Index. bad employment performance 69 baseline bias 297 8
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1 Index affirmative action 6 analytical variables 31 annual data 35 6 anti-discrimination laws 6 Australia employment level 3 men s employment 5 women s employment 5 Austria employment change 3 men s employment 5, , 199 autocorrelation 44 Durbin s M test 44 average effect of treatment on the treated 297 average treatment effect 296 bad employment performance 69 baseline bias Belgium men s employment 5, , 199 between-country variation 41 see also individual countries and parameters Boolean analysis 1 breadwinner state part-time employment British Household Panel Survey 227 Canada 210,
2 316 Index Canada Continued men s employment 5, , 199 case studies 14 causal complexity 95, 120 causal conditions 72 4 fuzzy-set scores vs raw values 73 causal configurations 67 causal effects 169 political regimes causal necessity 150, 160 causal pathways 14, 82 causal relations 161 3, 169 causal sufficiency 9, 10, 150, 160 family policies childcare provision 5, 92, 142, 151, 152, 204, and women s educational attainment 203 and women s employment 142 4, 200 see also individual countries children, and employment rate clearly conforming cases 82 clearly not conforming cases 82 Cobb-Douglas economy 291 coefficient of determination 13 comparative analysis 35 comparative employment performance 2 6 fuzzy-set analysis compliers average causal effects (CACE) 20,, 156 estimation of women s employment conceptual map 267 conditional mean independence consistency scores 13, 76, 79 consumption taxes 72, 86, 88 coordinated market economies 267, counterfactual cases 77 country dummies 208, 209 covariates 299 coverage score 13, 79 80, 82 raw coverage 79 unique coverage cross-sectional analysis cultural factors in women s employment cumulative indices 41 cumulative left cabinet incumbency 138, 148, 151, 152, 155, 158, 160, 163, 174 day care see childcare provision Denmark 198, 199, 271
3 Index 317 deterministic relationships 8 detrending 36 Durbin s M test 44 early-exit rate men 273, 274 women 274, 275 early-exit regimes 22, comparative analysis partnership (mediation) 266 7, 268 production (push) 261, 262, protection (pull) 261, 264, earnings inequality 86 economic growth 32 economic outcomes 31 economic structure, and women s employment 94 educational attainment of women 201 2, 203 employment change 3, 71 by causal configuration 83, 84 cross-country variation 71 4 fuzzy-set scores vs raw values 71 low-end private sector services 70 poor performance 86 employment population ratio 230 employment protection regulations 42, 72, 88 private sector consumer services 50 1 and replacement rate 51, 56 employment rate 2 6, 32 decline in effect of political regime low-wage sector men 5, 198, 269 and presence of children private sector consumer services women see women s employment encompassing comparison 267 estimand 297 estimators European Community Household Panel 227 European Employment Strategy 224, 246 European Union Directive 97/81/EC 233 Part-Time Directive 246 family policies 4 5, 102 7, , 214 causal sufficiency and women s employment 20, , see also individual countries female friendliness 135 Finland 210, 211 men s employment 5, , 199 first differencing 36 Fisher test for nonstationarity 39, 41 fixed unit effects 46, 209 France childcare provision 102 3, 151, 152,
4 318 Index France Continued Comité du Travail Féminin 108, 122 cultural factors dénatalité 114 dépopulation 114 economic factors family policy labor market policies loi Roudy 109 maternity leave 102, 150, 212 Ministere des Droits de la Femme 122 Mouvement Démocratique Féminin 108 parental care leave 103, 121 part-time employment 99 single salary allowance 102 women s employment 5, 97, 98, 99, 107 8, 154, 198, 199, 271 work and family values 101 free choice 115 full-time work for women 98, 99 fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis 9, 12, 18, 20, advantages of 67 8 goodness-of-fit tests 160, 161, membership scores outcome women s employment gender employment gap 221 2, 223 gender equality 136, 141 gendered job creation 136, 138 gendered roles 117, 140 German Socio-Economic Panel 227 Germany 210, 211 employment population ratio , 199, , 271 women s labor market status 236 globalization global variables 31 golden handshakes 282 goodness-of-fit tests 160, 161, 176 7, Greece heteroskedasticity 43, 49 ideals of care 94 identifying assumptions 296 institutional complementarity 265
5 Index 319 institutionalist approach 264 institutional variables 33, 34 institutions 31 instrumental variables intention-to-treat analysis 153, Ireland employment change 3, 83 men s employment 5, 198, , 199, 271 Italy 198, 199, 271 Japan early-exit regimes men s employment 5, 269 partial exit model 284 women s employment 5, 271 labor force growth labor market institutions 4, labor market policies labor market rigidities 4 labor market status of women 236, labor share 294 last in-first out rules 282 left governance 148, 163, 164 high levels 167 impact on policy low levels 165 liberal market economies 266, 267, 282 lock-in effects 34 low earnings inequality 72 low-end wages 4 low-wage sector employment autoregression 40 cross-sectional and time variance components 40 main variables 39 nonstationarity 41
6 320 Index macrocomparative analysis 6 macro-comparison 1 2 macro-level variables 30 8 manipulability market outcomes 46 matching maternity leave 139, 140, 144 5, 150, 204, 212 and women s educational attainment 203 and women s employment 200 see also individual countries membership scores for fuzzy-set analysis men early-exit rate 273, 274 employment 5, 198, 269 method of agreement 16 method of difference 15 methodology 6 18 Mill, John Stuart method of agreement 16 method of difference 15 motherhood and employment 22 lone mothers reinforcement of role 117 see also women s employment multicollinearity 54 multiple pathways 68 nearly always sufficient condition 10, 11 necessary condition 16 necessity 9, 10 Netherlands Adjustment of Hours Act 112 Breed Platform 116 childcare provision 104 6, 113, 151, 152, cultural factors Emancipatiekommissie 116, 122 employment population ratio 230 Equal Treatment Act 111 family policies 104 7, 214 labor market policies maternity leave 102, 106, 150, 212 parental sharing 107 part-time clause 232 part-time employment 99 single mothers Stimulation Measure on Childcare 105 Wassenaar agreement 232 welfare restructuring 111 welfare system 104 women s employment 5, 97, 98, 99, 154, 198, 199, , 271 women s labor market status 236 Work and Care Act (2001) 121 work and family values 101 new institutionalism 290 New Zealand employment change 3 men s employment 5 women s employment 5 non-independence bias nonstationarity 38 9, 41, 44, 46 Nordic countries see Denmark; Finland; Norway; Sweden Norway 210, 211
7 Index 321 men s employment 5, , 199 omitted variable bias 86 ordinal comparison 14, 263, 285 OSA Labor Supply Panel 227 panel data 29, 63 4 parental care leave 5, 103, 121, 144, see also maternity leave parental sharing 107 partial exit model 284 partnership (mediation) regimes 266 7, 268 part-time employment 6 breadwinner determinants as coping strategy women 98, 99, 100, 223 4, 226 pay equality 42 payroll taxes 72, 86, 88 pension schemes public-private mix 265 period-demeaning 36 policy variables 31, 32, 34 political economic variables employment regulation 42 low-wage sector employment pay equality 42 reservation wage 41 2 political regimes effect on employment and per capital income 306 pooled regression 7 9, 18 limitations of 8 9 see also regression analysis Portugal men s employment 5 women s employment 5 post-treatment bias potential exposability 299 potentially conforming cases 82 Prais-Winston transformation 46 pre-school childcare see childcare provision principal components analysis 204 principal factor analysis 204 private sector consumer services annual variation 47, 62 cross-sectional analysis employment protection regulations 50 1, 56 long-time changes 48, 55 low-end, employment rate 70 pooled analysis 42 8, 57 9 replacement rate 43, 45, 56, 59, 60, 61 process tracing 14, 95 production (push) regimes 261, 262, 265 6, 268, productivity, and wage growth 293 protection (pull) regimes 261, 264, 265, 266, 268, public childcare see childcare provision public sector employment 6, 72, 73, 88, 204 expansion of women 94, 137 9, 162, 200, 213 and women s educational attainment 203 see also individual countries
8 322 Index qualitative comparative analysis 1, 7, 9 13, 196 crisp-set 9 fuzzy-set 9, 12, 18, 20, limitations 12 ratchet effects 34 raw coverage 79 regression analysis bivariate multivariate see also pooled regression relative risk ratio 229 remainders 77 replacement rate 43, 59, 60, 61 and employment regulations 51, 56 panel models 45 scores 59 reservation wage 41 2 school scheduling 92 selection bias 23 self-selection bias 298 single mothers 100 1, single salary allowance 102 small-n analysis 1, 7, social care 135 social democratic governance social policy 93 solution sets 77 8 Spain employment change 3 men s employment 5 women s employment 5 stable unit treatment value structural variables 31 subsidiarity 96 sufficient condition 16 Sweden childcare provision 140, 151, 152, 198, 199 Switzerland employment change 3 men s employment 5 women s employment 5 taxation policies 6 and women s employment 93 4 tendential relationships 8 The OECD Jobs Study 4 threshold effects 34 time series 36 time-series regression 1 transitional labor market 224 truth tables 74 6 UK
9 Index 323 employment population ratio 230 Job Release Scheme , 199, , 271 women s labor market status 236 Working Hours Adjustment Act 235 unemployment benefits 73, 84, 88 unemployment rate 32 unique coverage unit homogeneity unobservables, selection on USA early-exit regimes , 199, 271 vector space 74 voluntarist bargaining systems 267 wage growth 72, 86 and productivity 293 wage levels 4 women 93 4 welfare systems 93, 104 see also family policies Why We Need a Welfare State 135 women childcare role 22, 221, 275 educational attainment 201 2, 203, 216 employment preferences 201, labor market status 236, marginalization of public sector jobs 6 wage levels 93 4 working hours 247 women s employment 5, 20, 136, 141 6, 271 CACE analysis causal relations 161 3, 200 childcare provision 142 4, 200 cross-country comparisons 154 cultural factors and economic structure 94 and educational attainment 216 explanatory model of 120 factors shaping 92 5 family policies affecting 20, , full-time 98, 99
10 324 Index women s employment Continued fuzzy-set analysis maternity leave 200 mothers see mothers part-time 98, 99, 100, 223 4, 226 patterns of 94, 197 8, with pre-school children 142 public sector 94, 137 9, 162, 200 single mothers 100 1, taxation policies 93 4 see also individual countries work and family values 101 importance of work family conflicts 135, 226
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