What do cows thrive on? Best Practice Nutrition for Profitable Dairy Producers. Still comes down to the BASICs! Forage Quality and Quantity

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Best Practice Nutrition for Profitable Dairy Producers Virginia Ishler

rumen health Slower fermentation Rumen mat Consistent supply of

1 Best Practice Nutrition for Profitable Dairy Producers Virginia Ishler Nutrient Management Specialist Dairy Complex Manager What do cows thrive on? Consistency Forage quality and quantity Good nutrition Good feed management What do producers thrive on? Consistency Milk income Feed cost per cow Profitability () Still comes down to the BASICs! Need a solid foundation first before any new technology can be successful. BST Silage inoculant Feed additive HIGH Quality Forages Fiber for rumen health Slower fermentation Rumen mat Consistent supply of nutrients to the microorganisms Stimulate cud chewing Rumen ph Milk fat Milk production Foot health Forage Quality and Quantity Profitable producers: Provide consistent quality Cropping Harvesting Storage Monitor and plan inventory Necessary if cows are to receive a consistent ration

Cropping Issues Are weeds controlled? Evidence of insect or disease damage? For corn silage Has crop been impacted by drought? Has crop been planted later than average for the area?

< 34,000/A Harvesting Issues Need to consider the storage structure Ideal dry matter content will be different for Uprights Bunks Bag Ideal particle length depends on dry matter content.

2 Cropping Issues Are weeds controlled? Evidence of insect or disease damage? For corn silage Has crop been impacted by drought? Has crop been planted later than average for the area? What type of hybrids have been planted? What is the plant populations? < 34,000/A Harvesting Issues Need to consider the storage structure Ideal dry matter content will be different for Uprights Bunks Bag Ideal particle length depends on dry matter content. Dry Matters Haycrop forages % DM Convt tower 35 to 40 Oxygen limiting 45 to 60 Horizontal 30 to 35 Rnd bale silage 40 to 50 Dry hay 88 to 92 Corn silage % DM Convt. tower 32 to 37 Oxygen limiting 40 to 45 (not ideal) Horizontal 30 to 35 Harvesting Issues Crop maturity High producing cows need high quality forage Alfalfa haylage at late bud stage or earlier Grass haylage at boot stage or less Corn silage dry matter is most important but typically want ¼ to ¾ milk line. Harvesting completed rapidly w/no evidence of spoilage. Storage Issues: Proper dry matter aids in Silage compaction Transitioning the silo to an anaerobic environment Excessive dry matter Yeast and mold problems Heat damaged protein Excessive moisture Effluent Prolonged fermentations Undesirable acid production (butyric) Increased protein degradation (ammonia, amines) Storage Issues Uprights Silo integrity Ideal is well sealed, no evidence of seepage Silage evenly distributed? Is heating occurring prior to feed out?

Storage Issues - Bunkers Silo covering Ideal is bunker covered w/plastic Greater than 80-100% of plastic covered with tires or other

Minimal spoilage on top of bunker Silo density Ideal is >13 lb/ft3 Storage Issues - Bunkers Silo well drained and excess feed cleaned up

Storage Issues - Bags Few to no holes in plastic. Uniform fill w/few lumps or air cavities. Proper feed out.

Poor forage quality Excellent crop quality + Poor silage mgt = Poor forage quality Excellent crop quality + Excellent silage mgt =

3 Storage Issues - Bunkers Silo covering Ideal is bunker covered w/plastic Greater than % of plastic covered with tires or other materials. Minimal spoilage on top of bunker Silo density Ideal is >13 lb/ft3 Storage Issues - Bunkers Silo well drained and excess feed cleaned up regularly. Silage fed at a rate that avoids heating and spoilage at the face. Is bunk face managed uniformly? Storage Issues - Bags Few to no holes in plastic. Uniform fill w/few lumps or air cavities. Proper feed out. Successful Forage Quality Equation Poor crop quality + Poor silage mgt = Poor crop quality + Excellent silage mgt = Poor forage quality Poor forage quality Excellent crop quality + Poor silage mgt = Poor forage quality Excellent crop quality + Excellent silage mgt = Excellent forage quality 1 out of 4 are not good odds Nutrition Carbohydrates Nutrition Protein supply for dairy cows NDF ADF Starch Sugars Pectins 1. Microbial protein 50 to 60% of protein requirements Cheapest source of protein and excellent amino acid profile 2. Post ruminal supply of protein Microbial protein Feed protein

Metabolizable Protein Nutritionists developed the metabolizable protein (MP) system in order to do a better job of predicting the protein that the cow can actually use MP is the true protein that

4 Metabolizable Protein Nutritionists developed the metabolizable protein (MP) system in order to do a better job of predicting the protein that the cow can actually use MP is the true protein that flows from the rumen and then is digested Synchronizing carbohydrate and protein release in the rumen Fermentable carbohydrates Degradable protein It is absorbed from the small intestine as amino acids (AA) These AA are metabolized by the cow 50-80% of absorbable protein needs Volatile Fatty Acids Microbial Protein 60-70% of energy needs Schwab, 2003 Faster Slower Relative rates of rumen degradation of common NFC and protein sources Sugar Wheat flour Bakery product High-moisture corn Steam-flaked corn Ground barley Ground corn Ground sorghum Urea Hay silage Wheat midds Corn gluten feed Canola meal Soybean meal Heat-treated soybean Distillers grains Corn gluten meal de Ondarza, 1999 Nutrition Other Profitable Practices Moving towards higher forage based rations. Measuring/monitoring DMI Dry matter intake efficiency Recommend (based on energy corrected milk) Use feed analysis for formulation vs. book values Using MUNs to monitor protein/cho status mg/dl High Forage Ration w/cs at 2 levels High Forage Ration w/cs at 2 levels 58% Forage Ration (CS at 35% of DM) BMR/Conv CS-39.5%DM GRA HAY/STRAW 4.75 BAG 1 HLG-33.3%DM 8.68 GROUND CORN-PSU 5.93 COOKIE MEAL 4.00 SUGAR 2.52 SOYBEANS COOKED 4.45 CANOLA MEAL 3.23 TURBO MEAL 2.45 MIN-VIT MIX 1.94 LIMESTONE GD 38%CA % Forage Ration (CS at 50% of DM) BMR/Conv CS-39.5%DM GRA HAY/STRAW 4.62 GROUND CORN-PSU 4.00 COOKIE MEAL 4.00 SUGAR 2.52 SOYBEANS COOKED 4.51 CANOLA MEAL 4.94 TURBO MEAL 2.30 MIN-VIT MIX 1.94 UREA 45% N 0.15 LIMESTONE GD 38%CA Penn State Herd 58% Forage Ration 35% CS 50% CS Dry matter basis Metabolizable protein (lbs) Required Supplied RDP, % CP RUP, % CP CP, % Sugar, % Starch, % Soluble fiber, %

5 High Forage Ration w/cs at 2 levels 58% Forage Ration TMR Analysis Free-stall study 35% BMR 35% Conv 50% BMR 50% Conv Crude protein, % lbs/day Milk Production 35% CS 35% CS % Forage 58% Forage 58% Forage Start1* Jan 15-Jan 22-Jan 29-Jan 5-Feb 12-Feb 19-Feb 26-Feb 5-Mar 12-Mar 19-Mar 26-Mar 2-Apr 9-Apr 16-Apr 23-Apr 30-Apr 7-May 14-May 21-May 28-May 4-Jun 11-Jun 18-Jun 25-Jun 2-Jul 9-Jul 16-Jul 23-Jul Week 1* Jan 30 - Pen 1 and 2 All Mycogen CS- 50:50- CS:53% Forage DM- FED CSH WH 2 lb 2* Feb 5 - F:C 53:47 3* Feb 13 - F:C 55:45 4* April 13 - F:C 58:42 5* May 26 - Started bunk CS - 50% CS (%DM) 120 Cows 50% CS BMR CON MUNs and MNE MUN BMR 8.0 mg/dl Conventional 9.0 mg/dl MNE BMR 29.8% Conventional 29.6% Feed Management SOPs for people mixing ration and feeding. Consistent mixing times for TMRs Frequently pushing feed up to cows Measuring particle size of feed to avoid sorting issues. Regular cleaning of feed bunks and water troughs/bowls. Feed Management Discarding any moldy or spoiled feed. Feed available No bare bunk syndrome In component fed herds, proper feeding sequence Synchronize protein/cho Ample feed bunk space (minimize over crowding) Regularly check forage dry matters and adjust rations accordingly. Specific rations for 1 st lact and fresh cows. Producer Issue - IOFC s Measured in dollars per cow per day. All-milk price x daily avg milk prod/100 daily feed cost Example: $19.59/cwt x 80 lbs/100 - $5.90 = $9.77 IOFC/cow/day Penn State Cooperative Extension is working with producers to calculate and monitor IOFC over time. Compare to benchmarks Compare to farm s cash flow

6 Producer Issue - IOFC Step 1 Market Approach How does IOFC look using market prices for home raised forages and feeds? Lactating Cow Ration Summary Feed Price List as of: Batch weights Feed Price List - DAS Web Site, Virginia Ishler Dec- Market Cost Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Total Market Value $/Ton $/Ton High Low Cows $/Lb Group Cost/Cow As Fed As Fed Number of Animals As-Fed Subtotal /Day Forages (Home-Raised) Corn sil avg analysis $ $ 6, , , $ $ $ Grass hay avg analysis $ $ $ $ Sor-Sud sil avg $ $ 3, , $ $ MML sil avg analysis $ $ 1, , $ - - $ $ $ 2.18 Forage Substitutes (Home-Raised) - - $ - - $ Concentrates (Home-Raised) - - $ - - $ - - $ - - $ Purchased Forages, Forage Substitutes or Concentrates Corn meal $ $ , , $ $ $ Dairy supplement $ $ 1, , $ $ Soybean meal 3.00 $ 3.00 $ $ $ Roasted beans $ $ $ $ 0.89 P-One $ $ $ $ Pro-Lix $ $ $ - - $ $ $ 3.62 $ 1, Total 16, , ,646 1, $ $ Lbs As-Fed per Cow Month and Year Compared to Benchmarks Gross Milk Price/cwt Milk income/cow Feed cost/cow Benchmark Range IOFC Average milk lbs Low High Example $20.00 $17.00 $6.00 $ $ 6.80 $ $14.00 Compared to Benchmarks Jan- $21.33 $18.56 $6.01 $ $ 7.42 $ Feb- $19.86 $17.38 $6.19 $ $ 6.95 $ Mar- $18.17 $16.35 $6.14 $ $ 6.54 $ 9.81 Apr- $18.67 $17.18 $6.03 $ $ 6.87 $ May- $18.28 $16.27 $5.71 $ $ 6.51 $ 9.76 Jun- $19.33 $15.27 $5.52 $ $ 6.11 $ 9.16 Jul- $20.40 $16.32 $6.04 $ $ 6.53 $ 9.79 Aug- $19.68 $15.35 $5.53 $ $ 6.14 $ 9.21 Sep- $19.33 $13.92 $5.99 $ $ 5.57 $ 8.35 Oct- $17.34 $12.31 $5.88 $ $ 4.92 $ 7.39 Nov- $17.69 $12.91 $5.79 $ $ 5.17 $ 7.75 Dec- $15.86 $11.70 $6.03 $ $ 4.68 $ 7.02 $12.00 $10.00 $8.00 $6.00 $4.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Month and Year Sep Oct Nov Dec Herd IOFC Low Range High Determining Breakeven Cash Flow ( Goal and Maximum Daily Feed Cost per Cow) Producer Issue - IOFC Step 2 Cash Flow (Actual Farm Costs) How does IOFC look using actual prices for home raised forages and feeds? Cash Inflows Cull Cows and Calves 85,500 $ A $ B Other Income 16,764 + $ C = Non-Milk Cash Inflow 102,264 C = A + B $ D Total Cash Outflow (Direct and Overhead Costs) 851,315 $ E Owner Withdrawals (Family Living) 50,000 + $ F + Loan Payments (Principal + Interest) 94,555 $ G = Total Outflow Required 995,870 G = D + E + F $ H Purchased Cow Feed 334,263 $ I Crop Expenses (Seed, Fert, Chem, Custom Hire) 67,387 + $ C + Non-Milk Inflow 102,264 C from above $ J = J = H + I + C Pur Feed + Crop + Non-Milk Inflow 503,914 $ K K = G - J Total Required 491,956 Cows Milking (average number) 200 L Days in Calculation 365 M Breakeven per Day 6.74 N = $ N = K L M Expected Milk Price ($/CWT) $ O P Bulk Tank Average 75 X Daily Milk Income per Cow Q $ 100 = Q = (O X P) 100 Breakeven $ 6.74 N N From Above Feed Cost per Cow per Day Maximum $ 6.01 R S = Q - N Current Feed Cost per Cow per Day (Cost) $ 5.19 Difference in Maximum and Current Feed Cost/Cow/Day $ 0.82

Maximum Feed Cost per Lactating Cow per Day with Changes in Milk Price and Production $14.00 $9.00 $4.00 Current compared to Breakeven (Market) $6.74 $6.

56 Income Over Feed Cost Annual Breakeven Income Over Feed Cost Cost Milk Milk Price ($/CWT) Yield $ 15.00 $ 15.25 $ 15.50 $ 15.75 $ 16.00 $ 16.25 $ 16.50 $ 16.75 $ 17.00 $ 17.

13 $ 4.29 $ 4.44 65 $ 3.01 $ 3.17 $ 3.34 $ 3.50 $ 3.66 $ 3.82 $ 3.99 $ 4.15 $ 4.31 $ 4.47 $ 4.64 $ 4.80 67 $ 3.31 $ 3.48 $ 3.65 $ 3.81 $ 3.98 $ 4.15 $ 4.32 $ 4.48 $ 4.65 $ 4.

51 $ 5.69 $ 5.86 73 $ 4.21 $ 4.39 $ 4.58 $ 4.76 $ 4.94 $ 5.12 $ 5.31 $ 5.49 $ 5.67 $ 5.85 $ 6.04 $ 6.22 75 $ 4.51 $ 4.70 $ 4.89 $ 5.07 $ 5.26 $ 5.45 $ 5.64 $ 5.82 $ 6.01 $ 6.

89 $ 7.09 $ 7.28 81 $ 5.41 $ 5.61 $ 5.82 $ 6.02 $ 6.22 $ 6.42 $ 6.63 $ 6.83 $ 7.03 $ 7.23 $ 7.44 $ 7.64 83 $ 5.71 $ 5.92 $ 6.13 $ 6.33 $ 6.54 $ 6.75 $ 6.96 $ 7.16 $ 7.37 $ 7.

27 $ 8.49 $ 8.70 89 $ 6.61 $ 6.83 $ 7.06 $ 7.28 $ 7.50 $ 7.72 $ 7.95 $ 8.17 $ 8.39 $ 8.61 $ 8.84 $ 9.

7 Maximum Feed Cost per Lactating Cow per Day with Changes in Milk Price and Production $14.00 $9.00 $4.00 Current compared to Breakeven (Market) $6.74 $6.96 Income Over Feed Cost Annual Breakeven Income Over Feed Cost Market $14.00 $9.00 $4.00 Current compared to Breakeven (Cost) $6.74 $7.56 Income Over Feed Cost Annual Breakeven Income Over Feed Cost Cost Milk Milk Price ($/CWT) Yield $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2.41 $ 2.56 $ 2.72 $ 2.87 $ 3.02 $ 3.17 $ 3.33 $ 3.48 $ 3.63 $ 3.78 $ 3.94 $ $ 2.71 $ 2.87 $ 3.03 $ 3.18 $ 3.34 $ 3.50 $ 3.66 $ 3.81 $ 3.97 $ 4.13 $ 4.29 $ $ 3.01 $ 3.17 $ 3.34 $ 3.50 $ 3.66 $ 3.82 $ 3.99 $ 4.15 $ 4.31 $ 4.47 $ 4.64 $ $ 3.31 $ 3.48 $ 3.65 $ 3.81 $ 3.98 $ 4.15 $ 4.32 $ 4.48 $ 4.65 $ 4.82 $ 4.99 $ $ 3.61 $ 3.78 $ 3.96 $ 4.13 $ 4.30 $ 4.47 $ 4.65 $ 4.82 $ 4.99 $ 5.16 $ 5.34 $ $ 3.91 $ 4.09 $ 4.27 $ 4.44 $ 4.62 $ 4.80 $ 4.98 $ 5.15 $ 5.33 $ 5.51 $ 5.69 $ $ 4.21 $ 4.39 $ 4.58 $ 4.76 $ 4.94 $ 5.12 $ 5.31 $ 5.49 $ 5.67 $ 5.85 $ 6.04 $ $ 4.51 $ 4.70 $ 4.89 $ 5.07 $ 5.26 $ 5.45 $ 5.64 $ 5.82 $ 6.01 $ 6.20 $ 6.39 $ $ 4.81 $ 5.00 $ 5.20 $ 5.39 $ 5.58 $ 5.77 $ 5.97 $ 6.16 $ 6.35 $ 6.54 $ 6.74 $ $ 5.11 $ 5.31 $ 5.51 $ 5.70 $ 5.90 $ 6.10 $ 6.30 $ 6.49 $ 6.69 $ 6.89 $ 7.09 $ $ 5.41 $ 5.61 $ 5.82 $ 6.02 $ 6.22 $ 6.42 $ 6.63 $ 6.83 $ 7.03 $ 7.23 $ 7.44 $ $ 5.71 $ 5.92 $ 6.13 $ 6.33 $ 6.54 $ 6.75 $ 6.96 $ 7.16 $ 7.37 $ 7.58 $ 7.79 $ $ 6.01 $ 6.22 $ 6.44 $ 6.65 $ 6.86 $ 7.07 $ 7.29 $ 7.50 $ 7.71 $ 7.92 $ 8.14 $ $ 6.31 $ 6.53 $ 6.75 $ 6.96 $ 7.18 $ 7.40 $ 7.62 $ 7.83 $ 8.05 $ 8.27 $ 8.49 $ $ 6.61 $ 6.83 $ 7.06 $ 7.28 $ 7.50 $ 7.72 $ 7.95 $ 8.17 $ 8.39 $ 8.61 $ 8.84 $ 9.06 Managing IOFC We are soliciting 100 dairy farms to participate in this program of Monitoring monthly IOFC Doing the cash flow to calculate the farm s breakeven IOFC. Anyone interested can contact me at: vishler@psu.edu Summary The BASICS Forages Nutrition Feed Management Consistency IOFC Making decisions based on the big picture. THANK YOU!

Managing Income Over Feed Costs

d a i r y r i s k - m a n a g e m e n t e d u c a t i o n Managing Income Over Feed Costs Introduction Feed costs have typically represented 40 to 60 percent of the total cost of producing milk. The current