Chapter 4. Consumer and Firm Behavior: The Work-Leisure Decision and Profit Maximization

Transcription

1 Chapter 4 Consumer and Firm Behavior: The Work-Leisure Decision and Profit Maximization

2 The Representative Consumer Preferences Goods: The Consumption Good and Leisure The Utility Function More Preferred to Less Preference for Diversity U ( C, l) Consumption and leisure are normal goods Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-2

3 Indifference Curves Downward Sloping (more preferred to less) Convex to the Origin (preference for diversity) Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS) Slope of the Indifference Curve Rate at which consumer is willing to substitute leisure for consumption goods Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-3

4 Figure 4.1 Indifference Curves Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-4

5 Figure 4.2 Properties of Indifference Curves Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-5

6 Budget Constraint Price-taking Behavior The Time Constraint Real Disposable Income: after tax A Graphical Representation s s l N h C wn T w( h l) T Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-6

7 Figure 4.3 Representative Consumer's Budget Constraint (T > ) Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-7

8 Figure 4.4 Representative Consumer's Budget Constraint (T < ) Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-8

9 Optimization Rational Behavior: can make informed optimization decision max UCl (, ) s.. tc w( h l) T Optimization Condition: MRS Relative Price M RS l, c U U / l / C A Graphical Representation w Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-9

10 Figure 4.5 Consumer Optimization Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-10

11 Figure 4.6 The Representative Consumer Chooses Not to Work Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-11

12 Comparative Statics Experiments Changes in Dividends (π) and Taxes (T): Pure Income Effect, relative price (w) no change both c and l Changes in the Real Wage (w): Income and Substitution Effects c, l or Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-12

13 Figure 4.7 An Increase T for the Consumer Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-13

14 Figure 4.8 Increase in the Real Wage Rate Income and Substitution Effects Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-14

15 Labor Supply Curve: s N() w h l() w Substitution Effect > Income Effect upward-sloping labor supply curve Substitution Effect < Income Effect downward-sloping labor supply curve Question: What does L Supply Curve look like in the data? Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-15

16 Figure 4.9 Labor Supply Curve s N ( w) h l( w) Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-16

17 Figure 4.10 Effect of an Increase in Dividend Income or a Decrease in Taxes Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-17

18 Figure 4.12 Real Wage in the United States, Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-18

19 Figure 4.13 Average Weekly Hours in the United States, Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-19

20 An Example: consumption and leisure are perfect complements (with Leontief preference) min( Cal, ) stc.. w( h l) T Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-20

21 Figure 4.11 Perfect Complements b/w C and L Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-21

22 Non-wage disposable income π-t both c and l Wage w both c and l (no substitution effect) Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-22

23 The Representative Firm The Production Function Y zf ( K, N d ) Properties of Production Function Constant Returns to Scale d Y zf( K, N ) zf( K, N ) d Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-23

24 d K, N Y Y / K MP 0 Monotonicity: Y / N MP 0 Declining MP K MPK / K 0 Declining MP N MP / N 0 N K N Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-24

25 Changes in Capital and MP N MP / K 0 Total Factor Productivity N z Y, MP, MP N K Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-25

26 Figure 4.14 Production Function, Fixing the Quantity of Capital and Varying the Quantity of Labor Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-26

27 Figure 4.15 Production Function, Fixing the Quantity of Labor and Varying the Quantity of Capital Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-27

28 Figure 4.16 Marginal Product of Labor Schedule for the Representative Firm Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-28

29 Figure 4.17 Adding Capital Increases the Marginal Product of Labor Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-29

30 Figure 4.18 Total Factor Productivity Increases Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-30

31 Figure 4.19 Effect of an Increase in Total Factor Productivity on the Marginal Product of Labor Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-31

32 TFP and Aggregate Production Function Cobb-Douglas production function Y zk ( N ) 1 Check it satisfies all the properties Capital income share = The measure of the TFP: Solow Residual Y z K N d Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-32

33 Figure 4.20 The Solow Residual for the United States Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-33

34 Profit Maximization Profits = Total Revenue Total Variable Costs zf( KN, ) wn Firm maximizes profits by setting optimization condition M P N d This condition defines the labor demand curve w d Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-34

35 Figure 4.21 Revenue, Variable Costs, and Profit Maximization Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-35

36 Figure 4.22 The Marginal Product of Labor Curve Is the Labor Demand Curve of the Profit-Maximizing Firm Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4-36