ELRF Collection EU ENERGY LAW AND POLICY ISSUES. Edited by Bram D e l v a u x Michael H u n t Kim T a l u s. Volume M l intersentia

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1 ELRF Collection EU ENERGY LAW AND POLICY ISSUES Edited by Bram D e l v a u x Michael H u n t Kim T a l u s Volume 4 91 M l intersentia Cam bridge - A ntw erp - Portland

2 CONTENTS rihe Energy Law Research F o ru m...v A bout the A u th o r s... xvii In tro d u c tio n... 1 C hapter I O pt-out Clauses for EU Energy Islands in the Third Liberalisation Package: Striking Balances? A drien de H auteclocque and Nicole A h n e r In tro d u c tio n The derogation regim e under the third package for energy is la n d s 5 A. Derogations for sm all isolated systems (electricity)... 6 B. Derogations for isolated m arkets (g as)... 9 C. Em ergent m arkets (gas) The specific derogations to unbundling rules for TSOS (gas and electricity) A. The unbundling regim e B. Express derogation from u n b u n d lin g The powers o f national regulators in isolated and em ergent m arkets: the case o f the C yprus gas m a rk e t A. The gas sector in C yprus B. Legal qualification of DEFA and the LNG Term inal C om pany pursuant to Directive 2009/ C. Rationale and application of the derogation system in the future C yprus gas m arket Express derogation D erogation for new infrastructure under Article 36: room for new powers to C E R A? Interim conclusion D. Rem aining powers o f CERA on the LNG term inal com pany and DEFA after tran sp o sitio n C o n c lu sio n In tersen tia Vll

3 C hapter II Regulatory Exem ptions for Electricity Interconnectors: the Experience of E xisting E uropean Cases Michael C u o m o In tro d u c tio n The exem ption m echanism Regulatory provisions from which a project may be exem pt Exem ption application procedure The existing EU exem ption c a se s A. EstLink (2005) B. BritNed (2007) C. East-W est Cables (2008) (Tm era ) D. Tarvisio-A rnoldstein (2010) C o n c lu sio n Chapter III Between Public and Private Responsibility for the M anagem ent of Spent Fuel and Radioactive W aste in EU M em ber States Jalcub H a n d r l i c a In tro d u c tio n Between public and private responsibility for m anagem ent o f SF and RAW: blurring borders betw een the polluter pays principle and the state s responsibility to p ro te c t A. Strategic perspective: SF and RAW as a m atter o f state interest B. Safety perspective: SF and RAW as a source o f r i s k C. Scientific an d technical perspective: SF and RAW as a scientific and technical challenge D. Financial perspective: SF and RAW as a challenge to long term financial m anagem ent E. Socio-political perspectives: SF an d RAW as a challenge for political c o m m itm e n t Between public and private responsibility for the m anagem ent of SF and RAW: international and European la w A. A llocation of responsibilities under international law The Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel M anagem ent and the Safety of Radioactive W aste M anagem ent of The Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of N uclear Energy of 1960 and its Protocol of 2004, the v iii

4 V ienna Convention on Civil Liability for N uclear Damage o f 1963 and its Protocol of B. A llocation of responsibilities under European la w Two reports on the m anagem ent of financial resources for the decom m issioning o f nuclear installations, spent fuel and radioactive waste (2004, 2007) Council Directive 2011/70/Euratom of 19 July 2011 establishing a C om m unity fram ework for the responsible and safe m anagem ent of spent fuel and radioactive w aste Between public and private responsibility for m anagem ent o f SF and RAW: situations in selected M em ber S tates A. Finland B. F ra n c e C. Czech R epublic D. Slovakia Conclusions C hapter IV C om petition Law and Nuclear Regulation: A European Perspective Rasa Pta sek a ite In tro d u c tio n The T F E U The Euratom T re a ty A. C om petition a s p e c ts B. State a id The interaction between the Euratom Treaty and the T F E U A. G eneral com petition r u le s B. State a id C o n c lu sio n C hapter V O pening Access to N uclear Facilities Cedric Degreef, W outer G eldhof and Michael H u n t... I l l 1. In tro d u c tio n... I l l 2. O pening access to nuclear facilities in France A. S tructure of the French electricity m arket B. TaR TA M C. The NOME Act and the ARENH D ecree O pening access to nuclear facilities in B elgium A. S tructure of the Belgian electricity m a rk e t ix

5 B. N uclear r e n t C. Postponed decom m issioning of Tihange Release p ro g ram m es Single Buyer D. D raw ing rights Regulated access to nuclear facilities as a public service obligation The right to p ro p e rty State a i d A. State aid to com peting producers/suppliers or other beneficiaries B. State aid to the operator of the nuclear power p la n t The Essential Facilities D octrine: an alternative way of opening access to nuclear facilities? C o n c lu sio n Chapter VI Non-EU National Investors Legal Status under the E uropean U nion Law after the Treaty of Lisbon O zgev A ius In tro d u c tio n Extended version of the European Union C om m on Com m ercial P o lic y The European Union energy policy: past, present and potential f u tu r e Non-EU national investor in the energy sector w ithin the E uropean Union M em ber States A short case study: "Hie Energy C harter Treaty and the European U n io n A. Investor-State d is p u te s B. State-State d is p u te C o n c lu sio n C hapter VII Legal Issues C oncerning the D ecentralised Energy P roduction Investm ent Clim ate: Subsidies, Tariffs and Priority Access and Dispatch Thom as D e r u y t t e r and W outer G e l d h o f In tro d u c tio n A. The renewable energy o b je c tiv e B. Electricity production from RES vs. decentralised production vs. distributed generation x

6 2. Issues affecting the investm ent clim ate in decentralised p ro d u ctio n A. Support - subsidies In tro d u c tio n Start-and-stop p o lic ie s Interm ediary conclu sio n B. Tariffs for grid u s e In tro d u c tio n Case s tu d y (a) Injection ta riff (b) Grid fee (c) Interm ediary conclusion Injection tariffs and capacity ta riffs (a) G eneral (b) Capacity tariff C om petent body Interm ediary co n clu sio n C. P riority access, guaranteed access, and priority d isp a tc h G en e ra l Priority access and guaranteed ac cess P riority of d isp a tc h C o n c lu sio n C hapter VIII Offshore Electricity Production: Does the C urrent EU Regime Provide Sufficient G uarantees to Investors? Anton M ing-zhi Ga o Introduction G eneral and cross-sector regim e A. Institutional design and com petent au th o rities Increasing energy com petence and intervention: from the European Econom ic C om m unity and European C om m unity to the European U nion O rganisational establishm ent: com petent authorities: effective distribution o f authorities B. Renewable energy and offshore electricity production policies xi

7 1. Offshore w ind policy M arine electricity C. G eneral legal regim e concerning offshore electricity generation Legal regim e for electricity supply and offshore electricity g e n e ratio n A. A pplication and deploym ent in the renewable energy m a rk e t Renewable energy-related directives O ther m echanism s to prom ote offshore electricity generation: parallel developm ent and conflict of different types of low -carbon technologies at the EU le v e l B. O ther incentives concerning offshore electricity p ro d u ctio n RD&D of renewable electricity an d offshore electricity tech n o lo g y State-aid rules and the developm ent of offshore renewables Renewable electricity and offshore renewable friendly grid in fra stru c tu re Tradition of cooperation in E u ro p e Rationalising the developm ent of offshore electricity production: environm ental legal re g im e A. E nvironm ental Im pact Assessm ent (EIA) & Strategic Environm ental Assessm ent (SEA) B. Habitat and bird p ro tectio n C. Noise Conclusion: a success story, but difficult to replicate C hapter IX Price Regulation in the Energy Sector in the EU - H ere to Stay? Cathy S u y k e n s and Bram D e l v a u x In tro d u c tio n Concept and h isto ry Legal fram ew ork and case law A. Overview of applicable provisions B. The nature of Article 3(2) of the Electricity and Gas D irectives C. Criteria for regulation of p r ic e s G en e ra l General econom ic interest in the m eaning of Article 106(2) of the TFEU Com pliance w ith the principle of p ro p o rtio n a lity x ii

8 4. Clearly defined, transparent, non discrim inatory and verifiable, and that they guarantee equal access for EU gas com panies to co n su m ers D. On the transnational/international le v el E. Reflections on the application o f Article 3 (2 ) Case Study: B elgium C o n tex t The safety n et (a) Ex post supervision on indexation p ara m ete rs 235 (b) Supervision on increase in p ric e s (c) T im efram e The tem porary freeze of variable p rices Validity o f m e asu res C o n c lu sio n C hapter X The Independence of the National Regulatory A uthority in the European Union Energy Law M ari M a t j u s In tro d u c tio n The NRA as a single, legally distinct e n tity The NR As independence from the governm ent The independence of the NRA s m anagem ent and other staff m e m b e rs C o n c lu sio n C hapter XI EU External Energy G overnance - An Internal Remedy? Johannes Th e i s s In tro d u c tio n Energy-specific circles of in flu e n c e A. Energy C o m m u n ity B. Energy C harter Treaty C. O ther energy-related fra m ew o rk s H y p o th eses C onstraints for the EU s external energy governance A. Accession conditionality B. Reserves and im port dependence C. Status of the internal energy m a rk e t X lll

9 D. O pportunities and risks for the IEM s co m p letio n C o n c lu sio n A c ro n y m s C hapter XII D elim itation of Com petences between M em ber States and the EU in the External Energy Field: the Case of the Caspian Region Slawomir R a s z e w s k i In tro d u c tio n External energy field Form alisation of the status q u o Prioritisation and its consequences Energy diplom acy and the C a sp ia n The Caspian and EC energy activism in the region European E xternal Action S ervice European Com m ission and the external energy field C o n c lu sio n C hapter XIII Insider T rading and M arket M anipulation in W holesale Energy M arkets: The Im pact of REM IT Regine F e l t k a m p In tro d u c tio n Business activities affected A. T rading in wholesale energy p ro d u c ts B. N on-applicability of certain provisions to certain financial in s tru m e n ts M arket integrity A. G eneral re m a rk s B. Insider trad in g Inside inform ation Prohibited a c t s Persons affected by the p rohibition C. M arket m anipulation T ransparency m easures under the R E M IT A. 'Ihe obligation to disclose inside inform ation B. T ransparency for supervision p u rp o se s G e n e ra l Transactional d a ta Fundam ental d a t a C o n c lu sio n x iv

10 C hapter XIV Regulation of Electricity Network Tariffs and the Principles o f Legal C ertainty and Legitimate Expectations M ikael W ä r n s b y and M adeleine E d q v i s t In tro d u c tio n The ex-ante tariff regulation The principles of legal certainty and legitim ate expectations Application of the connected principles to grid regulation A. The regulatory fram ew ork and legal certa in ty B. O n-going legal processes regarding the ex-ante regulation in Sweden C. Can the regulator change its own m ethodologies or p o lic y? C oncluding rem arks Intersen tia XV