Eonomi Review, May This artile desribes a long-range study of the Chiago labour market whih wiu probe a number of aspets of labour market ativity inluding information soures, wage variation, et. ' Cf. Jaffe and Carleton, op. it., and AJ. Jaffe and Joseph Froomkln, In end Manpower (New York: 1966). 46 Tehnology

61 47 Tables 1-16

62

63 Table 1 - Changes in Oupational Distribution of the Labour Fore, for Canada^, 1901 to Censuses, with Estimates of Components of Change NOTE. The Census total experiened labour fore was standardized on the basis of the 1901 oupational struture. The differenes between the 1901 labour fore totals in eah oupational division and the standardized figures were attributed to the growth in numbers overthe period. The remainder of the net hange was alloated to hanges in oupational struture", whih would inlude hanges in industrial deployment and intra-industry oupational distribution. All long-run trend tables (i.e. all tables overing a period longer than the -61 deade) are based on the Census lassifiation of oupations. See footnote 1, p. 15. Oupation division (as of ) Total hange Components of hange Change in no. of workers MALES Change in oupational struture Total white ollar Proprietary and managerial... Professional Clerial Commerial and finanial Total blue ollar Manufaturing and mehanial., Constrution Labourers Primary oupations Agriultural Fishing, hunting and trapping., Logging, Mining and quarrying Transportation and ommuniation Servie Personal 1,220,184 74,685 1, , ,766 1,095, , , ,797-26,69-16,0 9,421 6,502 6,687 79,807 55, , ,68 151,889 96,68 90,86 102,20 865,95 45, , ,150 1,591,058 1,446,076 55,69 2,70 56,88 158,451 92,869 80,50 778, , ,69 179, ,56 20,515 21,747 80,121 6,5 1,617,751 1,582,79 45,948 0,772 20, ,56 262,67 78, 208 FEMALES Total white ollar Proprietary and managerial... Professional Clerial Commerial and finanial.... Total blue ollar Manufaturing and mehanial Constrution Labourers Primary oupations Agriultural Fishing, hunting and trapping.. Logging Mining and quarrying Transportation and ommuniation Servie Personal 95,69 4gP,966 28, , , , , ,74 67,448 66, , , ,610 60,796 17, ,729 81,186 7, , , ,580 57,472 57, , ,16 640,22 ^ Exluding Yukon and Northwest Territories: inlud ing Newfoundland in. SOURCE: Based on data from 1901 and Census of Canada, ,84 1,05 14, ,814 17,704 4,802 47, ,16 9,976 9, ,29 42,619 49,622

64 o Table 2 - Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, and Sex, for Canada'': 1901 to Censuses NOTE.-"Gainfully oupied" rather than"labour Fore" onept used prior to. See Census of Canada, Bulletin.1-1, Tables, A and Introdution. Oupation Division (as of ) All oupations. White ollar oupations Proprietary and managerial..., Professional. Clerial Commerial Finanial Blue ollar oupations Manufaturing and mehanial., Constrution Labourers^ Primary oupations Agriultural Fishing, hunting and trapping., Logging Mining and quarrying Transportation and ommuniation Servie Personal Not stated oupations T S.O , d d M d d d M d d d O o? i o i s i o tn o (a o 1

65 Oupation Division (as of ) 191 M 1941 = M All oupations White ollar oupations Proprietary and managerial... Professional Clerial Commerial Finanial Blue ollar oupations Manufaturing and mehanial. Constrution Labourers* Primary oupations Agriultural Fishing, hunting and trapping.. Logging Mining and quarryi ng d l.s d d d d d d d d 1.2 Transportation and ommuniation Servie Personal Not stated oupations a 10 years and over in b Exluding Yukon and Northwest Territories: inluding Newfoundland in and. <= Exluding persons on ative servie, June d Less than 0.05%. e Labourers in ail industries exept those engaged in agriulture, fishing, logging or mining. SOURCE: Based on data from Census ol Canada, 1901 to.

66 Table - Numerial Distribution of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, and Sex, for Canada": 1901 to Censuses NOTE.- 'Gainfully oupied" rather than "Labour Fore" onept used prior to. See Census ol Canada, Bulletin.1-1, Tables, A and Introdution Oupation Division (as of ) All oupations 1,782,82 1,544,88 27,949 2,698,481 2,41,47 57,044,14,60 2,658,46 485,140 White ollar oupations 272, ,67 56, ,124 49, , ,87 560,580 2'4,257 Proprietary and managerial Professional Clerial Commerial Finanial 77,260 82,470 57,21 55,98 74,506 47,426 44,571 50,14 2,754 5,044 12,660 5, , , , ,08 7,45 121,070 56,482 69,408 95,02 7,282 5,707 45,487,542 24, , , , ,45 18, , , , Blue ollar oupations Manufaturing and mehanial Conatrutipn Labourers^. Primary oupations Agriultural Fishing, hunting and -trapping Logging Mining and quarrying 496,14 28,907 8,9 128,0 789, ,281 27,184 16, ,50 21,476 8, , ,46 709,45 27,160 16,055 27,90 71,640 70, ,182 8,962 8, ,986 67, ,458 21,908 1,065, ,6 4,40 41,96 60,926 72,991 27, ,412 21,682 1,048, ,471 4,166 41,96 60,92 9,995 9, ,12 15, ,569 59, ,151 1,17,242 1,025,58 28,916 6,602 46, , ,041 0,688 1,119, 1,007,498 28,868 6,602 46, , , Transportation and ommuniation.. 78,804 77,725 1, , ,179 5,01 172, , Servie.... Personal 145,561 19,251 45,555 9, ,006 99,87 204,80 198,226 72,07 65, ,42 221, ,80 91,784 57, Not stated. 7,111 5,485 1,626

67 Oupation division (as of ) = M M All oupations.908,117,244,788 66,29 4,18.557,52,428 81,129 5,276, ,162,22 6,458,156 4,694,294 1,76,862 White ollar oupations Proprietary and managerial Professional Clerial Commerial Finanial 957, ,75 28, , ,01 28, ,28 209, , , ,202 27,695 01,408 10, , , ,22 0,58 22,875 2, ,07 209, , ,77 151,918 22,5 71,05 16,05 10, ,206 71, ,689,049 92,896 85, ,922 15,268 2, , , , ,762 19, ,870 1,550 2,446, ,911 64, ,912 49,672 52,956 1,46, ,191 60,478 15, ,514 49,86 1, , , Blue ollar oupations Manufaturing and mehanial Constrution ; Labourers d 1,076,19 451,742 18, ,92 980,057 67,248 18, , ,14, , , , ,55 195, , , , , , ,80 1,716,662 1,06,942 5,877 4, ,41 862,417 5, Primary oupations.. Agriultural Fishing, hunting and trapping Logging Mining and quarrying Transportation and ommuniation 1,265,149 1,118,42 47,457 42,00 57,20 245,178 1,240,710 1,094,96 46, , , ,24 78, ,056,092 50,922 78,710 70, , , ,054 1, ,09 52, ,169 65, ,79 1,012,965 79,924 52, ,146 65,271 78,718 2,472 2, , ,910 6,977 79, , , Servie , ,82 15, , , , , Personal , , , ,029 81,40 16, , , ,972 90,447 Not stated 1,649 1, ,97 9,68 1, ,295 1, , ,661 4,08 e 10 years and over in ^ Exluding Yukon and Northwest Territories: inluding Newfoundland in and. on ative servie, June d Labourers in all industries exept those engaged in agriulture, fishing, logging or mining. SOURCE: Based on data from Census ol Canada, 1901 to. = Exluding persons

68 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 4 - Changes in Oupational Distribution of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, for Canada^ to Censuses with Estimates of Components of Change Males Oupation division (as of ) Total hange Total white ollar Managerial Professional and tehnial Clerial Sales Total blue ollar Craftsmen, prodution proess and related workers... Labourers r Total primary Farmers and farm workers Loggers and related workers Fishermen, trappers and hunters Miners, quarrymen and related workers Transportation and ommuniation Servie and rereation Exluding Yukon and Northwest Territories. SOURCE: Based on data from and Census of Canada. 81,777 98,659 17,718 68,840 76, ,0 207,90 6, , ,882 22,078 16, ,7 10,156 54

69 Table 4 - Changes in Oupational Distribution of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, for Canada", to Censuses with Estimates of Components of Change Males Females Components of hange Change in no. of workers Change in oupational struture Total hange Components > of hange Change in no. of workers Change in oupational struture 145,57 26,204 57,575 24,58 2, ,642 44,017 19,291 19, , ,96 105,128 85,497 19,61 5,447,9 186, ,816 18, ,729 51,81 46,960 51,17-4, ,220-2,187 15, ,969-9, ,055 49,848 15,667 98,050-82,8 7 45,165-52, ,919-10, , ,986 4,852 16,978 26, ,956 4,699 17,219 26, ,522-8, ,51-22, ,458-11, ,081 15,652 4,946 16,406-11, ,29 9, , ,65 22,

70 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore. 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Mojor Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade NOTE. The following symbols are used throughout this table: = nil or zero;.. = figures not available;... = figures not omparable with other Census years; n.e.s. = not elsewhere stated; n.o.r. = not otherwise reported. Census Oupation division (as of ) Both sexes Males Females Al I oupations 5,276,69 4,114,407 1,162,22 Total white ollar oupations 1,669, ,042, , Managerial oupations Managers, speified Postmasters Purhasing agents and buyers Owners and managers, n.e.s.. (inthe following industries) Forestry, logging Mines, quarries and oil wells Manufaturing industries.. Constrution industry Transportation, ommuniation and other utilities Trade Wholesale Retail Finane, insurane and real estate Community, business and personal servie industries Motion piture and rereational servies... Personal servies Publi administration 420, ,685 61,649 22,554 19,149 18,990 48,86 15,604 18,656 62,49 6,66 41,911 24, ,927,118 12, ,654 59,75 22, ,687 47, ,215 17,966 50,822 6,04 2,866 2, ,254 2,525 1, , , ,045 1, Professional and tehnial oupations Professional engineers... Civil engineers Mehanial engineers (inl, industrial) Mehanial engineers Industrial engineers.. Eletrial engineers... Chemial engineers... Biologists and agriultural professionals Veterinarians 84,778 29,960 7,74 8,28 6,49 2,572 1, , ,74 8,19 6,8 2, , Footnotes at end of table. 56

71 Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore^, 15 Years of Age and r Over, - by Oupation ",?_ Division, r...=. = -_ Comparable r- ui- Major u_:.. Oupation n.:-_ Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade NOTE. The following symbols are used throughout this table: = nil or zero;..= figures not available;... = figures not omparable with other Census years; n.e.s. = not elsewhere stated; n.o.r. =: not otherwise reported. Census Perentage inrease - Both sexes p.. Mai es p.. Females p.. Both sexes Males Females 6,458,156 4,694,294 1,76, ,409, ,42, , , , , , , , , , , ,954 72,261 7, , , ,885 62,67 155, , , , , , , , , IS 7,051 47,775 29, ,58 5,40 27, ,45 1, ,624 42,990 11, ,761 42, , ,091 8,10, , ,928 1, ,

72 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Mojor Oupation Groups and Classes, os of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) Census Oupation division (as of ) Both sexes Males Females Professional and tehnial oupations (onluded) Teahers Professors and ollege prinipals Shool teahers 110,089 5, , ,857 4,610 28, , , Health professionals Physiians and surgeons Dentists Nurses, graduate Nurses-in-training Osteopaths and hiroprators Medial and dental tehniians 85,790 14,25 4,608 5,18 15, , ,142 1,665 4, , ,270 15,581 90, O.Ol Law professionals Judges and magistrates Lawyers and notaries... 9, , , , Religion professionals.... Clergymen and priests, n.o.r Nuns and brothers, n.o.r 0,542 16,097 12, ,405 15,825 1, , , Artists, writers and musiians Artists and art teahers Artists, ommerial... Artists (exept ommerial), art teaher: Authors, editors and journalists Musiians and musi teahers 20,18 4,896,786 1,110 7,217 8, , , ,596, ,48 1, ,621 4, Other professionals Arhitets Draughtsmen Atuaries and statistiians Librarians Interior deorators and window dressers Photographers 1,000 2,061 2,429, , ,705, , Footnotes at end of table. 58

73 Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fored, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage I nrease for the Deade (ontinued) Census Perentage inrease - Both sexes Females Both sexes Males Females 188,796 11, , ,060 8,779 49, ,76 2,66 118, ,104 21,266 5,46 61,55 22,99 1,112 1, ,064 19,814 5,228 2, ,019 4, O.U ,040 1, ,201 22, , , , , ,848 18,51 2, , , ,161 2,278 1,024 11, ,924 5,79 4,29 1,446 9,717 4, ,806 1, ,07 6, ,26 2,940 20,615 2,909,45,988, ,148 2,874 19,750 2, ,82, ,

74 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 5 - Numerial dnd Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comporable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deode (ontinued) Census Oupation division (as of ) Both sexes Males Females Clerial oupations 578, , , Offie appliane operators Shipping and reeiving lerks.' Baggagemen and expressmen, transport Tiket, station and express agents, transport Stenographers, typists and lerk-typists 11,001 48,881 2,44 6,595 18, ,27 45,687 2,44 6,092 5, ,764, , Stenographers Typists and lerk-typists Attendants, dotors and dentists offies 2, , Sales oupations Foremen, trade Autioneers Canvassers, other door-todoor salesmen and demonstrators Sales lerks (inl. servie station attendants) Sales lerks Servie station attendante Advertising salesmen and agents Insurane salesmen and agents Real estate salesmen and agents Seurity salesmen and brokers Brokers, agents and appraisers, n. e.s. Total blue ollar oupations 286,889 6, , ,41 172,719 7,712 1,777 18,14 8,48,088,578 1,654, ,514 5, ,167 85,00 77,54 7,487 1,579 17,05 7,888,014,6 1,444, , ,450 95,401 95, , Craftsmen, prodution proess and related workers Millers, balers, brewers and related food workers Millers of flour and grain Fruit and vegetable anners and pakers 1,0,559 2,106 2, ,114, , , , Tire builders, vulanizers and other rubber workers Tire and tube builders.. Vulanizers 4,14 1, ,627 1, Footnotes at end of table. 60

75 Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) Census Perentage inrease - Both sexes Males Females Both sexes Male Females 8, , , , , , ,240 1,819 8, , , , ,699 2, ,780 1, , , , ,074 8, ,5 2, , , , , ,791 96,294 19,497 2, ,77 1, , , ,186 5,4 5, ,149 5, , ,871, ,645, , ,527,129 76,215 2, ,22,002 59,89 2, ,127 16, , , ,67 2,728 2, ,546 2,

76 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canadob, and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) Census Oupation division (as of ) Both sexes Females Craftsmen, prodution proess and related workers (ont.) Leather utters, lasters, sewers and other leather workers (exept glove and garment) Leather utters Shoemakers and repairers, fatory, n.e.s Shoemakers and repairers, not in fatory Spinners, weavers, knitters and related workers Weavers 22,429 2,751 10,114 5,875 8, O.U ,109 2,428 5,065 5,719 5, ,20 2 5, , Tailors, furriers, upholsterers and related workers Dressmakers and seamstresses not in fatory Upholsterers 104,17 14,226 5, ,897 4, ,420 14, Carpenters, abinetmakers sawyers and related workers Carpenters Sawyers Inspetors, graders, salers log and lumber Printers, bookbinders and related workers Compositors and typesetters Photoengravers, pressmen-printing, lithographi and photooffset oupations ,04 1,280 5,265 0,50 15,244 8, ,04 1,247 5,125 25,22 14,51 7, , Pressmen, printing.... Lithographi and photooffset oupations.. Photoengravers Bookbinders Other oupations in bookbinding Printing workers, n.e.s.,216 1,585 2, , , ,167 1, Furnaemen, moulders, blaksmiths and related metal workers Heat treaters, annealers, temperers Rolling mill operators.., Blaksmiths, hammermen, forgemen Coremakers 762 1,702 9,585 2, ,701 9,585 1, Footnotes at end of table. 62

77 Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) C ensus Perentage inrease - Both sexes p.. Males p.. Fema les p.. Both sexes Males Females 2,774 2, ,081 2, , , , , , , ,800 4, ,229, ,571 1, , , ,6 68 5, ,928 15, , ,779 1, , ,799 1, , , , , , , , ,1 0. 1, , , , , ,059 1,16, ,926 1,12 1, , , , ,989 1,042 2,254 5, ,658 1,027 2, _ 69 - _ _ - _

78 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 5 Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as oif, for Conodo'', and l961 Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) Census Oupation division (as of ) Both sexes Males Femal es p.. p.. p.. Craftsmen, prodution proess and related workers (ont.) 1 Jewellers, wathmakers and 2 Engravers, exept photo Mahinists, plumbers, sheet metal workers and related Toolmakers, diemakers.. Filers, grinders, sharp- Fitters, and assemblers. Plumbers and pipefitters Sheet metal workers... Riveters and rivet heaters Boilermakers, platers and strutural metal V/elders and flame utters Polishers and buffers 9,44 6,902 8,055 16,548 29,528 1,749 2,160 6,417 2,648, ,429 6,745 8,055 14,778 29,528 1,298 2,041 6,417 2,161, , Mehanis and repairmen, eletriians and related eletrial and eletroni Mehanis and repairmen. Mehanis and repairmen, Mehanis and repairmen. railroad equipment... Power station operators Projetionists, motion Linemen and serviemen telephone, tele- Fitters and assemblers eletrial and eletronis equipment; eletrial and eletronis workers, n.e.s. Fitters and assemblers-eletrial and eletroni equipment Eletrial and eletronis workers, n.e.s... 21,225,925 64,24 9,06,888 1,944 19,459 17, ,50,91 64,195 9,06,888 1,9 19,459 9, , , Footnotes at end of table. 64

79 Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) Census Both sexes Males Females Perentage inrease - Both sexes Males Females 5, ,246 O.U ,760 10, , ,911 9, ,799 9, ,089 1, ,727 7,481 16,447 1, , O.U ,50 8, ,50 7, U 12 2, , , , , ,787 O.U 6, , , ,088 4,926 O.U ,088 4, , , , ,85 15, ,779 8, ,056 7, , ,965 O.U 2 65

80 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Oyer, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) Census Oupation division (as of ) Both sexes Males Femal es p.. p.. p.. Craftsmen, prodution proess and related workers (ont.) 1 Painters, paperhangers and 47, , Briklayers, plasterers and onstrution workers. General foremen on- Inspetors onstrution Briklayers, stonemasons, tilesetters, ement and onrete Briklayers, stonemasons, tilesetters Cement and onrete. Plasterers and lathers., 48,800 11,569 1,617 18,786 9, ,800 11,569 1,617 18,786 9, Clay, glass and stone 10 U 12 Lens grinders and polishers, optiians.. Furnaemen andkilnmen, eramis and glass... Stone utters and dres- 1,527 1,006 1, ,04 1,006 1, Stationary engine and exavating and lifting equipment operators and Boiler firemen (exept Stationary enginemen... Motormen (vehile), ex- Hoistmen, ranemen, derrikmen, operators of earth-moving and other onstrution mahinery; Hoistmen, ranemen. 11,027 25,586 2,091 21, ,027 25,586 2,091 21, Operators of earthmoving and other onstrution mahinery. 20 Longshoremen and steve- 10, , Setionmen and trakmen,, 0, , Footnotes at end of table. 66

81 Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation, Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) Census Perentage inrease - Both sexes Males Females Both sexes Males Females 51,25 50, ,086 18,249, ,249, , , ,026 20,761 6, ,08 1,56 1,167 1, , U , ,956 6,702 29, ,56 14, ,56: 14, , , , ,

82 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of.the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) Census Oupation division (as of ) Both sexes Males Females Craftsmen, prodution proess and related workers (onl.) Other prodution proess and related oupations Tobao preparers and produts makers Patternmakers (exept paper) Paper produts makers.. Photographi proessing oupations Inspetors, examiners, gaugers, n.e.s. metal Inspetors, graders and samplers, n.e.s,697 2,11 7,998 1,682 12,860, , ,516 1,06 Labourers (inluding warehousemen and freight handlers, n.e.s.) 51, , ,80 Labourers Warehousemen and freight handlers, n.e.s Total primary oupations Farmers and farm workers Farmers and stokraisers Farm managers and foremen '. Farm labourers Gardeners (exept farm) grounds keepers, and other agriultural oupations. Gardeners (exept farm) and grounds keepers 1,042,69 826,09 545,677, ,119 18, ,010, ,51,816 24,672 17, ,410 2, Other agriultural oupations Loggers and related workers 100, , Forest rangers and ruisers ,715 O.U Fishermen, trappers and hunters^ Fishermen Trappers and hunters , O.U Miners, quarrymen and related workers Prospetors Footnotes at end of table. 68

83 Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) C ensus Perentage inrease - Both sexes p.. Mai es p.. Females p.. Both sexes Males Females 177, , , , , ,975 9, ,927 5, , , , , , , , , ,4 14, ,508 29, ,925 20, , , , ,910 9, ,810 57,042 84, ,262 75,868 8, U 12 1,41 222, , , , , , , , ,144 78, ,78 78, , , ,267 1,807 2, ,011 1, , ^

84 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) Census Oupation division (as of ) Both sexes Males * emales Transport and ommuniation oupations 0, , ,982 Air pilots, navigators and flight engineers 1,141 1, Operators, railroad Loomotive engineers... Loomotive firemen Condutors, railroad... Brakemen, swithmen and signalmen 8,249 9,66 7,254-6,64 15, ,249 9,66 7,254 6,64 15, Operators, water transport Dek and engineering offiers ship Dek ratings (ship) barge rews and boatmen... Engine-room ratings, firemen and oilmen, ships 17,157 7,87 7,459 1, ,157 7,87 7,459 1, Operators, road transport., Bus drivers Taxi drivers and hauffeurs 18,176 11,451 21, ,411 11,79 21, Other transport oupations Operators, eletri street railway 6, , Other ommuniation oupations Radio and television announers Telephone operators... Telegraph operators.... Postmen andmail arriers 1,015 0,660 6, ,081 5,60 8, ,579 1, Servie and rereation oupations 514, , , Protetive servie oupations Firemen, fire protetion Poliemen and detetives Guards, wathmen, n.e.s Commissioned offiers, armed fores Other ranks, armed fore 125,924 8,878 20,074 25,72 10,49 60, ,856 8,878 19,874 25,292 10,242 60, , Footnotes at end of table. 70

85 Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for.canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (ontinued) Census Perentage inrease - Both sexes Male Females Both sexes Males Females 91, , , , , ,228 7,57,744 5, ,424 8,15 7,520 1, ,960 18, ,228 7,57,744 5,725 11,186 17,424 8, 15 7,620 1, , , , , , , , ,42 1, , , , ,64 5,92 4,75 1, ,51 1,710,922 12, , , ,046 8.S0 95, ,05 14, ,021 14, , ! 0,007 4,895 18,022 98, ,64,666 17,52 95, , , ,

86 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Major Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (onluded) Census Oupation division (as of ) Both sexes Males Females p. Servie and rereotion oupations (onluded) Housekeepers, waiters, ooks and seleted workers Housekeepers (exept private household) matrons and stewards Cooks Waiters, waitresses and bartenders Waiters and waitresses Bartenders Nursing assistants and aides Porters, baggage and pullmen Baby sitters, maids and related servie workers Baby sitters Maids and related servie workers, n.e.s ,947 10,162 5, , O.U ,920 2,50 19,509 20,07 7,017 5,455 10, ,027 7,62 15,654 40,600 18, , Athletes, entertainers and related workers Ators, entertainers and showmen Athletes and sports offiials <, , , Other servie oupations Barbers, hairdressers, maniurists Launderers and dry leaners Elevator tenders, building Janitors and leaners, building Furneral diretors and embalmers 121,827 24,411 26,862 5,264 51,4 2, O.lO ,597 1,560 9,915,897 7,22 2, ,20 10,851 16,947 1,67 14, Guides. 2, , Oupations not stated. 6, , , a Exludes a fewpersons seeking work who have never been employed. Exluding Yukon and Northwest Territories. = The figures do not inlude Indians living on reserves. SOURCE: Rased on data from and Census ol Canada. 72

87 Table 5 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore", 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, Comparable Mojor Oupation Groups and Classes, as of, for Canada'', and Censuses, Showing the Perentage Inrease for the Deade (onluded) Census Perentage inrease - Both sexes p.. Males p.. Fema es p.. Both sexes Males Females 95, , , ,200 49, ,029 25, ,171 24, ^ , ,914 16,778 9, ,05 61, , , , , ,090 O.U ,954 12, , ,55 12, , , , U 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

88 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE.Table 6 Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, in Seleted Oupational Classes of Craftsmen, Prodution Proess and Related Workers Division, and Censuses, Grouped Aording to Perentage Inrease over the Deade, for Canada^ Oupational lass (as of ) CATEGORY I Above all-oupation average inrease Labour Fore Per ent inrease - Per ent of total L.F. in raftsmen, prod. pro. and rel. work. div.. 4. C e! Inspetors-onstrution Hoistmen, ranemen, derrikmen, operators of earth-moving and other equipment n.e.s Photographi proessing oupations Fruit, vegetable anners and pakers Mehanis, repairmen, airraft Welders and flame utters Photoengravers, pressmen, printing, lithographi and photo offset o. General foremen, onstrution Briklayers, plasterers and onstrution workers n.e.s Linemen and serviemen telephone, telegraph and power Briklayers, stonemasons, tilesetters, ement and onrete finishers Vulanizers Mehanis and repairmen, motor vehile Heat treaters, annealers, temperers Boilermakers, platers and strutural metal workers Rolling mill operators Printing workers n.e.s Plumbers and pipefitters Power station operators Shoemakers and repairers fatory, n.e.s Paper produts makers Sheet metal workers Bookbinders Inspetors, graders, salers log and lumber Millwrights Other oupations in bookbinding... Inspetors, graders and samplers, n.e.s Furnaemen, kilnmen, eramis and glass 1,617 21,60 1,682 2,022,925 2,648 8,181 11,569 48,800 19,459 18,786 1,691 64, ,417 1,702 2,124 29,528,888 10,114 7,998 1,749,216 5,265 8,055 1,585,707 1,006,879 46,56,056,566 6,787 8,674 1,05 18,249 75,086 28,51 27,049 2,410 88,979 1,042 8,50 2,254 2,698 7,481 4,926 12,805 9,970 17,089,978 6,50 9,778 1,911 4,48 1, Total. 26,42 480, " Exluding Yukon and Northwest Territories. SOURCE: Based on data from and Census of Canada. 74

89 Table 6 - Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, in Seleted Oupational Classes of Craftsmen, Prodution Proess and Related Workers Division, and Censuses, Grouped Aording to Perentage Inrease over the Deade, for Canada^ (onluded) Oupational lass (as of ) CATEGORY II Below all-oupation average inrease Labour Fore Per ent inrease - Per ent of total L.F. in raftsmen, prod. pro. and rel. work. div IS. 16. Longshoremen and stevedores S tationary enginemen Motormen (vehile) exept railway.. Dressmakers, seamstresses (not in fatory) Inspetors, examiners, gaugers, n.e.s. metal Lens grinders, polishers, optiians Toolmakers, diemakers Upholsterers.... Tobao preparers and prod, makers Painters, paperhangers and glaziers Plasterers and lathers Fitters and assemblers eletrial and eletronis equip Compositors and typesetters Millers of flour and grain Fitters & assemblers, n.e.s. metal.. Engravers, exept photoengravers.. Total... 10,64 25,586 2,091 14,226 12,860 1,527 9,44 5,115,697 47,148 9,270 17,412 15,244 2,106 16, ,259 29,02 2,80 16,187 14,602 1,725 10,606 5,72 4,071 51,25 10,042 18,85 16,16 2,244 17, ,86 214, CATEGORY III Deline 1. Sawyers 2. Leather utters. Carpenters. 4. Stone utters and dressers 5. Filers, grinders and sharpeners Pattern makers (exept paper) 7. Shoemakers and repairers not in fatory 8. Setionmen and trakmen 9. Mehanis, repairmen railroad equip. 10. Polishers, buffers metal 11. Projetionists motion piture 12. Tire and tube builders 1. Riveters and rivet heaters 14. Boiler, firemen (exept ship) 15. Blaksmiths, hammermen, forgemen 16. Weavers 17. Coremakers 1,280.2, ,04 1,896 6,902 2,11 5,875 0,52 9,06,812 1,944 4,14 2,160 11,027 9,585 8,997 2,087 1,267 2, ,799 1,715 5,911 1,975 4,87 2,175 7,088 2,797 1,92 2,728 1,401 6,702 5,124 4, Total 245, ,

90 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 7 - Twenty-five Leading^ Oupations of the Female Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over, for Canada,'' Census Oupational lass (as of ) Labour Fore Per ent of females in Labour Fore Per ent of total in oupational lass 1. Stenographers 2. Sales lerks.. Maids and related servies 4. Shool teahers 5. Farm labourers 6. Waitresses 7. Nurses, graduate 8. Other prodution proess and related workers 9. Nursing assistants and aides.., 10. Typists and lerk-typists 11. Telephone operators 12. Janitors and leaners (building) 1. Cooks 14. Barbers, hairdressers and maniurists 15. Owners and managers Retail trade 16. Nurses in training 17. Launderers and dry leaners Offie appliane operators 19. Labourers (mainly in trade and manufaturing) 20. Owners andmanagers -Community, business and personal servie 21. Millers, bakers, brewers and related food workers 22. Dressmakers, seamstresses (not in fatory) 2. Spinners, weavers, knitters and related workers 24. Baby sitters 25. Housekeepers (exept household) matrons and stewards 160,666 1,24 120, ,594 66, ,201 51,55 49,267 48,744,682 1,826 24,528 2,289 2,264 22,667 22,547 22,67 20,925 18,622 16, ,571 12,194 12, Total a 10,000 or more women. SOURCE: Census ol Canada. *" Exluding Yukon and Northwest Territories. 76

91 Table 8 Perentage Distribution, by Sex, of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age end Over, by Oupation Division, as of, for Canada'', 1901 to Censuses Oupation division (as of ) 1901 M M ' 191 M All oupations ^ White ollar oupations Proprietary and managerial.... Professional Clerial Commerial Finanial ; Blue ollar oupations Manufaturing and mehanial. Constrution Labourers'". ' Primary oupations Agriultural Fishing, hunting and trapping.. Logging Mining and quarrying , Transportation and ommuniation Servie Personal loo.qo See footnotes at end of table.

92 vl 00 Table 8 - Perentage Distribution, by Sex, of the Labour Fore, 15 Years of Age and Over,' by Oupation Division, as of, for Canada*^, 1901 to Censuses (onluded) Oupation division (as of ) Transportation and.ommuniation... T , = M F T e Ten years and over in *> Exluding Yukon and Northwest Territories, d Labourers in all industries exept those engaged in agriulture, fishing, logging or mining. SOURCE: Based on data from Censuses ol Canada, 1901 to. M , F T M F = Exluding persons on ative servie, June O i I o i i i o i 2 s a: O 8

93 Table 9 - Labour Fore,^ 14 Years of Age and Over,*" by Sex and Oupation Division as of, showing Median Age, for Canada,*^ 191 to Censuses Oupation division (as of ) 191 Both Sexes Males Females 1941 All Oupations^. White Collar Oupations Managerial Professional and tehnial Clerial Commerial and finanial Blue Collar Oupations Manufaturing and mehanial... Constrution Labourers Primary Oupations... Agriulture Fishing, hunting and trapping... Logging Mining and quarrying Transport and ommuniation Servie and rereation See footnotes at end of Table e 21.1 f f e e e e 21.6 f f e e e e e e e e e e e Table 10 - Perentage Changeis in Median Age of Female Labour Fore, 14 Years of Age and Over,''by.Oupotion Division, as of, for Canada,<= 191 to Censuses Oupation division (as of ) Perentage han ge in median age 191 to to to 191 to e 2.4 f f e e e e 15.7 f f e e e e e e e e 49. f f 41 0) e ^ Exludes a few persons seeking work who have never been employed. ^ 15 years and over in. ^ Exluding Newfoundland in 191 and 1941 and Yuko ukon and Northwest Territories throughout. ^ Exluding armed servies throughout. ^ Fewer than 1,000 workers in total. * Beause it was not possible to orret for the substantial underount of unpaid farm housewives in the 191 and 1941 Censuses, the age distribution of the female work fore in this oupational ategory (and hene in the Primary Oupations Setor) were onsid* ered too unreliable to warrant the alulation of medians. SOURCE: Based on data from Censuses of Canada 191 to 196 1, prepared in Eonomis and Researh Branh, Dept. of Labour. 79

94 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 11A Male Labour Fore^, 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, Showing the Numerial and Perentage Distribution by. Age and the Median Age for Canada*', and Censuses VOTE. The oupation divisions have been rearranged on the basis of the lassifiation though some adjustment of the grouping was neessary. Oupation division (as of ) Total % Age group % % 1 2 4,114,407 4,694,294 0,59 287, ,9 506, White ollar oupations Professional and tehnial. Sales 1,042,08 1,42,860 81, , ,04 55, ,599 24,49 186,514 26,074 44,980 6, ,198,448 6,18 25,897 29,14 15,122 27, , ,206 11,80 1,109 21,608 9,560 46,829 61,41 24,742, IS Blue ollar oupations Craftsmen, prodution proess, et. Labourers n.e.s 1,444,477 1,645,510 1,114,099 1,22,002 0,78 2, ,667 99,085 60,807 52,466 45,860 46, , ,685 12,927 18,285 52,224 51, Primary oupations.. Farmers and farm workers. Loggers and related workers. Fishermen, trappers and hunters. Miners, quarrymen and related workers. 1,010, ,810 79,924 57, ,85 78,757 50,819 4,011 64,651 64,000 lob.o 105,108 71,42 84,264 57,576 1,207 9,056 4,611 2,820,026 1, ,027 68,124 81,90 42,86 18,482 1,642 5,685,827 8,957 8, , Transport, ommuniations and other utilities 297,908 5,641 19,812 18, ,47 9, Servie and rereation 268,890 99,046 19,474 29, ,68 50, Oupations,not stated 50, ,427 7,498 5, ,194 11, Exludes a fewpersons seeking work who have neverbeen employed. Yukon and Northwest Territories. SOURCE: Based on data from and Census of Canada. ^ Exluding 80

95 Table 11A - Male Labour Fore,^ 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, Showing the Numerial and Perentage Distribution by Age and the Median Age for Canada*", and Censuses NOTE. The oupation divisions have been rearranged on the basis of the lassifiation though some adjustment of the grouping was neessary % 5-44 % Age group % % 65 and over % Median age 1.024,55 1, ,28 60,901 75, , ,997 69,757 79,166 5,902 72,725 72,02 41, ,116 57,762 76,186 7, ,77 18* ,588 26,555 21,456 11,519 7,58 18,940 19,691 95,14 111,817 64,94 99,550 11,685 6, ,864 1,118,88 264,26 58, , ,604 56,510 94,592 47,482 62,172 42,547 59,40 24,924 97, ,9 6,18 57,991 60, , , , ,668 18,462 15,5 11,14 7,70 15,99 16, ,81 46,814 8, , , , , ,846 92,05 1,646 5,192 58,428 2,9 48,941 24,762 40,81 241,775 08,459 19, ,164 47,868 49, ,41 147,60 18, ,257 1,868 11,260 8,6 6,810 11,019 11,0 40,210 58,810 41,294 61,289 7,427 20, ,747 5,920 12,977 15,18 60,625 70,55 22,167 0,209 24,278 2,121 16,907 20,18 154, ,68 119, ,008 5,118, ,46 110, ,170 9,688 7,658 6,664 6,208 4,264.5,400 5,790 25,700 28,20 7,787 49,47 5,10 1, ,96 191,016 50,70 58,069 2,99 25,481 9,86 11,792 8,42 11,555 8,52 9,241 58,941 40,182 4,810 2,14 15,11 8,048 7,959 60,19 66,840 56,879 2,60 1,146,146 1,562 1, ,608 4,81 21,489 25,426 2,669 2, ' ; ,

96 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table IIB- Female Labour Fore,^ 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, Showing the Numerial and Perentage Distribution by Age and the Median Age, for Canada,^ and Censuses NOTE. The oupation divisions have been rearranged on the basis of the lassifiation though some adjustment of the grouping was neessary. Oupation division (as of ) Total % No, Age Group % % 1 2 1,162,22 1,76, ,075 21, ,606 29, White ollar oupations Professional and tehnial. Sales Blue ollar oupations Craftsmen, prodution proess et. 627, ,477 8,254 57, ,75 271,86 22,58 508,74 100,75 147,5 210, , , ,127 20,80 20,925 91, , ,989 22,650 58,481 75,47 19,995 22,978 4,12 2,968 7,72 28,561 5,760 4,407 14,6 12, , , ,072 19,664 1,710 1,75 41,667 64,488 94, ,218 19,587 1,58 44,582,862 40,220 0,787 4,62, Farmers and farm. workers. Loggers and related workers. Fishermen, trappers and hunters. Miners, quarrymen and rel. workers. 2,410 76,262 2,169 75,868 4,888 4,928 4,848 4, ,656 4,577,616 4, Transport and ommuniation oupations. 2,982 7,928 8,597 6, ,272 7, Servie and rereation oupations. 245,522 95,069 4,0 6, ,900 47, ,0 4 Oupations not stated 1,126 4,074,58 2, ,2,124 5, ^ Exludes a few persons seeking work who have never been employed. Yukon and Northwest Territories. ^ Fewer than 1,000 workers in total. SOURCE: Based on data from and Census of Canada. Exluding 82

97 Table IIB- Female Labour Fore,^ 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, Showing the Numerial and Perentage Distribution by Age and the Median Age, for Canada,b and Censuses NOTE. The oupation divisions have been rearranged on the basis of the' lassifiation though some adjustment of the grouping was neessary. 25-4, % 5-44 % Age Group % % 65 and over % Median Age 268,171 59, ,192 70, ,649 06, ,5 154, ,186 47, , ,876 7,056 7,541 9,094 60,78 86, ,859 24,114 22,098 48,671 51,80 44,281 47,102 4,90 4,278 5,97 14,81 5,926 14,750 C 6,49 8,657 47,452 64,991 2,810 14, , ,99 202,780 11,10 16,521 2,977 45,50 45, ,228 19,496 9,681 6,548 50,114,554 45,717 2,994 4,97 6,144 20,628 6,096 20,558 4,10 6,508 42,140 78,615 1,651 11, , , ,562 9,720 18,156 2,57 47,067 25,950 68,012 11,069,27 2,08 6,559 20,945,448 2,09,111 5,79 17,996 5,756 17,915,179 5,525 5,254 74,29 1,109 5, , ,102 75,478 5,942 10,052 12,109 24,155 10,141 28,94 4,910 12,877 10,80 16,724 9,82 15,17 1,007 1,407,991 10,270,968 10, ,89 25,829 46, , , ,4 9,664 19,68 2,64,567 4,62 7,775 1,74 5,550 1,204 2,791,489 4,445,265 4, ,965,050 1,959, ,644 19,

98 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN'LABOUR FORCE No, q Table 11 C - Total Labour Fore,^ 15 Years of Age ond Over, by Oupation Division, as of, Showing the Numerial and Perentage Distribution by Age and the Median Age, for Canada,^ and Censuses NOTE. The oupation divisions have been rearranged on the basis of the lassifiation though some adjustment of the grouping was neessary. Oupation division (as of ) White ollar Professional tehnial. Blue ollar oupations and oupations Craftsmen, prodution proess, et. Primary oupations... Farmers and farm workers. Loggers and related 'workers. Fishermen, trappers and hunters. Miners, quarrymen and rel. workers. Transport, ommuniations and other utilities Servie and rereation... Oupations not stated. seeking work who he ve neve r been em ployed Yukon and Northwest Territories. SOtJRCE; Based on data from and Census of Canada. 5,276,69 6,458,156 1,669,985 2,409,7 420,181 58,11 84, , ,17 8,17 286, ,409 1,654,767 1,871,562 1,0,559 1,527,129 51,208 44,4 1,042,69 826, ,09 648, ,854 78,874 51,02 4,267 64,669 64,021 0,890 91, , ,115 6, , % 100, , ,259 16, , ,51 16,47 28,8 84,78 104,616 5,117 50,11 149,799 12,05 98,179 81,027 51,620 51, ,996 76,60 89,112 62,429 1,209 9,082 4,648 2,869,027 1,980 28,409 24,882 62,777 92,985 11,06 7,688 Age Group % , , ,054 40,870 1,51 14,484 6, , ,97 175,559 44,29 46, ,7 22,547 17, ,072 56,586 54, ,68 72,701 85,519 46,90 18,484 1,661 5,718,861 8,962 8,276 52,619 47,584 77,58 97,924 11,18 17,4 % ''Ex eluding

99 Table 11 C - Total Labour Fore,a 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, Showing the Numerial and Perentage Distribution by Age and the Median Age, for Canada,*^ and Censuses NOTE. The^ oupation divisions have been rearranged on the basis of the lassifiation though some adjustment of the grouping was neessary % 5-44 A ge Group % % % 65 and over % Median Age 1,292,706 1,57,71 425, ,777 82,5 101, ,76 175,75 156, ,025 78,016 94,82 420,97 482,654 40,97 404,864 80,576 77, , , , ,8 26,560 21,487 11,556 7,88 18,945 19,69 101,66 120, , ,541 14,495 50, ,116,056 1,489,4 7,65 561, , ,125 89,487 19,942 9,098 16,400 62,04 99,111 61, ,256 00,487 81,900 60,985 65,56 208, , ,966 15,226 18,467 15,549 11,54 7,417 15,942 16,512 7,98 97,889 88, ,981 9,868 45, ,66 1,184,66 255, , ,77 151,802 58, ,495 58,88 116,95 5,81 74, ,81 45, , ,612 49,961 52, ,14 165,56 14,874 16,172 1,871 11,278 8,68 6,868 11,021 11,08 4,89. 64,5 76,548 15,528 8,56 25, , ,61 157, ,661 66,567 80,587 4,276 54,64 4,419 60,515 21,817, , , , ,25 6,125 5,082 1, , ,18 10,920 7,660 6,669 6,227 4,297 5,402 5,790 26,656 1,096 6,616 96,42 5,775 15, ,582 28,875 60,94 77,752 26,0 29,048 14,198 19,567 10,157 17,105 9,76 12,02 62,40 44,627 47,075 6,29 15,55 8,298 75,924 6,69 68,799 59,922 2,60 1,148,152 1,567 1, ,78 5,09,1 44,814 2,918,004 4,

100 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 12 - Differene^ Between Atuol and "Expeted''^ Perentage of Age Groups in Major Oupation Divisions of Female Labour Fore, for Canada, Census Oupation division (as of ) Age Group , Craftsmen, prodution proess and related ,08 0,10 0, and over Craftsmen, prodution proess and related Primary oupations , , ^ Perentage point differene: atual minus "expeted", **Expeted" distributions by age group are alulated by applying perentage age distribution to labour fore within eah major oupation group and then omputing the perentage distribution in eah age ategory. SOURCE: Based on data from and Census of Canada. 86

101 Table 1- Labour Fore,a 15 Years of Age and Over, by Sex, by Oupation Division, as of, Showing the Numerial and Perentage Distribution by Years of Shooling and the Median Years of Shooling, for Canada,b and Censuses NOTE. The oupation divisions have been rearranged on the basis of the lassifiation, though some adjustment of the grouping was neessary. Oupation division (as of ) Total L«ss than 5 Elementary 5 + H igh Shool 1-4 Total Seondary Shool ompletion or more T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. % 5,276,69 4,114,407 1,162,22 77, , , ,275, ,917, , ,080, ,466, , , , , , , , , , , White ollar oupations % 7o Professional and tehnial. % % % 1,669, ,181 84, ,17 286,889 1,042,08 81, ,04 255, , ,902 8, ,75 22,58 100,75 26, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,820 l.s 5, , , , , , , , , Blue ollar oupations % Craftsmen, prodution proess and rel. work. % Labourers n.e.s 1,654,767 1,0,559 51,208 1,444,477 1,114,099 0,78 210, ,460 20,80 141, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,18.8 8, , , , , , , ,59.4 6, , ,294, , , , , , , Primary oupations... % Farmers and farm workers. % Loggers and related workers. % Fishermen, trappers and hunters. % Miners, quarrymen and others. % 1,042,69 826,09 100,854 51,02 64,699 1,010,229 79, ,85 50,819 64,651 2,410 2,169 'C C 149, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,0v , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,764 2,7 16, , , , C C , , ,8 0. 1, Transport and ommunia- tion. 7o 0, ,908 2,982 16, i6, , , , ,i , , ,89.4 9, , ,27.1 8, , , , Servie and rereation... % 514, , ,522 7, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,49 0.9, Oupations not stated.. % 6,946 50,820 1,126 6, , , , , , , , ,78 7.5, , ,7 5. 2, , , , For footnotes, see end of table.

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103 Table 14 - Perentage Inrease in Median Years of Shooling of the Labour Fore,^ by Sex, by Oupation Division, as of, for Canada,^ and Censuses Oupation division (as of ) Perentage hange in; Median years of shooling Males Females All oupations White ollar oupations.... Managerial Professional and tehnial Clerial Sales Blue ollar oupations Craftsmen, prodution proess and related workers, Labourers, n.e.s Primary oupations Farmers and farm workers Loggers and related workers.... Fishermen, trappers and hunters. Miners and quarrymen Transport and ommuniation Servie and rereation ^ Exludes a fewpersons seeking work who have never been sn employed i. *> Exluding Yukon and Northwest Territories. ^ Fewer than 1,000 workers in total SOURCE: Based on data from and Census ol Canada. 87

104 THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE Table 15 - Differentials^ in Median Years of Shooling,. by Oupation Division, as of, and Sex, for Canada,b ond Censuses NOTE. The oupation divisions have been rearranged on the basis of the lassifiation though some adjustment of the grouping was neessary. Eduation differentia Is a Oupation division (as of ) Males Females Males Females Craftsmen, prodution proess and , Fishermen, trappers and hunters ^ Median years of shooling for a given oupation divided by median years of shooling for all oupations expressed as an index number. In the all-oupation median was standardized on the basis of the oupation distribution. t" Exluding Yukon and Northwest Territories. '^ Fewer than 1,000 workers in total. SOXJRCE: Based on data from and Census of Canada. 88

105 Table 16 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore,^ 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, and Sex, Showing Closs of Worker, for Canada,*^ and Censuses. NOTE. The oupation divisions have been rearranged in the basis of the lassifiation though some adjustment of the grouping was neessary. Census Census Oupation division (as of ) Total Class of worker Unpaid family worker Total Class of worker Wageearner Selfemployed Wageearner Selfemployed Unpaid family worker All oupations 5,276,69 4,114,407 1,162,22 4,079,757,007,579 1,072, ,00, ,244 56, ,917 12,584, ,458,156 4,694,294 1,76,862 5,55,672',772,496 1,58, ,20 844,440 9, ,164 77,58 86, White ollar oupations.... 1,669,985 1,042,08 627,902 1,75,75 787,11 588, ,85 252,750 29, ,775 2,202 10, ,409,7 1,42, ,477 2,052,277 1,10, , , ,86 42, ,871 2,92 20, Managerial T. M. F. 420,181 81,927 8, , ,946 14, , ,857 2, ,11 480,586 57, ,85 25,58 24, , ,605 1, , , Professional and tehnial T. M. F. 84, ,04 166,75 41, , , ,405 7,619 4, ,624 55, ,86 571,018 08, , ,926 47,9 8, ;2 Clerial T. M. F. 578,17 255,599 22,58 575, ,227 20, , , ,17 24,49 508,74 824,806 22, , ,484 1,01 1, , , Sales T. M. F. 286, , ,75 268,64 176,669 91, ,59 8, ,716 1,750 7, ,409 26, ,5 78, ,475 1, ,79 15,57 1, ,998 2,062 12, Blue ollar oupations T. M. F. 1,654,767 1,444, ,290 1,562,624 1,58, , ,168 82,509 5, ,975, ,871,562 1,645, ,052 1,779,188 1,558, , ,272 84,02 4, ,102 2,770 1, Craftsmen, prodution proess and related workers. 1,0,559 1,114, ,460 1,21,212 1,029,765 18, ,168 82,509 5, ,179 1, ,527,129 1,22, ,127 1,48,096 1,27, , ,704 82,507 4, ,29 1, Labourers, n.e.s. 51,208 0,78 20,80 49,412 28,746 20, ,796 1, ,4 2,508 20,925 41,092 20,76 20, ,568 1, ,77 1, See footnotes at end of table.

106 Table 16 - Numerial and Perentage Distribution of the Labour Fore,^ 15 Years of Age and Over, by Oupation Division, as of, and Sex, [ Showing Class of Worker, for Canada,'' and Censuses (onluded) Census Census Oupation division (as of ) Total Class of worker Unpaid family w orker Total Wageearner Selfemployed Wageearner Class of w orker Self employ ed Unpaid family worker % % % % % % % % 1 T. M. F. 1,042,69 1,010,229 2, , ,782 6, ,62 59,6 8, , ,111 17, , ,810 76, , ,45 10, , ,818 9, ,149 69,59 56,610; T. M. F. 826,09 79,924 2,169 17,22 11,142 6, ,050 59,864 8, , ,918 17, ,910 57,042 75, , ,246 10, ,502 87,428 9, ,917 68,68 56, T. M. F. 100, ,85 87,81 87, ,999 11, ,042 1, ,874 78,757 7,791 7, ,609 4, T. M. F. 51,02 50,819 9,67 9, ,205 40, ,145 1,15 C ,267 4,011 10,698 10, ,849 22, C Miners, quarrymen and related workers T. M. F. 64,669 64,651 6,284 6, ,69 1, C ,021 64,000 62,982 62, , T. M. F. 0, ,908 2,982 01, ,462 2, ,477 28, ,165 1, ,569 5,641 7,928 61,52 2,988 7, ,107 28, , T. M. F. 514, , , , , , ,070 15,64 1, , , ,115 99,046 95,069 70,948 79, , ,250 18,98 6, , , T. M. F. 6,946 50,820 1,126 61,960 49,05 12, ,792 1, , ,427 4, , ,548 41, ,541 6,499 1, , ^ Exludes a few persons seeking work who have never been employed. SOURCE: Based on data from and Census of Canada. ^ Exluding Yukon and Northwest Territories. ^ Fewer than 1,000 workers in total.

107 CENSUS MONOGRAPHS DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS OTTAWA, CANADA LABOUR FORCE STUDIES Historial Estimates of the Canadian Labour Fore Frank T. Denton and Sylvia Ostry The following by Sylvia Ostry The Oupational Composition of the Canadian Labour Fore Provinial Differenes in Labour Fore Partiipation Unemployment in Canada The Female Worker in Canada Geographi Composition of the Canadian Labour Fore TRENDS IN, CANADIAN MARKETING M.S. Moyer and G. Snyder TRENDS AND FACTORS OF FERTILITY IN CANADA Jaques Henripin URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA L.O. Stone INCOMES OF CANADIANS J.R. Podoluk The above are the first studies to be published of the Census Monograph Programme and are expeted to be available intermittently, in separate English and Frenh editions, from the Queen's Printer and the Dominion Bureau of Statistis (Publiations Distribution Unit)during 1968 and The list will be augmented as work on other Studies progresses.

108 This book was set Varitype, printed Offset and bound by the Canadian Government Printing Bureau. The art work for the over was exeuted by Rihard T. Logan, Art Diretor, Dominion Bureau of Statistis.

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