Index. J Judgmental autonomy auditing, 64 job satisfaction, professional, 61 sympathetic audience, 62

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1 Index A Accountability agonistic pluralism, compensation patterns, 101 corporate legitimation, disclosures, 101 employee benefits and turnover, 103 environmental actions, 210 ethic (see Ethic of accountability) financial statements, 102 free market, 102 full-time and part-time employees, 104 legitimation, 211 measures, corporation s impact, 102 non-business expenses (see Non-business expenses, income inequality) offshoring, pay disparity, relationship with Unions, 104 second information, 109 shadow reports, outsiders, 109 and social accounting, stock market volatility, 101 stock option, 101 taxation information (see Taxation information, income inequality) and transparency, 212 Accounting autonomy demands, practice community, public interest dedication, self-regulation, profession, specialized knowledge, Accounting knowledge and accounting professionalism, 129, 133 development, 122, 132 expert, 129 and ideals, 127 interventions, social groups, 131 social processes, 130 solidarity, 134 technical, 124 Accounting profession American accounting research, doctoral education, 145 economic resources, 144 high-quality journals, 145 non-conventional approaches, positivist, public interest, 143 social science approaches ( see Social science approaches, accounting profession) symbolic discourse, 144 Agonistic pluralism accounting and accountability, 84, 85 and communicative action, democratic processes, 82 differentiation, 82, 83 and diversity, 83 ethic of accountability, 83, framework, 83, 84 interrogation, market rationality, 84 neo-liberal market logics, principles, 85 relationships, 82, 84 social actors, 84 social and political identities, 82 transparency, 85 values, 88 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), 5, 21, 57 S. Mintz (ed.), Accounting for the Public Interest: Perspectives on Accountability, Professionalism and Role in Society, Advances in Business Ethics Research 4, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

2 274 Index Assurance of CSR reporting, 191 Auditing profession accounting, 5 autonomy, 5 6 code of conduct, 4 description, 3 professionalism (see Professionalism) public interest, 4, 5 recommendations (see Recommendations, audit profession) regulation, 5 specialized knowledge, 5 Autonomy demands accountants, professionals job and satisfaction, 61 self-regulation, 61 socialization, 61 C Changes responsibilities, public interest, 39 structural (see Structural change) tax accounting (see Tax accounting profession) tax profession (see Tax accounting profession) Communicative action control, goods, services, employment and investment opportunities, human condition, 81 markets, 81 norms and values, community, 80 private property rights, 81 public interest, 81 purpose, 80 validity claims, 80 Conceptual framework. See Financial reporting Confrontation, Consequentialism, Corporate disclosure, 213 Corporate social responsibility (CSR) accountancy profession, 177 accounting practice, 192 assurance services, 191 characterization, 93 definition, 92 description, 177 early years, and environmental accounting, environmental management, 178 FASB and IASB, financial accounting standards, 193 financial reporting, 178 frameworks and guidelines, 198 human rights, information and financial information, 194 integrated corporate reporting (see Integrated corporate reporting) labor practices and decent work, 197 mandatory vs. voluntary disclosures, monitoring agencies, 94 organizational governance, 178 policies, 93 private affair, 93 public interest, 93 risk management, 196 social accounting committee establishment, 93 society, stakeholder engagement, stakeholder group, stakeholders, 93 truthfulness, 94 Counter accounting, 131 Critical academic accounting literature, 143 and normative approaches, 153 organization theory, 149 perspective and corporate social responsibility, 155 perspectives approach, CSR. See Corporate social responsibility (CSR) D Decision usefulness, 169 Deprofessional erosion aggressive tax shelters, 35 commercialism, mid-1960s, 31 developments, 31 framework, tax profession, 31 fraud triangle model, 31 incentives, income splitting schemes, Australia, 35 international tax evasion schemes, 36 KPMG s tax shelter, 35 loss of public interest, 35 offshore credit card schemes, 36 opportunities, 32 public confidence, tax system, 35 public interest ideals, 31 rationalization, sales tax, UK, 35 self-interested revenue, 35

3 Index 275 tax evasion, Russia, 35 tax havens and banking secrecy, 36 Deprofessionalization academic inquiry, 67 accounting, economic and political forces, 67 economic and social, education, 67 hybrid rationalities, 67 modalities, practice, 67 Dialogics accounting, 88 communicative action (see Communicative action) criteria, 79 and debate, 87 democratic institutions, 79 engagement, 86 means, 79 process, 87 review, 85 Dissent, Duty auditing, 3 codes of conduct and authoritative standards, 3 ethical decision-making (see Ethical decision-making) profession (see Professionalism) E Economic and social consequences macro-economic considerations, social consequences of inequality, Enforcement Australia, books and records provisions utilization, 237 progress, and prosecutions, 238 UK, USA, 238 Environmental disclosure description, environmental performance (see Environmental performance) legitimacy theory, VDT, Environmental performance controlling, size and industry, corporate, and disclosure, 207 evidence, information, nature, optimism, 208 SEC, 204 ERC. See Ethics Resource Center (ERC) Ethical decision-making auditors virtue, 9 awareness, 10 balancing, 9 benefits, 9 CPA s calculations, 9 differences, perspectives, 7 9 dissent and confrontation, framework, 6 7 IFAC guidance, 6 investigation, 10 KPMG tax, 9 10 language, 9 obligations, auditor, processes, 6 profession principles, 9 requirement, 6 self-assessment and professionalism, truth-telling (see Truth-telling) Ethic of accountability agonistic pluralism, 83, business and accounting, 77 communicative action, 80 corporate management, 78 governmental regulatory institution, 79 organizational management, 79 relationship, 78 rights and responsibilities, society, social contract and integration, 79 transparent, 79 Ethics and accounting, 149 disciplinary actions, 150 profession, 148 Ethics Resource Center (ERC), 247 F Facilitation payments acceptability, 228 accounting provisions and law enforcement, anti-bribery Convention, bribery, 242 corporate policy and practice, corruption and bribery, 219 enforcement (see Enforcement) foreign bribery (see Foreign bribery) foreign public officials, 220 illicit payments, OECD position changing,

4 276 Index Facilitation payments ( cont. ) policy-makers, public interest, 220 rationale, acceptability, regulatory language and accounting provisions ( see Regulatory language and accounting provisions) FCPA. See Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) Financial crime, 224 Financial reporting conceptual reporting frameworks, and CSR reporting, 182 elements, recognition and measurement, FEE, 188 GRI s legitimacy, 182 IASB and FASB, 183 investors and creditors, 187 potential, corporate report, 183 reporting guidelines, GRI s, 187 stakeholders, 187 Foreign bribery fault element, 225 FCPA, legislative provisions, , OECD convention, offence, physical element, Prevention of Corruption Act 1906, 225 recipient, 227 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) accounting requirements, 235 corporate and commercial sector, 223 legal acceptability, facilitation payments, 229 OECD members, 223 provisions, 225 public exposure, 223 United States businesses, Functionality of professions, 164 I ICAEW. See Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW) IIRC. See International Integrated Reporting Committee (IIRC) Incentives analysis description, 43 economic, ethics, legal, Income inequality accounting (see Accounting) corporation behaviors, CSR (see Corporate social responsibility (CSR)) economic and social consequences (see Economic and social consequences) functions, corporations, 110 GAAP, 91 macro-economic, political process, 92 public interest, 91 rich and poor, 91 social consequences, stakeholders, 110 United States balance and stability, labour and corporations, 95 basic bargain and economic growth, 95 CEO compensation, 97 corporate, education and unemployment, 95 instituted programs, government, lower wages and productivity, 96, 97 neoliberalism, s -mid-late 1970s, 95, 109 supply and demand, wages, 96 Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), Integrated corporate reporting economic decision-making, financial reporting ( see Financial reporting) global reporting initiative, 180 IIRC, SEC, 180 Integrated reporting, 180, 181 International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) accounting function, 170 code of ethics, 122 contemporary conventional economic theory, 167 democratic society, public interest, 171 description, 161 economics, 168 efficient functioning, 172 global capital markets, 167 hunter-gatherer societies, and ICAEW,

5 Index 277 Incan system, 170 market capitalism, Nicomachean ethics, 169 policy, international standard setting, professional accountants, 166 professions and public interest, proposal, public interest, , 163 serving clients and public interest, 166 International Integrated Reporting Committee (IIRC), 181 J Judgmental autonomy auditing, 64 job satisfaction, professional, 61 sympathetic audience, 62 L Legitimacy theory business and society, 202 changes, 203 corporations, social and political exposures, 203 N Neoliberalism consequences, 94 US, Non-business expenses, income inequality Corporation s responsibility, lobbying, 108, 109 political contributions, 109 social objectives, 108 Non-conventional approaches, accounting profession accounting perspective, 152 corporate social responsibility, 154 positivist, O Organization theory approaches, 151 P Paulhus s Impression Management Subscale, PCAOB. See Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) Perceptions of whistleblowers accounting classes, additional analysis, 262 analysis, 257 breakdown, comments, 259 business dishonesty, 248 colleges, comments categories, comments variables, description, 247 ERC, 247 ethical behavior, 251 gender and whistle blowing, grade level, individuals, 257 participants, 254 past and future, positive, model, 258 probability, 248 questionable behavior, 252 Rest s model, 264 sample breakdown and perceptions breakdown, 260 SDRB, student cheat, 248 student s comments, 258 survey questionnaires, variables, virtues, 265 Pluralism agonistic (see Agonistic pluralism) communicative action ( see Communicative action) democratization, 75 description, expert knowledge and professional responsibilities, 76 principles, 77 professional legitimacy, 75 public interest, reflective and communicative activities, 76 social welfare, 76 Positivist, 145 Practice community accounting and functions, construction, 55 customs and historic legacy, 56 degree of equality, 56 monitoring, 56 personal identity, superiority, 56 technical expertise, Profession. See Tax accounting profession

6 278 Index Professional accounting characteristics, 118 corporate and business, 119 developments, firms and organizations, 118, 119 professionalism (see Professionalism) prospects, 121 public confidence, 119 and public interest, 119 self-interests, 118 self-regulation, 118 SOX, Professionalism AICPA publication, 51 autonomy (see Judgmental autonomy) business organizations, 66 contradictions, 65 critical traits, 51 deprofessionalization (see Deprofessionalization) developments, 66 economic rationality, 65 identity, 52 IFAC and AICPA, 5 integration, 66 international firms, 51 knowledge (see Specialized knowledge) measures, movement and processes, 67 observation, degree of tension, 65 practice community (see Practice community) privatization, 66 privileges, 51 protection, 65 public interest (see Public interest dedication) self-assessment, self-regulation (see Self-regulation, profession) skill, 4 5 social change, 65 and society, 117 Professionalism and public interest accounting, 165 definitive formulation, 121 economistic and technical approach, 124 elements, equality principle, 164 ICAEW framework, IFAC, legal proceeding, 165 measures, 121 medical knowledge, 164 Pathways Commission, 124 social trustee, 123 SOX, 124 stakeholders, 123 Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), 20 Public interest and autonomy, 4 business and accounting, 77 characteristic, 5 decision-making, 10 dissent and confrontation, 16, 17 ethics rules, 5 evaluation, economic institutions, 79 factors, groups, 86 human condition, IFAC, 8 income inequality, 91, 93 meaning, 75, 76, 122 moral responsibility, society, 76 obligations, 122 outcome, 5 pluralistic societies, 83 principle, 5 and profession (see Professional accounting) professional legitimacy, 75 professional responsibilities, 3 5, 18 record keeping, 235 responsibilities (see Responsibilities, public interest) responsibilities, ethic of accountability, 76 skill, values, and duty, 5 and social accounting ( see Social accounting) social responsibilities, 8 societal objectives, 81 truth-telling, 12, 14, 15 Public interest dedication accountants, investments, education and skill development, 64 merger, convenience colonize, 64 positive contributions, practitioners, 63 services, 63 social contract, 64 R Recommendations, audit profession AICPA, 21 disclosure and tracking mechanisms, 19 evaluation, accounting firms, 19 functions, 19

7 Index 279 IFAC, 19 objectivity, 20 obligations, 18 outside directors, 21 PCAOB inspections, 20 review, self-interest, Transparency Report, 20 Regulatory language and accounting provisions FCPA, OECD Convention, public interest (see Public interest) SEC, 235 Responsibilities, public interest accounting scandals, 39 actors, 39 AICPA, 29 client advocacy, 29 commercial interests, 30 dual obligations, tax professionals, 29 financial transactions, 30 functioning tax system, 30 IRS, judgment, 46 literature, profession, 29 private corporations, 30 public authorities, 30 real change, 39 reform, accounting research and education, 40 regulation and protection, tax practitioners, 30 regulatory changes, 39 research agenda, 40 rights and freedoms, professions, sociology literature, 39 tax accountants, 40 tax fraud, 30 tax profession, 39 training and educational model, Rest s model, 264 S Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) analysis, 119 corporate ethics and codes, 120 corporate governance, accountability and auditor independence, 120 profession, 120 public interest, symbolic and rhetorical strategies, 120 SDRB. See Social Desirability Response Bias (SDRB) SEC. See Securities and exchange commission (SEC) Securities and exchange commission (SEC) enforcement record, 237 and prosecuting authorities, 237 US, 235 Self-assessment and professionalism, Self-regulation, profession accounting, assertion, consequences, 59 creation, standard practices, 59 performance, 59 specialized knowledge, 59 Shadow accounting, 131, 132 Silent accounting, 131 Social accounting actors, approaches, 129, 130 contingency, contribution, 132 effects and consequences, 116 financial, forms, 129 implications, public interest, knowledge, operationalisation, public interest, 132 processes, 116 public confidence, 115 and public interest, 115, 116, public sentiment, 132 relationship, , research, 126 technologies, Social consequences, inequality description, 99 health effects, 100 late 1970s, US GDP, 100 neoliberal economics, 101 psychological and biological mechanisms, 99 societies, 99 Social Desirability Response Bias (SDRB), Social science approaches, accounting profession agency theory, 147 description, 146 financial statements, 148 Kohlbergian model, 149 moral development paradigm, 148 neo-classical economics,

8 280 Index organization theory approaches, 151 psychological approaches, 148 seminal economics paper, 147 sociological approaches, Sociological approaches, accounting profession psychological approach, 151 public interest, sociology of professions, Sociology literature, profession, 47 SOX. See Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) Specialized knowledge accounting, competition, 52 convincing and scientific, evolution, society, 66 indeterminacy, 53 legitimacy, 66 right values, 53 socialization, 53 solutions, 52 Stakeholder engagement, Structural change abusive tax shelter industry, 38 behavioral regularities, development, 37 human behavior, 37 objectified, actors behaviours, professional accounting, 37 replication/revision, original scripts, 38 script and action, 38 sociology literature, 36 tax profession, T Tax accounting profession deprofessional erosion (see Deprofessional erosion) description, 28, 46 general reporting system, privileges, process, 27 public interest (see Responsibilities, public interest) sociology literature, 27, 47 structural change, Taxation information, income inequality abatements, 106 incentives and expenditures, 106 income tax, subsidies, 106 transfer pricing, 107 Training and educational model, public interest responsibilities advantages, 42 ethical professional responsibilities and incentives, incentives (see Incentives analysis) judgment decision model, 41 KPMG and sale of tax shelters, opportunities, 42 pre-entry level and professional training, Transparency, income inequality, 92, 101, 103 Truth-telling AICPA code, consequentialism, professional standards, intellectually honest, 11 materiality, obligation, audit professional, 11 problematic auditing profession, consequentialist calculations, V VDT. 0 Voluntary disclosure theory (VDT) Virtue, 9 Voluntary disclosure theory (VDT) financial economics, 208 GRI guidelines, hazardous wastes recycle, 209 legitimation, multiple regression models, 209 reconciling differences, Volunteerism, 57