State Bank of Pakistan Development Finance Conference

Transcription

1 State Bank of Pakistan Development Finance Conference Expanding Agri/Rural Finance Products and Services Benedicto S. Bayaua Secretary-General APRACA

2 ABOUT APRACA Asia-Pacific Rural and Agricultural Credit Association (APRACA) - 57 member financial institutions and finance-related agencies - in 23 Asian countries

3 Expanding Outreach of Rural Financial Institutions

4 Topic Coverage defining rural finance, agricultural finance and outreach the building blocks of a sustainable outreach concluding statements

5 Rural finance- among the most powerful weapons to fight chronic poverty.

6 improve the living conditions of the rural areas

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9 Defining rural finance provision of financial services credit, savings, payments, and insurance to rural individuals, households, and enterprises, both farm and non-farm, at all income levels.

10 Dialogue with farmers

11 Agricultural finance as a subset of rural finance, involves financing agricultural and agri-related related related activities

12 input supply, production

13 processing, value-addition addition

14 transporting, distribution, marketing

15 Outreach refers to the provision of rural products and services to the rural areas, the access of the rural workers to these products and services and the absorptive capacities to utilize these products and services

16 four building blocks of outreach 1. defining the target clientele 2. building a diversified rural financial infrastructure 3. promoting a conducive policy and regulatory environment 4. fostering stakeholder participation in rural finance

17 1. Defining the Target Clientele farmer to refer to all land-based workers (in farmlands, upland, forest)

18 Fishermen: refers to all water-based workers (in coastal waters, deep sea, rivers, lakes,etc.)

19 Category of Target Clients Commercial farmers/fishermen Value adding Or sme-linked or owning Self-sufficient, small surplus farmers/fishermen Subsistence farmers/fishermen Marginal farmers/fishermen

20 Commercial farmers/fishermen commercial farmers/fishermen, corporate farmers/fishermen and large cooperatives - with large tract of land, - whose rural activities have achieved an economy of scale that is linked to world markets

21 Value-adding, adding, SME-linked or owning farmers/fishermen small to medium scale farmers/fishermen as well as cooperatives and self-help groups which have - expanded their activities beyond production, toward processing and marketing, albeit on a smaller scale - are linked to the domestic market or to international trade through traders

22 top of the pyramid By all indications, these top two categories are financially self-sufficient sufficient and are linked to the mainstream commercial banking system

23 middle of the pyramid small farmers/fishermen above subsistence - self-sufficient sufficient with surplus - own a piece of land - able to pay financial obligations

24 May slide down to the lower level if.

25 there is a need for full support and continuous access

26 Subsistence farmers/fishermen - may own a piece of land but this can hardly make both ends meet. - may also be tenants, share-croppers, landless agricultural labourers. However, are considered bankable or capable of self-sufficiency - an ideal area for expanding outreach

27 Marginal farmers/fishermen perennially financially deficit socially excluded disadvantaged geographically disenfranchised away from socio-economic centers live in calamity-prone areas.

28 Women at a disadvantage

29 Dilemma: how low in the pyramid

30 Horizontal expansion or vertical intensification or

31 BAAC CREDIT TECHNOLOGY JOINT LIABILITY GROUP GUARANTEE IN GROUP - BASED LENDING A F B E C BAAC serves about 96% of agri farm households D

32 Targeting: does it work? selective targeting differentiation priority sector

33 2. Building a diversified rural financial structure

34 An ordinary market 1 sellers 2 buyers consumers

35 as the market grows External players government donors 1 sellers traders 2 buyers consumers wholesale truckers warehouse others

36 ordinary financial transaction Saver (surplus) Borrower (deficit)

37 A rural financial market Other external players savings Financial intermediary government borrowers donors traders Money lenders Agrocorporations others

38 Need for appropriate organizational structure appropriate systems and procedures appropriate strategies Strong human resource Appropriate products and services

39 infusion of cheap funds Other external players savings Financial intermediary government borrowers donors traders Money lenders Agrocorporations others

40 Rural Credit in India - Institutional Structure Reserve Bank of India NABARD Government of India Co-operative Banks SCHD Comm. Banks (84) Regional Rural Banks (95) Short Term Structure Long Term Structure Metropolitan Branches (11263) Metropolitan Branches (6) SCBs (31) SCARDBs (20) Urban Branches (12008) Urban Branches (560) Branches (823) DCCBs (367) Branches (1219) PCARDBs (727) Semi-Urban Branches (15370) Semi-Urban Branches (2203) Branches (12407) Branches (689) PACS ( approx) Rural Branches (30776) Rural Branches (11731)

41 BAAC CLIENT BASE 2 ENTREPRENEURS (SMEs) BORROWERS 1 FARMERS AGRICULTUREAL COOPERATIVES FARMERS ASSOCIATIONS ASSOCIATIONS BORROWERS COMMUNITY ENTERPRISE BORROWERS 3 4 VILLAGE FUND BORROWERS LOCAL ADMINISTRATION BORROWERS 5

42 BRI Application Architecture Management Support System Core Banking System Delivery System BRI MANAGEMENT Business Analysis : - Financial & Control - Asset & Liabilities - Performance Msr. - Risk Management -Customer Relationship Business Support : - HR System - Fixed Asset System - Procurement System - Project Mgt System - Workflow (O A) RETAIL & MICRO -Loan (Com & Consumer) -Deposits (DD, TD) -Remittance -Customer Inf. File -GL System WHOLESALE -Trade Finance -Treasury System -Investment BRANCH CHANNEL - Branch - Micro Branch E-CHANNEL -ATM -Call Center (PB) -POS/EFT -Kiosk -Internet Banking -Mobil Banking -Third Party interchanges Customer Relationship Management System & Network Infrastructure CUSTOMERS PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia

43 Other lagging RFIs In most cases, where the government- owned rural financial institutions are heavily supported, these RFIs lagged behind and microfinancial institutions (MFIs( MFIs) ) sprouted.

44 Cambodia and Nepal Emergence of NGO-microfinance providers and NGO-MFIs

45 No single best type There are different types of financial institutions in Asia today and given each country s s cultural diversity and historicity, there appears to be no single best type.

46 In marginal areas In marginal areas, small self-help groups, which are savings- oriented and operate at nominal costs, appear to be suitable. In high potential areas with surplus agriculture and profitable rural micro- enterprise activities, rural banks, large financial cooperatives and big agricultural/commercial bank branches may be suitable

47 Outreach Structures wholesale financing institutions, linking with retail financing institutions

48 Retail financial institutions micro-finance institutions (Cambodia, India) small farmers cooperatives (Nepal) rural banks (Philippines) regional rural banks (India) cooperatives (Thailand) commercial banks (Sri Lanka).

49 Subsidiaries Land Bank through the People s s Credit Finance Corporation Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development through the Vietnam Bank for the Social Policy Bangladesh through the Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation

50 Branches and offices BAAC through its branches and field offices BRI through its Unit Desas Sanasa Development Bank through its thrift and cooperative societies Bank BUKOPIN through its cooperative network,

51 Conceptualization of a self-help group A SMALL ECONOMICALLY HOMOGONEOUS AND AFFINITY GROUP OF RURAL POOR VOLUNTARILY COMING TOGETHER TO SAVE SMALL AMOUNTS REGULARLY CONFLICT SOLVING THROUGH COLLECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND MUTUAL DISCUSSION USE OWN FUNDS FOR INTERNAL LENDING SELF HELP GROUP COLLATERAL FREE LOANS WITH TERM DECIDED BY THE GROUP TO MEET THEIR SMALL / EMERGENT NEEDS ACCESS BANK LOANS FOR IGA COLLECTIVE DECISION MAKING MARKET DRIVEN RATES OF INTEREST

52 Links with semi-formal groups linkages with existing informal grassroot structures, such as farmers associations, production credit groups or semi-formal institutions such as women s s unions and cooperatives.

53 Links with informal lenders Hatton National Bank linking with villages through prominent individuals and leaders, loosely called barefoot bankers (Gami Pubuduwa Scheme)

54 Corporative In the Philippines, a rural bank had experimented with an agricultural joint- venture called a corporative, built on the concept of shared capital and ownership between the bank and the rural clients, The rural bank and the rural clients own the corporation at the start. The rural clients buy the bank s s share on a pre-agreed term and time,

55 Mobile Banking Rural financial institutions also reach out to inaccessible highlands and mountainous areas, through their mobile banking services (various highland development projects) or through service posts (BRI), where banking services are offered not daily but weekly.

56 Caveat - the geographic expansion (creating field offices, branching) and the formation of small farmers' groups should be done at an appropriate pace so as not to jeopardize an institution's implementation capabilities. A too rapid expansion may lead to inadequate supervision, poor control and limited interaction and into loan defaults and an increase in the number of passive small farmers' groups.

57 Risk mitigating structures Finally, let us look at the structure of risk mitigation, which are provided by insurance agencies, guarantee mechanisms, product pledging, warehousing receipts, contract farming, joint marketing linkages between rural financial institutions and farmer clients.

58 3. creation of a conducive policy environment and regulatory framework.

59 Transformation of agricultural development banks Restructuring, reform to strengthen outreach Some reform strategies include: privatization, autonomy in management, opening ownership to clients, expansion of mandate

60 Policy on scaling up, conversion, transformation NGOs and MFIs can move into mainstream banking

61 Policy on networks, apex services In line with comprehensive regulatory framework, MFI networks and apex services of networks are being promoted in many countries. Many rural financial institutions are now able to conduct allied banking activities

62 Policy on branching Relaxation on the policy of branching has expanded outreach and converted branches into profit centers

63 Policy on ownership Expanding ownership of rural financial institutions provided financial incentives to rural clients.

64 Policy on governance A strong policy on corporate governance and transparency provides a shield for anomalies that may arise.

65 Policy on products and services Design of services taking ease and cost- saving efforts into consideration. New products (Govisarupatha( Credit Card for Farmers by Seylan Bank) to enable small farmers to purchase their agricultural needs without having to go personally to the banks Inclusion of non-financial services

66 Policy on capitalization Policies on minimum capitalization of small rural financial institutions (such as in Philippines, Cambodia, and Indonesia) provide impetus for an expanded outreach.

67 Policy on supervision A clear policy on supervision by regulatory authorities or an apex body and on self- regulation through second-tier authorities, including mandatory and voluntary adoption of prudential norms can enhance outreach.

68 4. Participation When stakeholders, including the poor, participate in the development of the rural financial system, outreach is enhanced. Such as in the support given by universities, extension agencies, research institutes, NGOs and the private business sector.

69 Concluding statement

70 Where do we go from here?

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75 And finally, Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.

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