Global edition. FiFteentH edition. Cost Accounting. A Managerial Emphasis. Charles t. Horngren Srikant M. Datar Madhav V. Rajan

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1 Global edition Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis FiFteentH edition Charles t. Horngren Srikant M. Datar Madhav V. Rajan

2 Editor in Chief: Donna Battista Acquisitions Editor: Ellen Geary Editorial Project Manager: Nicole Sam Editorial Assistant: Christine Donovan Associate Editor, Global Edition: Toril Cooper Project Editor, Global Edition: Laura Thompson Marketing Manager: Alison Haskins Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Project Manager: Roberta Sherman Manufacturing Buyer: Carol Melville Senior Art Director: Anthony Gemmellaro Cover Designer: PreMedia Global Manager, Rights and Permissions: Samantha Graham Cover Photo: Joachim Wendler/Shutterstock Editorial Media Project Manager: James Bateman Production Media Project Manager: John Cassar Cover Printer: Courier Kendallville Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text (or on page 960). Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: Pearson Education Limited 2015 The rights of Charles T. Horngren, Srikant M. Datar, and Madhav V. Rajan to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act Authorised adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis, 15 th edition, ISBN by Charles T. Horngren, Srikant M. Datar, and Madhav V. Rajan, published by Pearson Education, All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. ISBN 10: ISBN 13: ISBN 13: (Print) (PDF) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset in 10/12 Sabon by Integra Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in the United States of America.

3 Cost Accounting, Global Edition Table of Contents Cover Brief Contents Contents About the Authors Preface Chapter 1: The Manager and Management Accounting itunes Variable Pricing: Downloads are Down, but Profits are Up Financial Accounting, Management Accounting, and Cost Accounting Strategic Decisions and the Management Accountant Value-Chain and Supply-Chain Analysis and Key Success Factors Value-Chain Analysis Supply-Chain Analysis Key Success Factors Concepts in Action: Trader Joe's Recipe for Cost Leadership Decision Making, Planning, and Control: The Five-Step Decision-Making Process Key Management Accounting Guidelines CostBenefit Approach Behavioral and Technical Considerations Different Costs for Different Purposes Organization Structure and the Management Accountant Line and Staff Relationships The Chief Financial Officer and the Controller Management Accounting Beyond the Numbers Professional Ethics Institutional Support Typical Ethical Challenges Chapter 2: An Introduction to Cost Terms and Purposes High Fixed Costs Bankrupt Twinkie Maker Costs and Cost Terminology

4 Direct Costs and Indirect Costs Cost Allocation Challenges Factors Affecting Direct/Indirect Cost Classifications Cost-Behavior Patterns: Variable Costs and Fixed Costs Cost Drivers Concepts in Action: Zipcar Helps Twitter Reduce Fixed Costs Relevant Range Relationships Between Types of Costs Total Costs and Unit Costs Unit Costs Use Unit Costs Cautiously Business Sectors, Types of Inventory, Inventoriable Costs, and Period Costs Manufacturing-, Merchandising-, and Service-Sector Companies Types of Inventory Commonly Used Classifications of Manufacturing Costs Inventoriable Costs Period Costs Illustrating the Flow of Inventoriable Costs and Period Costs Manufacturing-Sector Example Recap of Inventoriable Costs and Period Costs Prime Costs and Conversion Costs Concepts in Action: Cost Structure at Nordstrom Measuring Costs Requires Judgment Measuring Labor Costs Overtime Premium and Idle Time Benefits of Defining Accounting Terms Different Meanings of Product Costs A Framework for Cost Accounting and Cost Management Calculating the Cost of Products, Services, and Other Cost Objects Obtaining Information for Planning and Control and Performance Evaluation Analyzing the Relevant Information for Making Decisions Chapter 3: CostVolumeProfit Analysis How "The Biggest Rock Show Ever" Turned a Big Profit

5 Essentials of CVP Analysis Contribution Margin Expressing CVP Relationships CostVolumeProfit Assumptions Breakeven Point and Target Operating Income Breakeven Point Target Operating Income Target Net Income and Income Taxes Using CVP Analysis for Decision Making Decision to Advertise Decision to Reduce the Selling Price Determining Target Prices Sensitivity Analysis and Margin of Safety Cost Planning and CVP Alternative Fixed-Cost/Variable-Cost Structures Operating Leverage Concepts in Action: CostVolumeProfit Analysis Makes Megabus a Mega-Success Effects of Sales Mix on Income CVP Analysis in Service and Not-for-Profit Organizations Contribution Margin Versus Gross Margin Appendix: Decision Models and Uncertainty Chapter 4: Job Costing Job Costing and "Green" Home Construction Building-Block Concepts of Costing Systems Job-Costing and Process-Costing Systems Job Costing: Evaluation and Implementation Time Period Used to Compute Indirect-Cost Rates Normal Costing General Approach to Job Costing Using Normal Costing Concepts in Action: The Job Costing "Game Plan" at the New Cowboys Stadium The Role of Technology Concepts in Action: Home Depot Undergoes an Inventory Management "Fix-It"

6 Actual Costing A Normal Job-Costing System in Manufacturing General Ledger Explanations of Transactions Subsidiary Ledgers Nonmanufacturing Costs and Job Costing Budgeted Indirect Costs and End-of-Accounting-Year Adjustments Underallocated and Overallocated Indirect Costs Adjusted Allocation-Rate Approach Proration Approach Writeoff to Cost of Goods Sold Approach Choosing Among Approaches Variations from Normal Costing: A Service-Sector Example Chapter 5: Activity-Based Costing and Activity-Based Management LG Electronics Reduces Costs and Inefficiencies through Activity-Based Costing Broad Averaging and Its Consequences Undercosting and Overcosting Product-Cost Cross-Subsidization Simple Costing System at Plastim Corporation Design, Manufacturing, and Distribution Processes Simple Costing System Using a Single Indirect-Cost Pool Applying the Five-Step Decision-Making Process at Plastim Refining a Costing System Reasons for Refining a Costing System Guidelines for Refining a Costing System Activity-Based Costing Systems Plastim's ABC System Cost Hierarchies Implementing Activity-Based Costing Implementing ABC at Plastim Comparing Alternative Costing Systems Considerations in Implementing Activity-Based Costing Systems Benefits and Costs of Activity-Based Costing Systems

7 Behavioral Issues in Implementing Activity-Based Costing Systems Activity-Based Management Pricing and Product-Mix Decisions Cost Reduction and Process Improvement Decisions Design Decisions Planning and Managing Activities Activity-Based Costing and Department Costing Systems ABC in Service and Merchandising Companies Concepts in Action: Pincky Inc.: Capacity Costs and Time Driven Activity-Based Costing Chapter 6: Master Budget and Responsibility Accounting "Scrimping" at the Ritz: Master Budgets Budgets and the Budgeting Cycle Strategic Plans and Operating Plans Budgeting Cycle and Master Budget Advantages and Challenges of Implementing Budgets Promoting Coordination and Communication Providing a Framework for Judging Performance and Facilitating Learning Motivating Managers and Other Employees Challenges in Administering Budgets Developing an Operating Budget Time Coverage of Budgets Steps in Preparing an Operating Budget Financial Planning Models and Sensitivity Analysis Concepts in Action: Web-Enabled Budgeting and Hendrick Motorsports Budgeting and Responsibility Accounting Organization Structure and Responsibility Feedback Responsibility and Controllability Human Aspects of Budgeting Budgetary Slack Stretch Targets Kaizen Budgeting Budgeting in Multinational Companies

8 Appendix: The Cash Budget Preparation of Budgets Sensitivity Analysis and Cash Flows Chapter 7: Flexible Budgets, Direct-Cost Variances, and Management Control SingaDeli Bakery Static Budgets and Variances The Use of Variances Static Budgets and Static-Budget Variances Flexible Budgets Flexible-Budget Variances and Sales-Volume Variances Sales-Volume Variances Flexible-Budget Variances Concepts in Action: Flexible Budgets at Corning Standard Costs for Variance Analysis Obtaining Budgeted Input Prices and Budgeted Input Quantities Price Variances and Efficiency Variances for Direct-Cost Inputs Price Variances Efficiency Variance Journal Entries Using Standard Costs Implementing Standard Costing Concepts in Action: Starbucks Reduces Direct-Cost Variances to Brew a Turnaround Management's Use of Variances Multiple Causes of Variances When to Investigate Variances Using Variances for Performance Measurement Organization Learning Continuous Improvement Financial and Nonfinancial Performance Measures Benchmarking and Variance Analysis Appendix: Mix and Yield Variances for Substitutable Inputs

9 Chapter 8: Flexible Budgets, Overhead Cost Variances, and Management Control Planning Fixed and Variable Overhead Costs at Tesla Motors Planning of Variable and Fixed Overhead Costs Planning Variable Overhead Costs Planning Fixed Overhead Costs Standard Costing at Webb Company Developing Budgeted Variable Overhead Rates Developing Budgeted Fixed Overhead Rates Variable Overhead Cost Variances Flexible-Budget Analysis Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance Variable Overhead Spending Variance Journal Entries for Variable Overhead Costs and Variances Fixed Overhead Cost Variances Production-Volume Variance Interpreting the Production-Volume Variance Journal Entries for Fixed Overhead Costs and Variances Concepts in Action: Variance Analysis and Standard Costing Help Sandoz Manage Its Overhead Costs Integrated Analysis of Overhead Cost Variances 4-Variance Analysis Combined Variance Analysis Production-Volume Variance and Sales-Volume Variance Variance Analysis and Activity-Based Costing Flexible Budget and Variance Analysis for Direct Materials-Handling Labor Costs Flexible Budget and Variance Analysis for Fixed Setup Overhead Costs Overhead Variances in Nonmanufacturing Settings Financial and Nonfinancial Performance Measures

10 Chapter 9: Inventory Costing and Capacity Analysis Lean Manufacturing Helps Companies Reduce Inventory and Survive the Recession Variable and Absorption Costing Variable Costing Absorption Costing Comparing Variable and Absorption Costing Variable vs. Absorption Costing: Operating Income and Income Statements Comparing Income Statements for One Year Comparing Income Statements for Multiple Years Variable Costing and the Effect of Sales and Production on Operating Income Absorption Costing and Performance Measurement Concepts in Action: Absorption Costing and the Bankruptcy of U.S. Automakers Undesirable Buildup of Inventories Proposals for Revising Performance Evaluation Comparing Inventory Costing Methods Throughput Costing A Comparison of Alternative Inventory-Costing Methods Denominator-Level Capacity Concepts and Fixed-Cost Capacity Analysis Absorption Costing and Alternative Denominator-Level Capacity Concepts Effect on Budgeted Fixed Manufacturing Cost Rate Choosing a Capacity Level Product Costing and Capacity Management Pricing Decisions and the Downward Demand Spiral Performance Evaluation External Reporting Tax Requirements Planning and Control of Capacity Costs Difficulties in Forecasting Chosen Denominator-Level Concept Difficulties in Forecasting Fixed Manufacturing Costs Nonmanufacturing Costs Activity-Based Costing Appendix: Breakeven Points in Variable Costing and Absorption Costing Chapter 10: Determining How Costs Behave

11 Cisco Understands Its Costs While Helping the Environment Basic Assumptions and Examples of Cost Functions Basic Assumptions Linear Cost Functions Review of Cost Classification Identifying Cost Drivers The Cause-and-Effect Criterion Cost Drivers and the Decision-Making Process Cost Estimation Methods Industrial Engineering Method Conference Method Account Analysis Method Quantitative Analysis Method Concepts in Action: What Does It Cost AT&T Wireless to Send a Text Message? Estimating a Cost Function Using Quantitative Analysis High-Low Method Regression Analysis Method Evaluating and Choosing Cost Drivers Cost Drivers and Activity-Based Costing Concepts in Action: Activity-Based Costing: Identifying Cost Drivers Nonlinear Cost Functions Learning Curves Cumulative Average-Time Learning Model Incremental Unit-Time Learning Model Incorporating Learning-Curve Effects into Prices and Standards Data Collection and Adjustment Issues Appendix: Regression Analysis Estimating the Regression Line Goodness of Fit Significance of Independent Variables Specification Analysis of Estimation Assumptions Using Regression Output to Choose Cost Drivers of Cost Functions Multiple Regression and Cost Hierarchies Multicollinearity

12 Chapter 11: Decision Making and Relevant Information Relevant Costs, JetBlue, and Twitter Information and the Decision Process The Concept of Relevance Relevant Costs and Relevant Revenues Qualitative and Quantitative Relevant Information One-Time-Only Special Orders Potential in Relevant-Cost Analysis Short-Run Pricing Decisions Insourcing-Versus-Outsourcing and Make-or-Buy Decisions Outsourcing and Idle Facilities Strategic and Qualitative Factors International Outsourcing The Total Alternatives Approach Concepts in Action: The LEGO Group The Opportunity-Cost Approach Carrying Costs of Inventory Product-Mix Decisions with Capacity Constraints Bottlenecks, Theory of Constraints, and Throughput-Margin Analysis Customer Profitability and Relevant Costs Relevant-Revenue and Relevant-Cost Analysis of Dropping a Customer Relevant-Revenue and Relevant-Cost Analysis of Adding a Customer Relevant-Revenue and Relevant-Cost Analysis of Closing or Adding Branch Offices or Business Divisions Irrelevance of Past Costs and Equipment-Replacement Decisions Decisions and Performance Evaluation Appendix: Linear Programming Steps in Solving an LP Problem Trial-and-Error Approach Graphic Approach Sensitivity Analysis Chapter 12: Strategy, Balanced Scorecard, and Strategic Profitability Analysis The Balanced Scorecard at Volkswagen do Brasil

13 What is Strategy? Building Internal Capabilities: Quality Improvement and Reengineering at Chipset Strategy Implementation and the Balanced Scorecard The Balanced Scorecard Strategy Maps and the Balanced Scorecard Implementing a Balanced Scorecard Different Strategies Lead to Different Scorecards Environmental and Social Performance and the Balanced Scorecard Features of a Good Balanced Scorecard Pitfalls in Implementing a Balanced Scorecard Evaluating the Success of Strategy and Implementation Strategic Analysis of Operating Income Growth Component of Change in Operating Income Price-Recovery Component of Change in Operating Income Productivity Component of Change in Operating Income Further Analysis of Growth, Price-Recovery, and Productivity Components Concepts in Action: Operating Income Analysis Reveals Strategic Challenges at Best Buy Applying the Five-Step Decision-Making Framework to Strategy Downsizing and the Management of Processing Capacity Engineered and Discretionary Costs Identifying Unused Capacity for Engineered and Discretionary Overhead Costs Managing Unused Capacity Appendix: Productivity Measurement Partial Productivity Measures Evaluating Changes in Partial Productivities Total Factor Productivity Calculating and Comparing Total Factor Productivity Using Partial and Total Factor Productivity Measures Chapter 13: Pricing Decisions and Cost Management Fair and Square: Not What J. C. Penney Customers Wanted Major Factors that Affect Pricing Decisions

14 Customers Competitors Costs Weighing Customers, Competitors, and Costs Costing and Pricing for the Long Run Calculating Product Costs for Long-Run Pricing Decisions Alternative Long-Run Pricing Approaches Market-Based Approach: Target Costing for Target Pricing Understanding Customers Perceived Value Competitor Analysis Implementing Target Pricing and Target Costing Concepts in Action: Extreme Target Pricing and Cost Management at IKEA Value Engineering, Cost Incurrence, and Locked-In Costs Value-Chain Analysis and Cross-Functional Teams Achieving the Target Cost per Unit for Provalue Cost-Plus Pricing Cost-Plus Target Rate of Return on Investment Alternative Cost-Plus Methods Cost-Plus Pricing and Target Pricing Life-Cycle Product Budgeting and Costing Life-Cycle Budgeting and Pricing Decisions Managing Environmental Costs Customer Life-Cycle Costing Non-Cost Factors In Pricing Decisions Price Discrimination Peak-Load Pricing International Pricing Antitrust Laws and Pricing Decisions Chapter 14: Cost Allocation, Customer-Profitability Analysis, and Sales-Variance Analysis Globe Express Services (Overseas Group): Analyzing Customers at United Arab Emirates Branch Customer-Profitability Analysis

15 Customer-Revenue Analysis Customer-Cost Analysis Customer-Level Costs Customer Profitability Profiles Presenting Profitability Analysis Concepts in Action: How Pandora Radio Made Its Unprofitable Customers Profitable Using the Five-Step Decision-Making Process to Manage Customer Profitability Cost Hierarchy-Based Operating Income Statement Criteria to Guide Cost Allocations Fully Allocated Customer Profitability Implementing Corporate and Division Cost Allocations Issues in Allocating Corporate Costs to Divisions and Customers Using Fully Allocated Costs for Decision Making Sales Variances Static-Budget Variance Flexible-Budget Variance and Sales-Volume Variance Sales-Mix Variance Sales-Quantity Variance Market-Share and Market-Size Variances Market-Share Variance Market-Size Variance Problem for Self Study Chapter 15: Allocation of Support-Department Costs, Common Costs, and Revenues Cost Allocation and the Future of "Smart Grid" Energy Infrastructure Allocating Support Department Costs Using the Single-Rate and Dual-Rate Methods Single-Rate and Dual-Rate Methods Allocation Based on the Demand for (or Usage of) Materials-handling Services Allocation Based on the Supply of Capacity Advantages and Disadvantages of Single-Rate Method Advantages and Disadvantages of Dual-Rate Method Budgeted Versus Actual Costs and the Choice of Allocaton Base Budgeted Versus Actual Rates Budgeted Versus Actual Usage

16 Fixed-Cost Allocation Based on Budgeted Rates and Budgeted Usage Fixed-Cost Allocation Based on Budgeted Rates and Actual Usage Allocating Budgeted Fixed Costs Based on Actual Usage Allocating Costs of Multiple Support Departments Direct Method Step-Down Method Reciprocal Method Overview of Methods Calculating the Cost of Job WPP 298 Allocating Common Costs Stand-Alone Cost-Allocation Method Incremental Cost-Allocation Method Cost Allocations and Contract Disputes Contracting with the U.S. Government Fairness of Pricing Bundled Products and Revenue Allocation Methods Bundling and Revenue Allocation Concepts in Action: Contract Disputes over Reimbursable Costs for the U.S. Department of Defense Stand-Alone Revenue-Allocation Method Incremental Revenue-Allocation Method Chapter 16: Cost Allocation: Joint Products and Byproducts Joint Cost Allocation and the Production of Ethanol Fuel Joint-Cost Basics Allocating Joint Costs Approaches to Allocating Joint Costs Concepts in Action: Are Charitable Organizations Allocating Joint Costs in a Misleading Way? Sales Value at Splitoff Method Physical-Measure Method Net Realizable Value Method Constant Gross-Margin Percentage NRV Method Choosing an Allocation Method

17 Not Allocating Joint Costs Why Joint Costs are Irrelevant for Decision Making Sell-or-Process-Further Decisions Decision Making and Performance Evaluation Pricing Decisions Accounting for Byproducts Production Method: Byproducts Recognized at Time Production is Completed Sales Method: Byproducts Recognized at Time of Sale Chapter 17: Process Costing ExxonMobil and Accounting Differences in the Oil Patch Illustrating Process Costing Case 1: Process Costing with No Beginning or Ending Work-in-Process Inventory Case 2: Process Costing with Zero Beginning and Some Ending Work-in-Process Inventory Summarizing the Physical Units and Equivalent Units (Steps 1 and 2) Calculating Product Costs (Steps 3, 4, and 5) Journal Entries Case 3: Process Costing with Some Beginning and Some Ending Work-in-Process Inventory Weighted-Average Method First-In, First-Out Method Comparing the Weighted-Average and FIFO Methods Transferred-In Costs in Process Costing Transferred-In Costs and the Weighted-Average Method Transferred-In Costs and the FIFO Method Points to Remember About Transferred-In Costs Hybrid Costing Systems Concepts in Action: Hybrid Costing for Customized Shoes at Adidas Overview of Operation-Costing Systems Illustrating an Operation-Costing System Journal Entries

18 Appendix: Standard-Costing Method of Process Costing Benefits of Standard Costing Computations Under Standard Costing Accounting for Variances Chapter 18: Spoilage, Rework, and Scrap Rework and Delays on the Boeing Dreamliner Defining Spoilage, Rework, and Scrap Two Types of Spoilage Normal Spoilage Abnormal Spoilage Spoilage in Process Costing Using Weighted-Average and FIFO Count All Spoilage Five-Step Procedure for Process Costing with Spoilage Weighted-Average Method and Spoilage FIFO Method and Spoilage Journal Entries Inspection Points and Allocating Costs of Normal Spoilage Job Costing and Spoilage Job Costing and Rework Accounting for Scrap Recognizing Scrap at the Time of Its Sale Recognizing Scrap at the Time of Its Production Concepts in Action: American Apparel Turns Scrap into a Product for Sale Appendix: Standard-Costing Method and Spoilage Chapter 19: Balanced Scorecard: Quality and Time Toyota Plans Changes After Millions of Defective Cars Are Recalled Quality as a Competitive Tool

19 The Financial Perspective: The Costs of Quality Using Nonfinancial Measures to Evaluate and Improve Quality The Customer Perspective: Nonfinancial Measures of Customer Satisfaction The Internal-Business-Process Perspective: Analyzing Quality and Improving Quality Nonfinancial Measures of Internal-Business-Process Quality The Learning-and-Growth Perspective: Quality Improvements Weighing the Costs and Benefits of Improving Quality Evaluating a Companys Quality Performance Time as a Competitive Tool Customer-Response Time and On-Time Performance Bottlenecks and Time Drivers Concepts in Action: Overcoming Wireless Data Bottlenecks Relevant Revenues and Costs of Delays Balanced Scorecard and Time-Based Measures Chapter 20: Inventory Management, Just-in-Time, and Simplified Costing Methods Costco Aggressively Manages Its Inventory to Thrive in Tough Times Inventory Management in Retail Organizations Costs Associated with Goods for Sale The Economic-Order-Quantity Decision Model When to Order, Assuming Certainty Safety Stock Estimating Inventory-Related Relevant Costs and Their Effects Cost of a Prediction Error Conflicts Between the EOQ Decision Model and Managers' Performance Evaluation Just-in-Time Purchasing JIT Purchasing and EOQ Model Parameters Relevant Costs of JIT Purchasing Supplier Evaluation and Relevant Costs of Quality and Timely Deliveries JIT Purchasing, Planning and Control, and Supply-Chain Analysis Inventory Management, MRP, and JIT Production Materials Requirements Planning Just-in-Time (JIT) Production

20 Features of JIT Production Systems Costs and Benefits of JIT Production JIT in Service Industries Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems Concepts in Action: After the Encore: Just-in-Time Live Concert Recordings Performance Measures and Control in JIT Production Effect of JIT Systems on Product Costing Backflush Costing Simplified Normal or Standard Costing Systems Special Considerations in Backflush Costing Lean Accounting for Self-Study Chapter 21: Capital Budgeting and Cost Analysis Capital Budgeting Powers Decisions at the TVA Stages of Capital Budgeting Discounted Cash Flow Net Present Value Method Internal Rate-of-Return Method Comparing the Net Present Value and Internal Rate-of-Return Methods Sensitivity Analysis Payback Method Uniform Cash Flows Nonuniform Cash Flows Accrual Accounting Rate-of-Return Method Relevant Cash Flows in Discounted Cash Flow Analysis Relevant After-Tax Flows Categories of Cash Flows Project Management and Performance Evaluation Post-Investment Audits Performance Evaluation Strategic Considerations in Capital Budgeting Concepts in Action: International Capital Budgeting at Disney Investment in Research and Development Customer Value and Capital Budgeting

21 Appendix: Capital Budgeting and Inflation Net Present Value Method and Inflation Answers to in Compound Interest (Exercise 21-16) Chapter 22: Management Control Systems, Transfer Pricing, and Multinational Considerations Transfer Pricing Disputes and Tax Issues Stop Collaborations Between Subunits of Mehr Co. Management Control Systems Formal and Informal Systems Effective Management Control Decentralization Benefits of Decentralization Costs of Decentralization Comparing Benefits and Costs Decentralization in Multinational Companies Choices About Responsibility Centers Transfer Pricing Criteria for Evaluating Transfer Prices Calculating Transfer Prices An Illustration of Transfer Pricing Market-Based Transfer Prices Perfectly-Competitive-Market Case Distress Prices Imperfect Competition Cost-Based Transfer Prices Full-Cost Bases Variable-Cost Bases Hybrid Transfer Prices Prorating the Difference Between Maximum and Minimum Transfer Prices Negotiated Pricing Dual Pricing A General Guideline for Transfer-Pricing Situations How Multinationals Use Transfer Pricing to Minimize their Taxes

22 Concepts in Action: Transfer Pricing Dispute Temporarily Stops the Flow of Fiji Water Transfer Prices Designed for Multiple Objectives Chapter 23: Performance Measurement, Compensation, and Multinational Considerations Misalignment Between CEO Compensation and Performance at AIG Financial and Nonfinancial Performance Measures Accounting-Based Measures for Business Units Return on Investment Residual Income Economic Value Added Return on Sales Comparing Performance Measures Choosing the Details of the Performance Measures Alternative Time Horizons Alternative Definitions of Investment Alternative Asset Measurements Target Levels of Performance and Feedback Choosing Target Levels of Performance Choosing the Timing of Feedback Performance Measurement in Multinational Companies Calculating a Foreign Division's ROI in the Foreign Currency Calculating the Foreign Division's ROI in U.S. Dollars Distinguishing the Performance of Managers From the Performance of Their Subunits The Basic Tradeoff: Creating Incentives Versus Imposing Risk Intensity of Incentives and Financial and Nonfinancial Measurements Benchmarks and Relative Performance Evaluation Performance Measures at the Individual Activity Level Concepts in Action: Avoiding Performance-Measurement Silos at Staples Executive Performance Measures and Compensation Strategy and Levers of Control Boundary Systems

23 Belief Systems Interactive Control Systems for Self-Study Appendix A: Notes on Compound Interest and Interest Tables 931 Interest Tables Table 1Future Amount of $1 Table 2Present Value of $1 Table 3Compound Amount (Future Value) of Annuity of $1 Table 4Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity of $1 Glossary Index Photo Credits