1036: Probability & Statistics

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1 036: Probablty & Statstcs Lecture 9 Oe- ad Two-Sample Estmato Problems Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-

2 Statstcal Iferece Estmato to estmate the populato parameters Classcal Based o radom sample Bayesa Based o pror subjectve kowledge about the prob. dstrbuto ad radom sample Tests of hypothess a asserto or cojecture cocerg oe or two populatos Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-

3 Ubased Estmator A estmator may ot expect to estmate the exact value of populato parameter But hope that t s ot fall off Ubased estmator A statstc s sad to be ubased f ts samplg dstrbuto has a mea equal to the parameter estmated ˆ E Θ θ θ Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-3

4 Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-4 Show that S s a ubased estmator of the parameter Therefore, ad,,, for However, ] [ S E E E E E E S E K

5 Most Effcet Estmator The oe wth the smallest varace amog all possble ubased estmators of some populato θ s called the most effcet estmator of θ. ubased Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-5

6 Iterval Estmate Eve most effcet ubased estmator ot lkely to estmate exactly correctly. Although accuracy creases wth large samples, o reaso why a pot estmate from a sample should exactly equal the populato parameter. Oe way to hadle ths error s through a terval estmate Example: sample mea 540 Cofdece terval: 50 m 560 ˆ θ L θ ˆ θ U Sce s x /, accuracy should crease wth ad terval se should decrease. Rage of terval dcates accuracy of the pot estmate Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-6

7 Iterpretato of Iterval Estmates If the cofdece terval s θˆ L θ ˆ θ U The probablty that the mea s wth the rage ca be stated as: P ˆ θ θ ˆ θ L U We would state that there s a - 00% cofdece terval of ˆ θ θ ˆ L θ U Ideally, predct arrow rage wth hgh degree of cofdece Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-7

8 Estmatg the Mea The samplg dstrbuto of s cetered at ad / Hece, t s lkely to be a very accurate estmate whe s large P Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-8

9 Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-9 Cofdece Iterval of ; Kow If s the mea of radom sample of se from a populato wth kow varace, a - 00% cofdece terval for s gve by + P P x x + x Ths works well for 30 eve f the populato s ot ormal

10 Example 9. Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-0

11 Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9- Estmato Error Sce x x + If s used as a estmate of, we ca the be - 00% cofdece that the error wll ot exceed x e e Ths specfed the sample se

12 Example 9.3 Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-

13 I case of ukow T S / I real case, the varace s kow But, we have the sample stadard devato S Recall that the Studet s t-dstrbuto s wth - degrees of freedom. T S / Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-3

14 Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-4 Cofdece Iterval of ; ukow If ad s are the mea ad std. dev. of a radom sample of se from a ormal populato wth ukow varace, a - 00% cofdece terval for s gve by + t S t S P t S t P t s x t s x + x t / s the t-value wth ν- degrees of freedom, leavg a area of / to the rght Replace ormal by t-dstrbuto Replace by S

15 Large Sample Cofdece Iterval If 30, oe ca use ormal dstrbuto stead of Studet s t-dstrbuto, eve whe ormalty caot be assumed. Ths s reasoable because of cetral lmt theorem Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-5

16 Example 9.4 x Prob. & Stat. Lecture09 - oe-/two-sample estmato cwlu@tws.ee.ctu.edu.tw 9-6

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