Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) Observatory

Transcription

1 Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) Observatory Country Report France: regional aspects of KETs deployment 19 March 215 Marcel de Heide (TNO) Laura Seiffert (TNO) Client: European Commission, Directorate-General Enterprise & Industry

2 Contents Introduction...2 KETs Observatory...2 Regional uptake of KETs...2 General characteristics of France...2 Economy and innovative capacity...2 Policies addressing KETs...4 Performance in KETs...6 Regional governance structure... 1 Regional performance in KETs Regional cases Advanced Manufacturing Technologies cluster in the Vallée de l Arve area Microtechnology cluster in Franche-Comté References

3 Introduction KETs Observatory The European Commission (EC) has launched a project involving the set-up and implementation of a Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) Observatory for The project is run by a consortium comprising IDEA Consult, TNO, CEA, ZEW, NIW, Ecorys UK Ltd and Fraunhofer (as sub-contractors). The objective of the KETs Observatory is to provide EU, national and regional policymakers with information on the deployment of Key Enabling Technologies, as a basis for the development and implementation of dedicated industrial policies. It will offer insight on the trends and developments of the KETs related technology and products in the EU, with reference to other competing economies. Within the framework of this project, different indicators monitoring the deployment of Key Enabling Technologies are compiled. Indicators cover, amongst others, technology (e.g. technology uptake and deployment, measured with the help of patent data). Regional uptake of KETs This document addresses the deployment of KETs in the regional context of France. The first section provides a brief description of the country (i.e. economy, industry, innovation and supporting policy). The following sections describe the regional innovation system, and the governance structure supporting it. Regional performance in KETs is described in the subsequent text. The last section provides a brief description of relevant clusters around a KETs regional case (i.e. industrial ecosystem), and the policy supporting it. General characteristics of France Economy and innovative capacity France is an important economy within the EU (see Figure 1). Its GDP (in PPP at current market prices) represents about 14% of the total economy of the EU28; comparable to that of the UK. Figures indicate a recovery in growth after a double dip (see Figure 2) (OECD 213). Real GDP growth projections for 214 and 215 vary (EC 214c: 1.%, 1.7%), (OFCE (November 214):.4%, 1.1%). Annual developments in the current account balance as a percentage of GDP for the period indicate an increasing deficit (2.%, 2.2%). Estimations for the general government balance as a percentage of GDP also indicate a deficit for the same years (4.% and 3.9%) (EC 214c). In the rankings on competitiveness of the World Economic Forum (WEF) and IMD, the French position has significantly declined in the last decade. As reported by the 213 edition, France has fallen in the last seven years to the 23 rd place from the 15 th in the WEF s Global Competitiveness Index and to the 28 th from the 22 nd in the IMD World Competitiveness Scorecard. According to the Innovation Union Scoreboard 214 (EC 214a), France is an Innovation follower. Innovation performance has been increasing strongly until 21 after which growth started to slow down until its performance level declined in 213 (in particular due to a smaller share of fast-growing firms in innovative sectors). 1 1 According to the Innovation Union scoreboard 214 (EC 214), France is performing for most indicators around the EU average. Relative strengths are in International scientific co-publications, Non-EU doctorate students and Population with tertiary education. Relative weaknesses are in Non-R&D innovation expenditures, Community trademarks and in Knowledge-intensive service exports. France has experienced growth for most indicators, particularly in Community trademarks, International scientific co-publications and New doctorate graduates. The largest growth decline is observed for Non-R&D innovation expenditures. 2

4 Figure 1: GDP for a selection of countries and the EU28 [Millions, in PPP at current market prices] (Source: Eurostat 214). 14,, 12,, 1,, 8,, 6,, 4,, 2,, European Union (28 countries) 9,983,73 1,151,453 1,658,18 11,128,73 11,764,658 12,473,649 12,548,546 11,815,748 12,337,29 12,711,918 France 1,453,919 1,427,689 1,48,832 1,555,89 1,619,39 1,712,962 1,71,262 1,646,221 1,723,397 1,782,45 United Kingdom 1,469,41 1,511,156 1,612,33 1,677,282 1,75,559 1,793,713 1,753,34 1,624,27 1,638,818 1,655,919 Figure 2: Real GDP growth rate - volume [% change on previous year] (Source: Eurostat 214) EU (28 countries) United Kingdom France Germany In 21, spending on R&D in France amounted to 2.3% of GDP, on par with the OECD average and slightly ahead of the EU average. The percentage has remained relatively constant over the past 1 years. France is the 2th largest country in demographic terms but the 5th scientific power with over 21, public and 3

5 private researchers (data of 21) and, in total, almost 8, engineers and scientists. France excels in several areas (mathematics, physics, nuclear, space, agronomy, archaeology, etc.), in which the country has globally-acclaimed scientific clusters. France has a number of prominent sectors, such as automotive / transport, aviation and space, and (nuclear) energy. The state plays a notable role in these sectors, either by participation / ownership, or by means of dedicated policies. With the help of Grand Programmes, the French government subsequently defines longterm objectives with corresponding R&D&I funding strategies. Policies addressing KETs France has early recognized the vital and enabling role of Key Enabling Technologies as a means to boost innovation and gain competitiveness. KETs were among priority technologies underpinned in the Technologies clés 215 report released by the Ministry of Industry in March 211, where it is stated that it is clear that enabling technologies are vital for the competitiveness of industrial sectors, and the technologies of the future. 2 This report and its subsequent conclusions and recommendations provide an instrument for France and its regions, national agencies for innovation and competitiveness, clusters of innovation, large firms, SMEs and others stakeholders, to analyse key technologies and build up on the momentum for the orientation of the strategic research and industrial sectors agenda. KET policy in France is driven primarily by two ministries; the ministry for Higher Education and Research (MESR), and the Ministry of industry (MRP), under the authority of the French President and the Prime Minister. The Ministry for Higher Education and Research (MESR) is responsible for government policy in term of setting the research priorities and funding programmes for research and innovation (including KETs programmes). It also prepares and implements government policy on the development of higher education. It offers and, in coordination with the other Ministries concerned, implements government policy in the field of research and technology. The Ministry of Productive Recovery (Industry) (MRP) prepares and implements government policy in terms of industry, small and medium enterprises, postal and electronic communications, services and innovation. In this capacity, it participated in the preparation and the launch of R&D&I initiatives linked to the reindustrialization of France (including large scale KETs projects). In this respect, the Ministry is responsible for industrial strategy and monitoring of industrial and service sectors; policy of raw materials, together with the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy regarding energy matters; policy positions and electronic communications; policy of small and medium enterprises; support for new technologies, promotion and dissemination; the definition and monitoring of policy innovation and the development of the digital economy. Specific examples of instruments supporting KETs include: The crédit d impôt recherche (CIR, Research Tax Credit) is a tax incentive for R&D expenditure aimed at promoting research by businesses located in France. The status of Young Innovative Business (JEI) is granted to new innovative SMEs that devote a large share of their budgets to R&D. It provides reductions on taxes and payroll contributions to help these companies through their early stages. The prime à l aménagement du territoire (PAT, local development bonus) for R&D and innovation is one of the rare national programmes providing direct business investment support. It is aimed at supporting increased R&D spending by the beneficiary companies. R&D departments that create 2 permanent new jobs or invest more than 7.5 million in research are eligible for the bonus. Aide au Partenariat Technologique (APT, Grants for Technology Partnerships). The APT programme provides a grant of a maximum of 5k to SMEs for the execution of feasibility studies, legal studies and partner searches. The APT grants are limited to SMEs and are not intended for the financing of routine activities of the SME. APT grants must be used to access new partnerships, projects or markets that would otherwise not be possible for the SME. Another policy instrument covering KETs are the so-called competitiveness clusters (pôle de compétitivité). These clusters are defined as partnerships that are based on a specific theme (often emerging technologies such as nanotechnology) and located in a specific region. Competitive clusters [ ] bring together large and 2 See 4

6 small firms, research bodies and educational establishments, all working together in a specific region to develop synergies and cooperative efforts around a shared theme (see Box 1). 3,4 Box 1. The French Competitiveness Clusters The goal of competitiveness clusters is to strengthen eco-systems of firms and research organisations in order to enable French firms to become innovation leaders in their fields, both in France and abroad. 5 The competitive clusters (see map below) are supported by a number of measures at national and regional level: Through calls for projects launched by the Fond Unique Interministériel (FUI) and under the Invest for the Future Programme resulting in financial assistance for the best nation-wide collaborative public-private R&D projects. 6 By granting loans to member SMEs or mid-market companies that wish to embark on the industrialisation and marketing of the results of a collaborative R&D project. This loan for the industrialisation of cluster projects (PIPC) is financed by the Invest for the Future Programme. 7 By helping clusters and their member firms find the best international partners and set up technological partnerships with them focused on value creation. By supporting the clusters' governance structures, alongside firms. This support enables the introduction of themebased collective initiatives launched by the clusters, in a wide variety of fields and involving the clusters firms, particularly SMEs, so as to promote innovation and improve their competitiveness. By involving various partners in this policy, including the French National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche or ANR), Public investment bank (Bpifrance), the Environment Agency and the energy conservation (ADEME), the Deposits and Consignments Fund (Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations or CDC) and Ubifrance. 3 See See 6 The Fonds Unique Interministériel (Unique Interministerial Fund (FUI) is a state-finance fund whose budget is managed by the Ministry of the Economy, Industry and Employment (DGCIS). 7 See 5

7 Performance in KETs In order to illustrate the level of deployment of KETs within the French innovation system, we compare its market share in the total production of patents for the different KETs with that of other countries. This indicator on market share is compiled within the framework of the KETs Observatory. 8 It indicates the relevance of a country in the respective technology market. The indicator is derived by dividing the number of patent applications of a certain country by the total number of patent applications in the respective KET area. Note that this indicator is strongly influenced by the size of a country as larger countries are more likely to produce more patents than small countries. Results indicate that France has slightly increased its share of patents for all KETs except for Advanced Materials and Industrial Biotechnology. It is however trailing behind Germany as the leading economy in the EU (see Figure 3). This result supports the conclusion that in practice, France is an Innovator Follower as indicated in the Innovation Union Scoreboard 214. Figure 3: Market share in patent activities of different countries in total production of patents in a certain KET area of all countries in the sample [in %] (Source: KETs Observatory) Market share in total patent activities (in %) Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Year China EU28 France Germany Japan Rep. of Korea United Kingdom United States 8 See for other indicators as well as a further explanation of the underlying methodology. 6

8 45, Advanced materials Market share in total patent activities (in %) 4, 35, 3, 25, 2, 15, 1, 5,, China EU28 France Germany Japan Rep, of Korea United Kingdom United States Year 45 Photonics Market share in total patent activities (in %) China EU28 France Germany Japan Rep, of Korea United Kingdom United States Year 7

9 Market share in total patent activities (in %) Micro- and Nanoelectronics China EU28 France Germany Japan Rep, of Korea United Kingdom United States Years Market share in total patent activities (in %) 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1,, Industrial Biotechnology China EU28 France Germany Japan Rep, of Korea United Kingdom United States Year 8

10 Nanotechnology Market share in total patent activities (in %) China EU28 France Germany Japan Rep, of Korea United Kingdom United States Year 9

11 Regional governance structure France is divided into 27 administrative regions, 22 of which are in Metropolitan France, and five of which are overseas. 9 Table 1 provides an overview of all regions, ranked according to the size of the population. 1 This ranking is in line with the size of GDP as indicated in Figure. The colour marking of the names of the regions in Table 1 corresponds with their performance according to the Regional Innovation Scoreboard 214 (EC 214b). In practice, France has just one region identified as an Innovation leader (i.e. Île-de-France). Regions lack separate legislative authority and therefore cannot write their own statutory law. They levy their own taxes and, in return, receive a part of their budget from the central government, which gives them a portion of the taxes it levies. They also have considerable budgets managed by a regional council (conseil régional) made up of representatives voted into office in regional elections. Regions have considerable discretionary power over infrastructural spending, e.g., education, public transit, universities and research, and assistance to business owners. Their support for innovation complements national measures. They provide project financing for innovative SMEs through regional innovation funds, and through seed capital and venture capital funds. Regional authorities provide impetus for local development strategies with the support of their regional innovation agencies and by supporting business incubators and technology parks. Table 1: Regions in France and their characteristics. 11 Region Population [%] Area [km 2 ] Île-de-France 11,786, ,12 Rhône-Alpes 6,23, ,698 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'azur 4,899, ,4 Nord-Pas de Calais 4,38, ,414 Pays de la Loire 3,571, ,82 Aquitaine 3,232, ,38 Brittany 3,199, ,28 Midi-Pyrénées 2,881, ,348 Languedoc-Roussillon 2,636, ,376 Centre 2,548, ,151 Lorraine 2,35, ,547 Picardy 1,914, ,399 Alsace 1,845, ,28 Upper Normandy 1,836, ,317 Poitou-Charentes 1,77, ,81 Bourgogne 1,642, ,582 Lower Normandy 1,473, ,589 Auvergne 1,347, ,13 Champagne-Ardenne 1,335, ,66 Franche-Comté 1,171, ,22 Réunion 828, ,54 Limousin 742, ,942 Guadeloupe 43, ,628 Martinique 394, ,128 Corsica 39, ,68 French Guiana 229,4.3 83,534 Total 64,612,94 632,76 Innovation leader Innovation follower Moderate innovator Modest innovator 9 Corsica is a territorial collectivity (in French collectivité territoriale), but is considered a region in mainstream usage, and is even shown as such on the INSEE website. Note that On 2 June 214, President François Hollande announced the transition from 22 to 14 Regions. This is not effective yet. 1 Note that assessment of the innovative capacity within the framework of the Regional Innovation Scoreboard 214 (EC 214b) is done on NUTS1 level. The table provides the results of this assessment on NUTS2 level by allocating the scores for the regions based on the aggregated outcome of the analysis. 11 Source: INSEE (21). Classification of regions according to (EC 214b). 1

12 Figure 4: GDP for French regions (NUTS2) [Millions PPP at current market prices] (Source: Eurostat 214). 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Île de France 414,139 47, , ,85 454,39 487,494 59, , , ,49 Rhône-Alpes 136, , , , , , , , , ,119 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'azur 11,56 1,519 15, , , ,997 12, ,34 123, ,213 Nord - Pas-de-Calais 74,437 73,257 75,665 79,62 82,775 87,31 87,182 83,797 86,59 89,335 Pays de la Loire 71,49 7,242 72,97 76,77 79,456 84,111 84,13 8,8 83,9 87,231 Aquitaine 65,182 63,133 65,45 69,97 72,823 76,455 74,71 72,846 75,624 78,79 Bretagne 6,688 6,85 63,652 67,336 7,124 73,226 7,64 67,98 69,555 72,278 Midi-Pyrénées 56,224 55,795 57,564 61,52 65,97 67,771 66,999 65,611 67,25 69,285 Centre (FR) 52,268 51,532 52,956 54,853 56,697 59,856 56,975 55,124 57,37 58,327 Languedoc-Roussillon 44,17 43,972 46,33 48,743 51,378 54,184 54,247 53,158 54,155 56,198 Lorraine 45,293 44, 46,8 47,474 48,929 51,178 49,1 47,82 48,1 49,24 Alsace 4,834 39,299 4,746 41,778 43,316 46,241 46,81 44,454 45,49 47,126 Haute-Normandie 38,234 37,69 38,76 4,447 41,519 44,122 42,458 4,438 42,65 44,189 Picardie 35,873 34,836 35,74 37,188 38,7 4,375 39,13 37,347 38,969 4,16 Poitou-Charentes 33,78 32,562 34,66 35,397 36,67 38,81 37,9 36,69 37,772 38,844 Bourgogne 33,262 32,197 33,71 34,738 36,42 38,325 37,431 35,57 36,114 37,259 Basse-Normandie 27,91 27,291 28,581 29,457 3,477 31,548 3,619 29,391 3,472 31,291 Champagne-Ardenne 28,887 27,394 29,61 3,292 31,96 32,845 31,679 29,659 3,521 3,943 Auvergne 26,36 25,56 26,54 27,643 28,559 3,282 28,819 27,72 28,549 29,559 Franche-Comté 23,732 22,737 23,589 24,29 24,717 25,728 24,935 23,739 24,627 25,443 Limousin 14,134 13,668 13,976 14,769 15,318 16,18 15,175 14,714 15,89 15,49 Réunion (FR) 9,639 9,465 1,387 11,219 12,73 13,521 13,43 13,1 14,44 14,329 Guadeloupe (FR) 6,125 6,15 6,422 6,883 7,26 7,418 7,368 7,56 6,958 7,777 Martinique (FR) 6,73 5,963 6,297 6,718 7,146 7,16 7,112 6,831 7,53 7,528 Corse 4,887 4,851 5,128 5,523 5,895 6,231 6,431 6,564 6,832 7,196 Guyane (FR) 2,28 2,168 2,23 2,377 2,61 2,855 2,836 2,882 3,19 3,176 11

13 Regional performance in KETs For the assessment of the regional deployment of KETs, we analysed patent data for all French (NUTS2 level) regions. For each KET we selected the top five regions based on the total number of patents for the period (see Figure - Figure ). The data are obtained from the KETs Observatory, and it is based on EP patent applications, using the inventor's location and applying fractional counting. 12 Based on the assessment we conclude that: Île-de-France and Rhône-Alpes are the most prominent regions with respect to patenting in KETs. This is in line with their (economic) size. Surprising is the position of Poitou-Charentes and Bretagne in the top-5 regions in patenting on KETs. They outperform regions with a larger economy and higher number of inhabitants. There is a significant decrease in number of KETs based patents over the period analysed. The development in time of this indicators suggests a pattern similar to that for the GDP growth rate (i.e. with a double dip), with a delay of 1-2 years. Patenting activity is rather equal and high for all KETs except for Nanotechnology. Figure 5: Number of patent applications in Photonics (top-5 NUTS2 regions, 2-211) (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 214) BRETAGNE ÎLE DE FRANCE POITOU-CHARENTES PROVENCE-ALPES-CÔTE D'AZUR RHÔNE-ALPES See Because of the limited number of patent applications, it was impossible to compile indicators such as market share on a regional level. It was decided therefore to assess the total number of patent applications per year. 12

14 Figure 6: Number of patent applications in Nanotechnology (top-5 NUTS2 regions, 2-211) (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 214) BRETAGNE ÎLE DE FRANCE POITOU-CHARENTES PROVENCE-ALPES-CÔTE D'AZUR RHÔNE-ALPES Figure 7: Number of patent applications in Industrial Biotechnology (top-5 NUTS2 regions, 2-211) (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 214) BRETAGNE ÎLE DE FRANCE POITOU-CHARENTES PROVENCE-ALPES-CÔTE D'AZUR RHÔNE-ALPES

15 Figure 8: Number of patent applications in Advanced Materials (top-5 NUTS2 regions, 2-211) (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 214) BRETAGNE ÎLE DE FRANCE POITOU-CHARENTES PROVENCE-ALPES-CÔTE D'AZUR RHÔNE-ALPES Figure 9: Number of patent applications in Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (top-5 NUTS2 regions, 2-211) (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 214) BRETAGNE ÎLE DE FRANCE POITOU-CHARENTES PROVENCE-ALPES-CÔTE D'AZUR RHÔNE-ALPES

16 Figure 1: Number of patent applications in Micro- and Nano-Electronics (top-5 NUTS2 regions, 2-21) (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 214) BRETAGNE ÎLE DE FRANCE POITOU-CHARENTES PROVENCE-ALPES-CÔTE D'AZUR RHÔNE-ALPES Regional cases To obtain a more concrete picture on regional aspects of the KETs policy, two regional case studies have been chosen for in-depth review: 1) The Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMT) cluster in the Vallée de l Arve area, and 2) the Microtechnology cluster in Franche-Comté (see map below). Both cases are supported by the French policy of competitive clusters, which makes them an interesting example to study, as they show how this policy instrument is functioning in practice. Moreover, they show cross-regional aspects, connecting also to relevant companies outside of the main cluster. Additionally, they are both located in or in proximity to the Rhône-Alpes region, which is next to Île-de-France the most prominent region with respect to patenting in KETs. Therefore the two cases might also provide us with further insides on the origin of the region s strength in KETs. Microtechnology cluster in Franche-Comté AMT cluster in the Vallée de l Arve 15

17 Advanced Manufacturing Technologies cluster in the Vallée de l Arve area The Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMT) cluster is located in the Vallée de l Arve area in the Rhône- Alpes region, with actors involved in a wide range of expertise, including precision turning, cutting, assembly, surface treatment, innovative materials and grinding, as well as micro-electronics. The cluster consists of 33 members and partners: 16 intermediate-sized and large enterprises (i.e. Adixen vacuum products, Alpen'tech, Baud industries, Bosch Rexroth, Fournier, Maike Automotive, NTN-SNR, Salomon, Groupe Savoy International, Somfy, Staubli, Tefal, Ugitech); 274 SMEs; 4 centres of excellence members and partners. The cluster originates from the so-called pôle de compétitivité initiative: a partnership, based around a specific theme and a specific region. Such a competitiveness cluster [ ] brings together large and small firms, research bodies and educational establishments, all working together in a specific region to develop synergies and cooperative efforts around a shared theme (see Box 1). 13,14 Two examples of R&D projects in the field of AMT in the Vallée de l Arve area: CAPTAUCOM is a Fond Unique Interministériel (FUI) project gathering three intermediate sized enterprises and a large number of Research centres of excellence from Haute-Savoie, Rhône-Alpes and Switzerland. It has led to an international breakthrough innovation: technological bricks have been developed to create integrated, energy self-sustained and wireless communicating sensor products. These sensors are today commonly used in transportation, energy industry and home automation. 15 MAAT (automated machine with automatic technology adaptation) is a FUI project gathering ten intermediate-sized and large enterprises and research skills from Haute-Savoie and Rhône-Alpes. An innovative product the Cut Optimizer - has been launched on the market which allows an optimal functioning of cutting tools in line with the tool, material and lubricant used. It is composed of a toolbox featuring an array of sensors, treatment software and methodologies that can be used within production. 16 Microtechnology cluster in Franche-Comté Another example of a competitive cluster is the Microtechnology cluster (Pôle des Microtechniques) in Franche-Comté, that addresses micro-manufacturing/ micro-handling/ high precision, micro-injection/ micromoulding, microsystems, surface treatments and nanomaterials. 17 The cluster positions itself as a [ ] a major financial actor for the micro-tech sector at national and European level. The cluster is composed of 46 companies, including 399 SMEs. Within the framework of this competitive cluster, two different types of joint projects are conducted: Product-Market projects, aimed at transforming industrial actors [ ] from a subcontractor positioning to that of a major economic actor, controlling markets and capable of designing, making and selling innovative, value-added microtechnology components and systems for applications in a wide range of markets (health, safety, instrumentation, transport, luxury goods, etc.). Technological development and innovation projects, set up in order to [ ] intensify R&D efforts focused on microtechnology, to define and develop as far as possible any original technological development breakthroughs in micro- and nanotechnologies and create innovations that allow diverse groups of companies from the microtechnology sector to make substantial shifts in their practices over the medium term. Specific examples of the aforementioned typology of projects include: The NeWpim project 18 focusses on enlarging the industrial applications of the PIM process (Powder Injection Moulding). Coordinated by the two competitive clusters Microtechnology and Plastipolis, its objective is to gather the skills in powder injection moulding and micro-moulding. The programme 13 See See 16 See 17 See Microtechniques.pdf 16

18 involves the cooperation of nine industrial partners, one French engineering school, and a research centre: ENSMM (Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques) in Besançon and INSA (Institut national des sciences appliquées) in Villeurbanne. The Xrad project 19 focusses on measuring and monitoring the natural radiological risks of radon gas in public places and private housing. Legislation and regulations are coming in to protect people from the risks of natural radioactivity, especially radon, a natural radioactive gas that escapes from rocks in which it has become trapped. French regulations apply to schools, clinics, hospitals and retirement homes only. A regulation for private housing is currently under consideration. The Xrad project entails the development, production and use of new resources to measure and monitor radon activity to meet the needs of these budding markets. KETs that are crucial to measure radon activity are microelectronics Microtechniques.pdf 17

19 References OECD (213), OECD Economic Surveys: France 213, OECD Publishing. OECD (214), France, in OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 214 Issue 1, OECD Publishing. EC (214a), Innovation Union Scoreboard 214. EC (214b), Regional Innovation Scoreboard 214. EC (214c), European Economic Forecast - Winter European Economy CEA (213), mkets-pl working document, Country report France. 18