Monoxide Scale out Blockchains with Asynchronous Consensus Zones. Jiaping Wang, Hao Wang Sinovation Ventures ICT/CAS The Ohio State University

Transcription

1 Monoxide Scale out Blockchains with Asynchronous Consensus Zones Jiaping Wang, Hao Wang Sinovation Ventures ICT/CAS The Ohio State University

2 Public Blockchain State (Ledger) Block t+0 Block t+1 Block t+2 Block t+3 Block t+4... Mining 1MB per-block 10 Minute per-block Unconfirmed

3 Public Blockchain Readable by public State (Ledger) Block t+0 Block t+1 Block t+2 Block t+3 Block t+4... Writable by public Mining 1MB per-block 10 Minute per-block Unconfirmed

4 Public Blockchain State (Ledger) Block t+0 Block t+1 Block t+2 Block t+3 Block t+4... Mining Unconfirmed 1MB per-block 10 Minute per-block Block Creation (Mining)

5 Public Blockchain State (Ledger) Block t+0 Block t+1 Block t+2 Block t+3 Block t+4... Mining Unconfirmed 1MB per-block 10 Minute per-block Block Creation (Mining)

6 Decentralized Communication: IP & IP Routing Decentralized Storage: BitTorrent / DHT Decentralized Computing Immutable Logic, faithful execution Trustworthy result, verifiable trustlessly Unstoppable, no manipulation Unblockable, permissionless

7 Decentralized Communication: IP & IP Routing Decentralized Storage: BitTorrent / DHT Decentralized Computing Immutable Logic, faithful execution Trustworthy result, verifiable trustlessly Unstoppable, no manipulation Unblockable, permissionless

8 Not Scalable: Low TPS Block Creator

9 Not Scalable: Low TPS Block Creator Every single node is required to replicate Network I/O Bound validate CPU Bound Store Disk I/O Bound all transactions! Every single node is required to maintain states Memory Bound of all users in entire network!

10 Asynchronous Consensus Zones Consensus Zones: Multi-instantiation of independent blockchain systems Partitioning workloads of the entire network, distribute to zones Parallelize block creation and transaction handling Linear scalable as the entire network is divided into more zones Zone 0 Zone 1 Zone n-1

11 SYSTEM DESIGN

12 Partitioning in Consensus Zones Zone Count: n=2^k User Address: c64493a658f6ffca1fc c7f7b5c First k-bits maps to zone index Consensus Zone #0 Consensus Zone #1 Consensus Zone #2 Consensus Zone #3 Consensus Zone #n-1

13 Partitioning in Consensus Zones Zone Count: n=2^k User Address: c64493a658f6ffca1fc c7f7b5c First k-bits maps to zone index Transaction: From:5e032243d507c743b061ef021e2ec7fcc6d3ab89 To: eba290cf248cb14442a071fbcb58a9cc5dcde28e First k-bits of From maps to zone index Consensus Zone #0 Consensus Zone #1 Consensus Zone #2 Consensus Zone #3 Consensus Zone #n-1

14 Consensus Zones Consensus Zone #0 Intra-Zone State... Block t+0 Block t+1 Block t+2 Block t+3 Block t+4... Intra-Zone Gossip Network Full Nodes Miners Zone isolates Mining competition and chain growth State (ledger) for intra-zone users only Unconfirmed TX (mempool) Gossip network Consensus Zone #1 Consensus Zone #2 Consensus Zone #n-1

15 Consensus Zones Scalability Linear scaled capacity: CPU, Memory, Disk I/O Throughput?? Cross-zone transaction?? Consensus Zone #0 Consensus Zone #1 Consensus Zone #2 Consensus Zone #3 Consensus Zone #n-1

16 Consensus Zones Scalability Linear scaled capacity: CPU, Memory, Disk I/O Throughput?? Cross-zone transaction?? Security Attack bar: mining power dilution?? Sybil resistant Consensus Zone #0 Consensus Zone #1 Consensus Zone #2 Consensus Zone #3 Consensus Zone #n-1

17 Consensus Zones Scalability Linear scaled capacity: CPU, Memory, Disk I/O Throughput?? Cross-zone transaction?? Security Attack bar: mining power dilution?? Sybil resistant Decentralization Permissionless mining Low barrier of participate (full nodes) Consensus Zone #0 Consensus Zone #1 Consensus Zone #2 Consensus Zone #3 Consensus Zone #n-1

18 Consensus Zones Scalability Linear scaled capacity: CPU, Memory, Disk I/O Throughput?? Cross-zone transaction?? Security Attack bar: mining power dilution?? Sybil resistant Decentralization Permissionless mining Low barrier of participate (full nodes) Consensus Zone #0 Consensus Zone #1 Consensus Zone #2 Consensus Zone #3 Consensus Zone #n-1

19 Contributions #1 Efficient Cross-Zone Transaction Handling Atomic Transfer: Transfer x tokens from user A to user B from different zones Conditional Operation: A A - x, (A x) Unconditional Operation: B B + x

20 Contributions #1 Efficient Cross-Zone Transaction Handling Atomic Transfer: Transfer x tokens from user A to user B from different zones Conditional Operation: A A - x, (A x) Unconditional Operation: B B + x #2 Mining Power Diluted with Multiple Zones Focused Attack on a Specific Individual Zone (1% attack)

21 CROSS-ZONE TRANSACTION

22 Cross-Zone Payment Transaction Transfer x tokens from user A to user B in different zones A A - x, (A x) Conditional Operation Order-dependent B B + x Unconditional Operation Order-independent

23 Cross-Zone Payment Transaction Transfer x tokens from user A to user B in different zones A A - x, (A x) Conditional Operation Order-dependent B B + x Unconditional Operation Order-independent Execute in Zone A Update A s balance Execute in Zone B Update B s balance

24 Cross-Zone Payment Transaction Transfer x tokens from user A to user B in different zones A A - x, (A x) Relay B B + x Block t+0 Block t+1 Block t+2 Block t+3 A A - x (A x) Zone a Block r+0 Block r+1 Block r+2 Block r+3 Block r+4 B B + x Zone b

25 Message Passing Payment Transaction = Initiate TX + Relay TX Transfer x tokens from user A to user B in different zones A A - x, (A x) B B + x Initiate TX Block s Relay TX Block d Transfer x tokens from A to B Deposit x tokens to B Verified by A s signature Verified by block header s Zone a Zone b

26 Eventual Atomicity Payment Transaction = Initiate TX + Relay TX Transfer x tokens from user A to user B in different zones Block t+0 Block t+1 Block t+2 Block t+3 A A - x (A x) Zone a Block r+0 Block r+1 Block r+2 Block r+3 Block r+4 B B + x Zone b Atomicity In-progress Atomicity Fulfilled

27 MINING POWER DILUTION

28 Security Issue: Single-Zone Focused Attack Consensus Zone #1 Consensus Zone #2 Consensus Zone #3 Consensus Zone #n

29 Effective Mining Power Single Chain Block for(nonce=0;;nonce++){... } aca6af29cba4 4df1708ac1eef7ac6e9394defc39116 Total Hashrate: t hash/sec Total Effective Mining Power: t hash/sec

30 Effective Mining Power Consensus Zone #1 Consensus Zone #2 Consensus Zone #3 Consensus Zone #n Block Block Block Block for(nonce=0;;nonce++){... } aca6af29cba4 4df1708ac1eef7ac6e9394defc f9c8c 4ee3f57555e99ba96ad683d21f0d8efa bb8e009cecb5c 4a1249eab285a479a1a83b8a17b4be c6251ef8876fa6 a28368c6461d7a477fce57a71abc834 Total Hashrate: t hash/sec Total Effective Mining Power: t hash/sec

31 Chu-ko-nu Mining ( 诸葛连弩 ) for(nonce=0;;nonce++){... } Consensus Zone #1 Block Consensus Zone #2 Consensus Zone #3 Consensus Zone #n Block Block Block ba f b89b d77ba5bbc79280a76e Total Hashrate: t hash/sec Total Effective Mining Power: t n hash/sec

32 Chu-ko-nu Mining ( 诸葛连弩 ) for(nonce=0;;nonce++){... } Consensus Zone #1 Block Consensus Zone #2 Consensus Zone #3 Consensus Zone #n Block Block Block ba f b89b d77ba5bbc79280a76e Total Hashrate: t hash/sec Total Effective Mining Power: t n hash/sec

33 Experimental Result

34 Experiment Setup Playback ERC20 historical payment transactions 16.5 M Addresses 75.8 M 30Mbps per-node 15.6 TPS per-zone 1 to 2048 zones

35 Takeaways Monoxide achieves scalability, security and decentralization at the same time Monoxide Partitions all workload communication, transaction processing, state representation, history archiving Network bandwidth, computing power, memory size, disk I/O Eventual Atomicity: Efficient cross-zone transaction handling Chu-ko-nu Mining: Security guarantee for individual zones We achieved 10K TPS, and Million TPS is possible Neutral to actual consensus algorithm used in zones Our project will be open source and offer the new generation blockchain platform at

36 Monoxide Scale out Blockchains with Asynchronous Consensus Zones