CHAPTER V IMPACT OF EMPLOYMENT ON WOMEN WORKERS IN UNORGANISED SECTOR. In India, women constitute almost half of the total workforce.

Transcription

1 CHAPTER V IMPACT OF EMPLOYMENT ON WOMEN WORKERS IN UNORGANISED SECTOR 5.1 Introduction In India, women constitute almost half of the total workforce. However, over 96 percent of women work in the informal, unorganised sector. Overall, the informal sector constitutes 93 percent of the workforce of the population of India. Moreover, these workers contribute 62 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP), and 50 percent to the national income. This sector includes workers employed in a wide range of economic activities, from street vendors and casual workers in a tea-shop to agricultural workers, small and marginal farmers to bidi workers, construction workers, salt pan workers and sub-contracted and temporary workers of factories. However, unlike workers in the formal sectors, they do not have access to regular incomes or welfare benefits, making them extremely vulnerable to change and insecurity. 5.2 Physical Environment of the Work Place in the Unorganised Sector The physical environment at work place is an important aspect of worker s well-being. Better physical conditions such as space, lighting,

2 227 temperature, hygienic facilities the c. are critical for enhancing the productivity of workers as well as providing some basic comforts and healthy living at the work place. Studies on physical environment at work place in the unorganized sectors reveal the poor physical conditions. Cramped working space is noted in a number of studies on the informal sector. Although adequate ventilation is very important in certain industries such as chemicals, metallurgy, leather tanning, pottery, brick-kilns, meat and fish processing, and manufacture of matches and fireworks, Labour Bureau surveys and other researchers have noted poor ventilation in work place of such industries. Problems of poor ventilation and lighting are exacerbated during night shifts which also put additional burden on workers in terms of finding transport to return home, especially for women workers. Adequate lighting/illumination is a necessary condition to enhance the quality of work, both safety of the workers and quality in the production process. This is specifically so in some specific industries where the types of work involve adequate lighting, such as cutting operations done with the use of a sharp knife, weaving of carpets with intricate designs. In the unorganized sector, where a large part of the work is done on piece rates and the workers end up paying penalty for mistakes, errors and bad quality of work due to inadequate illumination is a double punishment. Studies have found that either lighting is inadequate or insufficient in a range of industries including carpet weaving workshops, lock making, and in the diamond cutting industry. Other important aspects of physical environment at the work place are the provision of facilities such as crèche and shelter for rest or recreation of workers. However, no study has found such facilities at the work place in the

3 228 unorganized sector with the exception of beedi making and cashew nut processing in Kerala where workers have access to crèche and canteen. Rudimentary resting place was provided to some workers in stone quarrying and construction industry. 5.3 Occupational Health & Hazardous Work It is well-known that certain unorganized sector industries such as underground mines, ship breaking, fireworks and match industry were dangerous and full of hazards. The workers sustain injuries in many industries in the unorganized sector. The brick kiln workers in Tamil Nadu faced hazardous working conditions leading to cases of loss of limbs, particularly foot being cut by spades. To prevent work-related injuries, occupational safety measures and equipments are either absent in most of the hazardous unorganized sector industries or such facilities are non-functional when present. In addition, most such industries do not have the provision of official compensation for workrelated injuries. Many studies have reported occupational illness and diseases among workers in many industries in the unorganized sector. The workers who work in Brick-kiln industry suffer from respiratory diseases, body ache and exhaustion among women and children. 5.4 Recommendations on Ensuring Minimum Conditions of Work & Social Security The Commission s above mentioned Report contained two draft Bills to regulate the conditions of work of the unorganised workers as there are significant differences between the structure of the workforce in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The level of existing laws to protect workers is

4 229 varied across the two sectors, agricultural and non-agricultural. Further, the nature of the machinery for the implementation of the existing laws with respect to the agricultural and nonagricultural workers is separate. The Bills prescribe minimum conditions of work and introduction of a minimum social security for both agricultural and non-agricultural unorganised workers. On the minimum conditions of work for all unorganised workers, the Bill s key recommendations include: Eight hour working day with half-hour break One paid day of rest per week National Minimum Wage for all employments not in the Minimum Wages Act. Piece-rate wage to equal time rate wage. Women s work to be remunerated on par Deferred payment of wages to attract penal interest Deductions in wages to attract fines Right to organize Non-discrimination Safety equipment and compensation for accident Protection from sexual harassment Provision of child-care and basic amenities at workplace

5 230 Table 5.1 Working Conditions of Women Workers in Unorganised Sector Variables Gloves Coir Brick Tiles Fishnet Average Rank Water facilities Fire proof facilities Relationship with co workers Relationship with superiors Wage payment Treatment of superiors Ventilation facilities Space Availability Canteen facilities Cleanliness Toilet facilities Recognition for work Drainage facilities Basic infrastructure Rest time Transport facilities Saving facilities Motivation in work Accident relief measures Job security Provident fund Bonus Waste disposal Leave facilities Medical Aid Technological availability Allowances Rest room Child Care Average The major advantage enjoyed by the working women is to have good Water facilities, Fire proof facilities, relationship with co workers which make them to be vibrant outside the home by having a chance to share with others and then they are satisfied with the Wage payment, Relationship with superiors, Ventilation facilities, Space Availability, Canteen facilities, Cleanliness, Toilet facilities, Recognition for work, Drainage facilities, Basic infrastructure, Rest time, Transport facilities, Saving facilities, Motivation in

6 231 work, Accident relief measures, Job security, Provident fund, Bonus, Waste disposal, Leave facilities, Medical Aid, Technological availability, Allowances, Rest room and then Child Care. On an average, the women in Fishnet industries have more score of satisfaction of the work environment which is followed by Coir industries, Gloves industries, Brick industries and Tiles industries. Table 5.2 Levels of Satisfaction Women Workers in Unorganised Sector Levels Gloves Percentage Coir Percentage Brick Percentage Tiles Percentage Fishnet Percentage High level Medium Level Low level Total It is known from the survey that the women who work in the Coir industries, Fishnet industries and Tiles industries have more high level satisfaction than those who are working in the Gloves industry and that of Brick industries. The medium level of satisfaction is more or less same for all the industry except Gloves industry which has more score for medium level and the women workers who work in Tiles, Brick and Gloves industries have more low level of satisfaction than others. H 0 : There is no significant difference among the women workers of unorganized sector with regards to the working conditions in the industry

7 232 Table 5.3 Test of Hypothesis for the Working Conditions of Women Workers in the Unorganized Sector Variables Gloves R 1 Coir R 2 Bricks R 3 Tiles R 4 Fishnet R 5 Water facilities Fire proof facilities Relationship with co workers Relationship with superiors Wage payment Treatment of superiors Ventilation facilities Space Availability Canteen facilities Cleanliness Toilet facilities Recognition for work Drainage facilities Basic infrastructure Rest time Transport facilities Saving facilities Motivation in work Accident relief measures Job security Provident fund Bonus Waste disposal Leave facilities Medical Aid Technological availability Allowances Rest room Child Care

8 233 H R 1 R2 R3 R k = ( n + 1) = N( N + 1) n1 n2 n3 nk As the calculated value of H (16.35) is more than the table value of Chi Square at 5 percent level of significance for the degrees of freedom of 4 is 9.49, the hypothesis framed in this aspect has been rejected and so it is concluded that the working condition do differ from industry to industry with respect to the nature of work as far as the unorganised sectors are concerned. 5.5 Reasons for the selection of Jobs in the Unorganized Sectors Reasons for the selection of jobs in the unorganized sector are analysed in the following chapters. Table 5.4 Reasons for the selection of Jobs in the Unorganized Sectors Variables Gloves Coir Bricks Tiles Fishnet Average Rank Unemployment I Low level of literacy II To earn more III Self interest IV Fellowship with others V Family situation VI Economic Independence VII Poverty VIII Need for change IX Convenience X To learn new job XI Easy job XII Respect in the society XIII Exploitation of opportunity XIV Freedom of Choice XV To be independent XVI Nearness to home XVII

9 234 The women in Kanniyakumari District have taken up the job in the unorganized sector due to Unemployment, Low level of literacy, To get more income, Self interest, Fellowship with others, Family situation, Economic Independence, Poverty, Need a change, Convenience, To learn new job, Easy job, Image in the society, Exploitation of Opportunities, Freedom of Choice, To be independent and Nearness to home. The variables are ranked after giving weightage and are calculated by weighted average techniques. Table 5.5 Rotated Component Matrix for the Selection of Job in the Unorganized Sector Variables Family situation * Freedom of Choice * Poverty *-.847 To get more income * Exploitation of Opportunities To be independent * Need for a change * Nearness to home * Respect in the society * Low level of literacy * Unemployment * To learn new job * Easy job Self interest * Convenience * Economic freedom * Fellowship with others * Variance Cumulative percent Total percent Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. 1. Forced Factor: This factor consists of the variables Family situation, Freedom of Choice, to earn more income, to be independent, Nearness to home,

10 235 low level of literacy and unemployment and so it can be termed as forced factor. This is because the women workers were forced to take up the job out of these compelling variables. 2. Voluntary Factor: Need for a change, Self interest and Fellowship with others were the filtered variables in this factor and so it is named as voluntary factor as the variables are closely connected with the workers own interest and choice and not forced by other means. 3. Empowerment Factor: Economic freedom and Respect in the society give the working women empowerment in their career and social life. 4. Convenience Factor: Convenience and Easy job help the women to engage the work in the nearby location of their home. 5. Poverty Eradication Factor: Poverty is the only variable which has been filtered in this factor. The women who work in the unorganized sector have preferred the work just to overcome the poverty. H 0 : There is no significant difference among the women workers of unorganized sector with regards to the selection of job

11 236 Table 5.6 Test of Hypothesis for Selection of Job in the Unorganized Sector Variables Gloves R1 Coir R2 Bricks R3 Tiles R4 Fishnet R5 Family situation Freedom of Choice Poverty To earn more Exploitation of Opportunities To be independent Need a change Nearness to home Image in the society Low level of literacy Unemploymen t To learn new job Easy job Self interest Convenience Economic Independence Fellowship with others Total H R 1 R2 R3 R k = ( n + 1) = 4.86 N( N + 1) n1 n2 n3 nk As the calculated value of H is lesser than the table value of Chi Square at 5 percent level of significance for the degrees of freedom of 4 is 9.49, the stated hypothesis is accepted and so it can be concluded that there is no

12 237 significant difference among the women workers of unorganized sector with regards to the selection of job. The inference from the analysis is that the women of Kanyakumari District have no specification for the selection of a particular industry. 5.6 Benefits of Job in the Unorganized Sector following table. Benefits of job in the unorganized sector are studied from the Table 5.7 Weighted Average for the Benefits of Job in the Unorganized Sector Variables Gloves Coir Bricks Tiles Fishnet Average Rank Time Management I Mental satisfaction II Improved standard of living III Job satisfaction IV Being self confident V Family management VI Economic freedom VII Recognition in the family VIII Respect in the society IX Improved leadership ability X Savings XI Social participation XII Gain good fellowship XIII Being independent XIV Average The major benefits derived by the women by working in the unorganized sector in Kanyakumari District are time management, Mental satisfaction, Improved standard of living, Job satisfaction, Being self confident, Family management, Economic freedom, Recognition in the family, Respect in

13 238 the society, Improved leadership ability, Savings, Social participation, Gain good fellowship and Being independent. Table 5.8 Factor Analysis for the benefits derived from the job Variables Being independent * Able to run the family *-.558 Savings * Being self confident * Economic freedom * Gain good fellowship * Time management * Social participation * Recognition in the family * Improved leadership ability * Improved self image *.918 Mental satisfaction * Job satisfaction.112 * Improved standard of living * Variance Cumulative Percentage Total Percentage Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. 1. Autonomy: Being independent, Economic freedom, Gain good fellowship, time management, Social participation and mental satisfaction give the women autonomy over finance and power. 2. Satisfaction: Through employment the women workers get Job satisfaction and improved standard of living which make them satisfied members in the society. 3. Self Motivation: The employment in the unorganized sector for women helps them to improve their savings habit, being self confident in their life and to improve leadership ability of their own.

14 Recognition: Being a bread winner of the family, the women are able to get recognition in the family. 5. Respect: The women folk by their employment are able to get respect in the society and manage the family well by being shouldering both the financial and other matters in the family. H 0 : There is no significant difference among the women workers of unorganized sector with regards to the benefits of job Table 5.9 Test of Hypothesis for the Benefits of Job in the Unorganized Sector Variables Gloves R 1 Coir R 2 Bricks R 3 Tiles R 4 Fishnet R 5 Being independent Able to run the family Savings Being self confident Economic freedom Gain good fellowship Time management Social participation Recognition in the family Improved leadership ability Improved self image Mental satisfaction Job satisfaction Improved standard of living Total H R 1 R2 R3 R k = ( n + 1) = 0.61 N( N + 1) n1 n2 n3 nk

15 240 Since the calculated value is less than the table value at 5 percent level of significance, the hypothesis is accepted and so it is inferred that there is no significant difference among the women workers of unorganized sector with regards to the benefits of job. Therefore, it is concluded that the women of the district have benefitted equally irrespective of the nature of the industry. 5.7 Problems in the Work Place in the Unorganized Sector unorganized sector. Table 5.10 shows the problems in the work place in the Table 5.10 Weighted Average for the Problems in the Work Place in the Unorganized Sector Variables Gloves Coir Bricks Tiles Fishnet Average Rank Lack of job security I Inadequate facilities II Continuous work III No Leave facilities IV Irregular payment V Low payment VI Irregular employment VII Health problem VIII Seasonal work IX Untimed work X Injuries due to work XI Misbehaviour of men XII Non-cooperation XIII Partiality XIV The common problems faced by the women workers of the unorganized sector are lack of job security which is followed by Inadequate facilities in the working place, Continuous work, No Leave facilities, Irregular payment, Low payment, Irregular employment, Health problem, Seasonal work,

16 241 Untimed work, Injuries due to work, Misbehaviour of men, Non-cooperation and Partiality. This is as per weighted average ranking. Table 5.11 Factor Analysis the Problems faced in the job Variables Low payment *.934 Health problem * Hard work * Irregular employment * Untimed work * Lack of Security * Non Cooperation * Misbehaviour of Men.255 * Inadequate Facilities * Injuries.063 * Seasonal Work * Irregular Payment * Partiality * No Leave Facilities * Variance Cumulative Percentage Total Percentage Infrastructure Constraint: The variables which come under this head are Health problem, hard work, untimed work, Non cooperation, inadequate facilities, Seasonal work, Irregular payment and Partiality. This factor has a Variance of percent and form percent of the total. Physical Constraint: Lack of Security, Misbehaviour, and Injuries were the filtered variables under this head which has a Variance of percent and form percent of the total.

17 242 Employment constraint: Irregular employment and No Leave facilities naturally affect the women workers to find the employment a bit difficult one. However, this factor has a Variance of percent and form percent of the total. Financial constraint: The variable Low payment affects the women workers in getting setbacks in employment. This factor has a Variance of percent and form percent of the total. H 0 : There is no significant difference among the women workers of unorganized sector with regards to the Problems in the work place Table 5.12 Test of Hypothesis for the Problems in the Work Place in the Unorganized Sectors Variables Gloves R 1 Coir R 2 Bricks R 3 Tiles R 4 Fishnet R 5 Low payment Health problem Hard work Irregular employment Untimed work Lack of security Noncooperation Misbehaviour of men Inadequate facilities Accident problem Seasonal work Irregular payment Partiality Leave facilities Total

18 243 H R 1 R2 R3 R k = ( n + 1) = 0.44 N( N + 1) n1 n2 n3 nk The hypothesis test reveals the fact that the hypothesis is accepted as the calculated value is lesser than the table value at 5 percent level of significance so it is concluded that there is no significant difference among the women workers of unorganized sector with regards to the Problems in the work place. Therefore it is inferred that all the women workers in the district do suffer with the same problems irrespective of their industries. 5.8 Reasons for the Diseases of the Workers of Unorganized Sector unorganized sector. The Table 5.13 gives the reasons for the diseases of the workers of Table 5.13 Weighted Average for the Reason for the Diseases of the Workers of Unorganized Sector Variables Gloves Coir Bricks Tiles Fishnet Average Rank Lack of medical care I Over work II Low diet III Lack of infrastructure facilities IV Poverty V Bad Working environment VI Ignorance VII Lack of awareness VIII Unhygienic conditions IX Lack of medical facilities X Average

19 244 Lack of medical care is the major problem of women workers of the unorganized sector which is followed by Over work, Low diet, Lack of infrastructure facilities, Poverty, Bad Working environment, Ignorance, Lack of awareness, Unhygienic conditions and Lack of medical facilities. Among all the variables, first five variables are considered as more acute as they rank above the average score of 330 and the rest are considered as less important as the scores are less than the average score. Table 5.14 Factor Analysis for the Reasons for the Diseases Variables Low diet Unhygienic conditions * Lack of medical care * Poverty.154 * Lack of awareness *-.833 Lack of Infrastructure * Ignorance *.660 Over work * Lack of medical facilities * Working environment.197 * Variance Cumulative percent Total percent Work Related Constraint: Unhygienic conditions, Lack of medical care, over work and Lack of medical facilities are the chosen variables in this category which stresses the need for improving the working environment of the women workers in the unorganised sectors in total. This factor has a Variance of percent and form percent of total.

20 245 Financial Constraint: Poverty is the basis criteria which compels the women to work in the unorganized sector even in the situation with lack of Infrastructure, and bad Working environment. This factor has a Variance of percent and forms percent of total. Awareness constraint: The reasons for the frequent attack of diseases as reported by the women workers are Lack of awareness and Ignorance on the part of women. This factor has a Variance of percent and forms 22.31percent of total. H 0 : There is no significant difference among the women workers of unorganized sector with regards to the reason for the diseases Table 5.15 Test of Hypothesis for the reasons for the diseases of women Unorganized Sectors Variables Gloves R 1 Coir R 2 Bricks R 3 Tiles R 4 Fishnet R 5 Low diet Unhygienic conditions Lack of medical care Poverty Lack of awareness Lack of infrastructure facilities Ignorance Over work Lack of medical facilities Working environment Total H R 1 R2 R3 R k = ( n + 1) = 0.08 N( N + 1) n1 n2 n3 nk

21 246 The hypothesis framed to test the significance with regards to the reasons for the diseases through Kruskal Wallis test shows that the hypothesis is accepted as the calculated value is much lesser than the table value of 9.49 at 5 percent level of significance. Therefore it is inferred that the reasons for the diseases do not differ significantly for the women workers in the district irrespective of the employment. Table 5.16 Weighted Average for the Reasons of Stress of Workers of Unorganized Sectors Variables Gloves Coir Bricks Tiles Fishnet Average Rank Low salary I Lack of family support II Family problems III Health problems IV Domination of superiors V Heavy work VI Irregular employment VII Working environment VIII No entertainment IX Lack of coordination X No group gatherings XI Average It is inferred from the weighted average that getting Low salary is the major reason for the stress which is followed by the Lack of family support, Family problems, Health problems, Domination of superiors, Heavy work, Irregular employment, Working environment, No entertainment, Lack of coordination and No group gatherings.

22 247 H 0 : There is no significant difference among the women workers of unorganized sector with regards to the reason stress of workers of Unorganized Sectors Table 5.17 Test of Hypothesis for the Stress of women in Unorganized Sectors Variables Gloves R 1 Coir R 2 Bricks R 3 Tiles R 4 Fishnet R 5 Family problem Heavy work Low salary No entertainment Domination of superiors No group gatherings Lack of family support Lack of coordination Health problems Irregular employment Working environment Total H R 1 R2 R3 R k = ( n + 1) = 0.44 N( N + 1) n1 n2 n3 nk The hypothesis test reveals the fact that there is no significant difference among the women workers of unorganized sector with regards to the reason stress of workers of Unorganized Sectors as the calculated value is lesser than the table value at 5 percent level of significance. 5.9 Expectation of Women Workers in the Unorganized Sector The expectation of women workers in the unorganized sector are represented in the following table.

23 248 Table 5.18 Weighted Average for the Expectation of Women Workers in the Unorganized Sector Variables Gloves Coir Bricks Tiles Fishnet Average Rank Regular employment I Insurance coverage II Fixed payment III Government intervention IV Retirement benefits V More welfare schemes VI Guaranteed wages VII Reasonable increment VIII Recognition for the job IX Better working environment X Secured job XI More subsidies XII Medical aid XIII Financial security XIV Average The utmost need of the women working in Unorganized Sectors of the district is to have Regular employment, which is followed by Insurance coverage, Fixed payment, Government intervention, Retirement benefits, More welfare schemes, Guaranteed wages, Reasonable increment, Recognition for the job, Better working environment, Secured job, More subsidies, Medical aid and Financial security. There are seven variables which rank above the average of 450 and the remaining seven variables rank below the average.

24 249 Table 5.19 Factor Analysis for the Expectations from the Job Variables Fixed payment * Regular employment * More welfare schemes *.891 More insurance * Job recognition * Government intervention * Secured job * Guaranteed wages * More subsidies * Reasonable increment * Better environment * Retirement benefits * Financial security * Insurance.070 * Variance Cumulative Percentage Total Percentage Financial Security: This factor consists of the variables more insurance, Govt intervention and financial security and has a Variance of percent and forms percent of the total. Job Security: Job recognition, Secured job and Insurance coverage are the most felt needs of the women folk to have a secured job and these were the filtered variables under this head which has a Variance of percent and forms percent of the total. More Benefits: More subsidies and Retirement benefits which are lacking among the employed women of the unorganised sector needs to be considered. However, this factor has a Variance of percent and forms percent of the total.

25 250 Guaranteed Payment: The variables Regular employment, guaranteed wages and Reasonable increment help the women to have a guarantee or surety of their employment. This factor has a Variance of percent and forms percent of the total. Working Environment: Fixed payment and Better working environment are the filtered variables under this head which has the Variance of percent and forms percent of the total. Welfare Measures: The final expectation of women working in the unorganised sector is to get more welfare schemes both from the employers and from the government. This factor has a Variance of percent and forms percent of the total. H 0 : The expectations of women workers of Unorganized Sectors do not differ significantly.

26 251 Table 5.20 Opinion to Improve the Working Condition Variables Gloves R 1 Coir R 2 Bricks R 3 Tiles R 4 Fishnet R 5 Fixed payment Regular employment More welfare schemes Medical aid Recognition for the job Government intervention Secured job Guaranteed wages More subsidies Reasonable increment Better working environment Retirement benefits Financial security Insurance coverage Total H R 1 R2 R3 R k = ( n + 1) = 0.14 N( N + 1) n1 n2 n3 nk The Kruskal Wallis test reveals that the hypothesis framed to test the significance of the expectations of the women workers of unorganized sector is accepted as the calculated value is less than the table value at 5 percent level of significance and so it is concluded that the expectations of women workers of Unorganized Sectors do not differ significantly which is the same for all women workers irrespective of their employment in various industries.

27 252 Table 5.21 Regression Coefficient for Income Generation Variables Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients Std. Error Beta Income Generation Freedom of Choice Poverty Exploitation of Opportunities To be independent Need for a change Nearness to home Respect in the society Low level of literacy Unemployment To learn new job Easy job Self interest Convenience Economic freedom Fellowship with others Y = a (income) X 1 (Freedom of Choice) X 2 (Poverty) X 3 (Exploitation of Opportunities) X 4 (To be independent) X 5 (Need for a change) X 6 (Nearness to home) X 7 (Respect in the society ) X 8 (Low level of literacy) X 9 (Unemployment) X 10 (To learn new job) X 11 (easy job) X 12 (self interest) X 13 (convenience) X 14 (economic freedom) X 15 (fellowship). Hence, it is known that the variable income generation is totally independent with all the chosen variables.

28 253 Table 5.22 Regression Coefficient for the Economic Freedom Variables Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Standard Beta Coefficients Error Economic freedom (Constant) Being independent Family Management Savings Self confident Gain good fellowship Time management Social participation Recognition in the family Improved leadership ability Respect in the society Mental satisfaction Job satisfaction Improved standard of living Dependent Variable: Economic freedom Y = a 300 (Economic freedom) X 1 (Being independent) X 2 (Family Management) X 3 (Savings) X 4 (Self confident) X 5 (Gain good fellowship) X 6 (Time management) X 7 (Social participation) X 8 (Recognition in the family) X 9 (Improved leadership ability) X 10 (Respect in the society y) X 11 (Mental satisfaction) X 12 (Job satisfaction) X 13 (Improved standard of living). Hence, it is known that the variable Economic freedom is totally independent with all the chosen variables.

29 254 Table 5.23 Regression Coefficient for Low Payment Variables Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Std. Error Beta Coefficients (Constant) Health problem Hard work Irregular employment Untimed work Lack of security Non cooperation Misbehaviour Inadequate facilities Injuries Seasonal work Irregular payment Partiality No Leave facilities Dependent Variable: low payment Y = a 300 (low payment) X 1 (Health problem) X 2 (Hard work) X 3 (Irregular employment) X 4 (Untimed work) X 5 (Lack of security) X 6 (Non cooperation) X 7 (Misbehaviour) X 8 (Inadequate facilities) X 9 (Injuries) X 10 (Seasonal work) X 11 (Irregular payment) X 12 (Partiality) X 13 (No Leave facilities). Hence, it is known that the variable low payment is totally independent with the problems faced in the job by the women workers of the district.

30 255 Table 5.24 Regression Coefficient for Poverty Unstandardized Coefficients Variables Standard Beta Error (Constant) Standardized Coefficients Low diet Unhygienic conditions Lack of medical care Lack of awareness Lack of Infrastructure Ignorance Over work Medical facilities Working environment Dependent Variable: Poverty Y = a 300 (low payment) X 1 (Low diet) X 2 (Unhygienic conditions) X 3 (Lack of medical care) -.921X 4 (Lack of awareness) -.550X 5 (Lack of Infrastructure) -.594X 6 (Ignorance) X 7 (Over work) X 8 (Medical facilities) X 9 (Working environment). Hence, it is known that the variable Poverty has nothing to do with the reasons for diseases.

31 256 Table 5.25 Regression Coefficient for Fixed Payment Variables Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Std. Error Beta Coefficients (Constant) Regular Employment More Welfare Schemes More Insurance Job Recognition Govt Intervention Secured Job Guaranteed Wages More Subsidies Reasonable Increment Better Environment Retirement Benefits Financial Security Insurance Dependent Variable: fixed payment Y = a 300 (fixed payment) -.983X 1 (Regular Employment) -.682X 2 (More Welfare Schemes) X 3 (More Insurance) X 4 (Job Recognition) X 5 (Govt Intervention) X 6 (Secured Job) X 7 (Guaranteed Wages) X 8 (More Subsidies) -.962X 9 (Reasonable Increment) X 10 (Better Environment) X 11 (Retirement Benefits) X 12 (Financial Security) X 13 (Insurance). Hence, it is known that the variable fixed payment is totally independent with the problems faced in the job by the women workers of the district Economic Impact of Women workers of Unorganised Sector The Table 5.26 exhibits the economic impact of women workers of unorganized sector.

32 257 Table 5.26 Economic Impact of Women Workers of Unorganised Sector Tiles Fishnet Coir Gloves Bricks Variables Inc dec percent Inc dec percent Inc dec percent Inc dec percent Inc dec percent Income Expenses Properties Fixed assets Household articles Savings Debt Investment Livestock Business It is known from the survey that the women in tiles industries have topped in earning income and buying Household articles, Fishnet industries and coir industries have more score for both earning income and spending. Women of gloves industries have more earnings and spending than other variables and the women from brick industries also have more earnings and spending. Therefore it is concluded that the women who work in the unorganized sector were able to earn more and were prepared to spend more. H 0 : There is no Economic Impact due to the employment in the unorganized sector

33 258 Table 5.27 Overall Economic Impact Variables Increased Decreased No change percen t of change Z Rank Income I Household articles II Expenses III Savings IV Fixed assets V Properties VI Other economic activities VII Investment VIII Livestock IX Debt X It is known from the survey that the women in tiles industries have topped in earning income and buying Household articles, Fishnet industries and coir industries have more score for both earning income and spending. Women of gloves industries have more earnings and spending than other variables and the women from brick industries also have more earnings and spending. Therefore it is concluded that the women who work in the unorganised sector were able to earn more and are prepared to spend more.

34 Social Impact of Women workers of Unorganised Sector The Table 5.28 depicts the social impact of women workers of unorganized sector. Table 5.28 Social Impact of Women workers of Unorganised Sector Tiles Fish net Coir Gloves Bricks Variables Inc dec percent Inc dec percent Inc dec percent Inc dec percent Inc dec percent Leadership Self Confident Decision making ability Self image Economic Freedom Respect in the family Self awareness Skill Problem solving capacity Life style Standard of living Positive attitude Knowledge Fellowship Communication skill Social Participation Public Participation Leisure time Work load Responsibilities at home Responsibilities in the working place Responsibilities in the society y Domestic violence Superstiousness Bargaining and negotiating power Inc: increased, Dec: Decreased

35 260 Leadership quality is more for those who are working in Tiles and Fishnet industries, Self Confident is more for those who are working in Tiles and Fishnet industries, Decision making ability is more for those who are working in Tiles industry, Self image is more in Coir industries, Economic Freedom is more for the women working in Bricks and Coir industries. Almost all women workers irrespective of the nature of the industry could able to gain Respect in the family, Skill development is possible for the women in Gloves industry, Problem solving capacity is more for the women of Fishnet industries, Life style has been changed for all women except for those who are working in brick industries, majority of the women could able to improve their Standard of living, Positive attitude has been developed for many, almost all could able to improve their knowledge, fellowship and Communication skill are not at all satisfactory, Social Participation is more for the workers of tiles, Fishnet and coir industries, Public Participation is scanty except Fishnet workers. The result is not satisfactory with regards to Leisure time, Work load, Responsibilities at home, Responsibilities in the working place, responsibilities in the society, Domestic violence, Superstiousness and Bargaining and negotiating power. H 0 : There is no Social Impact due to the employment in the unorganised sector

36 261 Table 5.29 Overall Social Impact Variables Increased Decreased No change Percent of change Z Rank Respect in the I family Economic Freedom II Knowledge III Self image IV Standard of living V Life style VI Positive attitude VII Social Participation VIII Decision making IX ability Fellowship with X others Self Confident XI Communication XII skill Leadership qualities XIII Public Participation XIV Skill development XV Responsibilities in XVI the society Self awareness XVII Domestic violence XVIII Responsibilities in XIX the working place Bargaining and XX negotiating power Problem solving capacity XXI 2.64 Leisure time XXII Responsibilities at home XXIII Superstiousness XXIV Work load XXV