SWEN 256 Software Process & Project Management

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1 SWEN 256 Software Process & Project Management

2 Software change is inevitable o New requirements emerge when the software is under development or being used o The business environment changes o Errors must be repaired, Risks mitigated o New equipment must be accommodated o The performance or reliability may have to be improved A key problem for organisations is implementing and managing change to their current projects and legacy systems

3 Sometimes change occurs during development that necessitates changes in scope o Approval of CCB (Change Control Board) and o Requires extensive planning o May require more time/resources (project triangle) Plan-driven methodologies may or may not have this built in (i.e. Spiral) or may be specifically built to resist change (i.e. Waterfall) Agile Methodologies embrace change o Scrum allows for change to the Product Backlog at any time, but manages risk by freezing the current Sprint Backlog Stakeholder Communication IS KEY

4 Software maintenance o Changes are made in response to changed requirements but the fundamental software structure is stable Architectural transformation o The architecture of the system is modified generally from a centralised architecture to a distributed architecture Software re-engineering o No new functionality is added to the system but it is restructured and reorganised to facilitate future changes These strategies may be applied separately or together

5 Law Description Cont inuing change A program that is used in a real-world environment neces sarily must change or become progress ively less useful in that environment. Increasing complexity As an evolving program changes, its st ruct ure tends to become more complex. Extra res ources must be devoted to pres erving and simplifying the s tructure. Large program evolut ion Program evolution is a s elf-regulating process. Syst em att ributes such as size, time between releas es and the number of reported errors are approximately invariant for each s ystem release. Organis ational st ability Over a program s lifet ime, its rate of development is approximately const ant and independent of the resources devot ed to sys tem development. Cons ervation of Over the lifetime of a sys tem, the incremental change familiarit y in each releas e is approximat ely constant.

6 This has not yet been established They are generally applicable to large, tailored systems developed by large organisations It is not clear how they should be modified for o Shrink-wrapped software products o Systems that incorporate a significant number of COTS components o Small organisations o Medium sized systems

7

8 Modifying a program after it has been put into use Maintenance does not normally involve major changes to the system s architecture Changes are implemented by modifying existing components and adding new components to the system

9 The system requirements are likely to change while the system is being developed because the environment is changing. Therefore a delivered system won't meet its requirements! Systems are tightly coupled with their environment. When a system is installed in an environment it changes that environment and therefore changes the system requirements. Systems MUST be maintained therefore if they are to remain useful in an environment

10 Maintenance to repair software faults o Changing a system to correct deficiencies in the way meets its requirements (Corrective Maintenance) Maintenance to adapt software to a different operating environment o Changing a system so that it operates in a different environment (computer, OS, etc.) from its initial implementation (Adaptive Maintenance) Maintenance to add to or modify the system s functionality o Modifying the system to satisfy new requirements (Perfective Maintenance)

11 F a u lt re pa i r (17 % ) S o ftw are a da p ta t io n (18 % ) F u nc t io na li ty a dd it io n or m o di fi c a ti on (65 % )

12 S p e ci fic a t io n Im pl e m e nt io n S ta rt R e le as e 1 O p e ra ti on V a li da t io n R e le as e 2 R e le as e 3

13 Usually greater than development costs (2* to 100* depending on the application) Affected by both technical and non-technical factors Increases as software is maintained. Maintenance corrupts the software structure so makes further maintenance more difficult. Ageing software can have high support costs (e.g. old languages, compilers etc.)

14 S y st e m 1 S y st e m $ D e v e lo pm e n t c os ts M a in te n a nc e c os ts

15 Team stability o Maintenance costs are reduced if the same staff are involved with them for some time Contractual responsibility o The developers of a system may have no contractual responsibility for maintenance so there is no incentive to design for future change Staff skills o Maintenance staff are often inexperienced and have limited domain knowledge Program age and structure o As programs age, their structure is degraded and they become harder to understand and change

16 Rather than think of separate development and maintenance phases, evolutionary software is software that is designed so that it can continuously evolve throughout its lifetime YES, but how/much?

17 Maintenance prediction is concerned with assessing which parts of the system may cause problems and have high maintenance costs o Change acceptance depends on the maintainability of the components affected by the change o Implementing changes degrades the system and reduces its maintainability o Maintenance costs depend on the number of changes and costs of change depend on maintainability

18 W h a t pa rts o f the sy ste m a re m os t li ke ly t o b e a ffe c te d by c ha n ge re qu e st s? P re di c ti ng m a in ta i na b il it y W h a t pa rt s o f t he s ys te m w i ll be t he m os t e x pe ns iv e t o m a i nt a in? P re di c ti ng sy st e m c ha n ge s P re di c ti ng m a in te n a nc e c os ts W h a t w i ll be th e li fe ti m e m a in te n a nc e c os ts of th is s ys te m? H o w m a ny c ha n ge re qu e st s c a n b e e xp e c te d? W h a t w i ll be th e c os ts o f m a in ta i ni ng t hi s s ys t em o ve r t he n e xt y e a r?

19 Predicting the number of changes requires an understanding of the relationships between a system and its environment Tightly coupled systems require changes whenever the environment is changed Factors influencing this relationship are o Number and complexity of system interfaces o Number of inherently volatile system requirements o The business processes where the system is used

20 Predictions of maintainability can be made by assessing the complexity of system components Studies have shown that most maintenance effort is spent on a relatively small number of system components Complexity depends on o Complexity of control structures o Complexity of data structures o Procedure and module size

21 Process measurements may be used to assess maintainability o Number of requests for corrective maintenance o Average time required for impact analysis o Average time taken to implement a change request o Number of outstanding change requests If any or all of these is increasing, this may indicate a decline in maintainability

22 There is a need to convert many legacy systems from a centralised architecture to a client-server architecture Change drivers o Hardware costs. Servers are cheaper than mainframes o User interface expectations. Users expect graphical user interfaces (CLI GUI) o Distributed access to systems. Users wish to access the system from different, geographically separated, computers

23 Factor Business importance System age System structure Hardware procurement policies Description Returns on the investment of distributing a legacy system depend on its importance to the business and how long it will remain important. If distribution provides more efficient support for stable business processes then it is more likely to be a cost-effective evolution strategy. The older the system the more difficult it will be to modify its architecture because previous changes will have degraded the structure of the system. The more modular the system, the easier it will be to change the architecture. If the application logic, the data management and the user interface of the system are closely intertwined, it will be difficult to separate functions for migration. Application distribution may be necessary if there is company policy to replace expensive mainframe computers with cheaper servers..

24 Ideally, for distribution, there should be a clear separation between the user interface, the system services and the system data management In practice, these are usually intermingled in older legacy systems

25 U s e r i nt e rfa c e U s e r i nt e rfa c e S e rvi c e s S e rvi c e s D a t a ba s e D a t a ba s e Ide a l m o de l for di st rib ut io n R e a l le g a c y s ys te m s

26 St ra t egy A dva nt age s D is adva nt age s Imp lem e nta tion A cc e ss to a ll UI f unc tion s so no P la tf o rm dep e ndent u s ing th e w indow re a l re s tri ct ions on UI de s ign M ay be m o re di ffi cul t to ach ieve m a nage m ent Be tte r UI pe rf o rm ance in te rf a c e con s is te ncy s ys tem Imp lem e nta tion P la tf o rm ind e penden t P oten tia lly poo re r UI u s ing a w eb Lo w e r tr ain ing co s ts due to u s e r pe rf o rm anc e b ro w ser fa m il ia rity w ith th e WWW Int erf ac e des ign i s con s tra ined E a sie r to a chi e ve int erf ac e by th e f ac ili tie s p rovid e d by web con s is te ncy b ro w ser s

27 The costs of software change usually exceed the costs of software development Factors influencing maintenance costs include staff stability, the nature of the development contract, skill shortages and degraded system structure Architectural evolution is concerned with evolving centralised to distributed architectures A distributed user interface can be supported using screen management middleware

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