IMPACT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN THE CREATION OF JOBS IN ONDO STATE

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1 IMPACT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN THE CREATION OF JOBS IN ONDO STATE Oloruntuyi Ayodeji Ojo Department of Economics and Ogunyemi Festus Femi Department of Project Management Technology, the Federal University of Technology, Akure Abstract Small and medium enterprises have been considered as the engine of economic growth and for promoting equitable development. Small and medium scale enterprises are strategic to attainment of economic prosperity objective of any government. The economy depends on its working population for economic growth and development in which the youths constitute greatest percentage and this further establishes the reason why the youth should be gainfully employed. The youth should be encouraged to develop and nurture entrepreneurial spirit since entrepreneurship reduces poverty and improve standard of living. In this research a total of two hundred and fifty (250) copies of the questionnaires were administered out of which two hundred (200) copies representing (80%) of the questionnaire were properly completed and retrieved while fifty (50) copies representing 20% were not retrieved. The instruments used to gather information for this study includes questionnaires and interview. Two different statistical methods were employed to analyze data for the study; the tools are simple percentage and chi-square (X ).The results shows that small and medium scale enterprises and sustainable development of the Nigerian economy are related, just as promotion of SMEs and improvement in employment generation are related. More so, focus must be on sound education, removal of structural distortions, and creation of business-friendly environment. Lastly, government should make policies that will target macroeconomic stability. The study concluded that for Nigeria SMEs to contribute significantly in alleviating poverty, the country must improve on her power supply and security. Keywords: small scale enterprises, job creation, unemployment Introduction The role of Small and Medium-Scale Enterprise (SMEs) in the national economy cannot be underestimated. These enterprises are being given increasing policy attention in recent years, particularly in third world countries partly because of growing disappointment with results of development strategies focusing on large scale capital intensive and high import dependent industrial plants. The impact of SMEs is felt in the following ways: Greater utilization of local raw materials, employment generation, encouragement of rural development, development of entrepreneurship, mobilization of local savings, linkages with bigger industries, provision of regional balance by spreading investments more evenly, provision of avenue for selfemployment and provision of opportunity for training managers and semi- skilled workers. The vast majority of developed and developing countries rely on dynamism, resourcefulness and risk tasking of small and medium enterprises to trigger and sustain process of economic growth. In overall economic development, a critically important role is played by the small and medium enterprises. Small and 1

2 medium enterprises advocate, firstly, it encourages competition and entrepreneurship and hence have external benefits on economy wide efficiency, and productivity growth. At this level, perspectives are directed towards government support and involvement in exploiting countries social benefits from greater completion and entrepreneurship. Secondly, proponents of SME support frequent claim that SMEs are generally more productive than large firms but financial market and other institutional improvements, direct government financial support to SMEs can boost economic growth and development. Some argued that SMEs expansion boosts employment more than large firm growth because SMEs are more labour intensive thereby subsidizing SMEs may represent a poverty alleviation tools, by promoting SMEs and individual countries and the international community at large can make progress towards the main goal of halving poverty level by year 2020 i.e. to reduce poverty by half and becoming among 20 largest World Economies (Nigeria Vision 20:2020). Entrepreneurial development is therefore important in the Nigeria economy which is characterized by heavy dependence on oil, low agricultural production, and high unemployment, low utilization of industrial capacity, high inflation rate, and lack of industrial infrastructural base. These constraints limit the rate of growth of entrepreneurial activities in Nigeria. Hence, this paper seeks to investigate the impact of Small and Medium Enterprises as a veritable tool in creation of job in Ondo State. Literature review In Nigeria, the Central Bank of Nigeria for the purpose of 200 billion naira Credit Guarantee Scheme defined Small and Medium Enterprise SMEs as an enterprise that has asset base(excluding land) of between 5million to 500 million naira and a labour force of between 11 and 300 (CBN 2005). Likewise, a small scale business was also defined as the business in which the capita is not more than 50 million naira and having 11 to 100 workers. In its capacity to employ up to an average of 100 workers, small businesses are however very important in the nation s economy. Record shows the population of Ondo state less than 3.5 million precisely 3,441,024 (NPC, 2006). A minimum average of 3500 properly financed small scale businesses could put the State in stable employment stage. Recent studies in Nigeria affirmed that while the Central Bank of Nigeria and the World Bank are showing the way in the area of access to finance, some state governments and public agencies have concluded partnership arrangement that promises to put small businesses on the path of sustainable growth (Alabi, et al 2015). Although, previous study by the Federal Office of Statistic (2001) shows that 97% of all business in Nigeria employed less than 100 employees. Going by this definition of SMEs, an umbrella term for firms with less than 250 employees, it means that 97% of all businesses in Nigeria and to use the term Small Business. The SME sector provides an average of 50% of Nigeria s employment, and 50% of its industrial output (Ariyo, 2005). It is therefore of outmost importance to note that proper financing and management of small scale businesses in the country have the propensity to magnify the rate of job creation in the country particularly in an oil producing state like Ondo state. UNCTAD (2001) affirms that countries with a high rate of small industrial enterprises have succeeded in making the income distribution (both regionally and functionally) more equitable. This is in turn a key distribution to ensuring long term social stability by alleviating export redistribution presume and by reducing economic disparities between urban and rural areas. 2

3 Research questions In the course of the research the following research questions were answered. i. Can sustainable employment generation solve socio-economic problem inherent in Ondo State and Natural economy at large? ii. Should the Nigeria populace especially the youth be encouraged to develop and sustains entrepreneurial spirit? iii. Can small and medium scale enterprises contribute to economic development of Ondo State? Research hypotheses In the course of this research effort, the hypotheses stated below were tested. Hypothesis I Ho: Small and medium scale enterprises and sustainable development of the Nigerian economy are not related. H 1: Small and medium scale enterprises and sustainable development of the Nigerian economy are related. Hypothesis II Ho: Promotion of SMEs and improvement in employment generation are not related. H 1: Promotion of SMEs and improvement in employment generation are related. Objectives of the study 1. To establish that employment generation can solve socioeconomic problem inherent in Ondo State and national economy at large. 2. To emphasize the role of SMEs in employment generation in Ondo State. 3. To emphasize on the need for appropriate policy formulation and implementation in favour of functioning small and medium scale sub-sector. Scope of the study The impact of small and medium scale enterprises on employment generation in Ondo State was the jurisdiction of this study with a major focus on Akure North and Akure South local Government Ondo State. Other areas focus by the study were critical examination of the role of SMEs on national economic development of Nigeria, problems of SMEs in Nigeria, history of SMEs in Nigeria among others. Research method and design Sample survey research design was adopted in the course of the study since it is relatively impossible to study all the elements that made up the unemployed population of youths residing in Ondo state. Sampling design and procedure Since it is practically impossible to study all the unemployed youths and small and medium Manufacturing and services enterprise owners in Akure South and Akure North area of Ondo State, the researcher adopted random sampling technique to select samples adopted for this study. A total number of 250 samples were selected for this study. In other words, 250 small and medium scales enterprises consisting of both manufacturing and services businesses and 250 questionnaires were administrated to them so as to solicit the needed data. The SMEs selected for this study were printing businesses, food vendors and restaurants, business centers, printing materials shops with employment capacity ranging from 2-10 employees and spread across Oja Oba in Akure, Oyemekun and Isikan market among others. Nature and sources of data Due to the nature of this study, primary data was appropriate use for this study. To source for this data, questionnaire was also adopted. 3

4 Method of data analysis To derive useful meaning from the data generated, the following statistical techniques and procedures were used. i. Simple Percentage: This was used in analysis of each of the questions in the questionnaire and was presented in tabular form. ii. Chi-Square: This was adopted in testing the hypothesis formulated. The Chi- Square formular is stated below: Where: O = Observed frequencies E = Expected frequencies = Chisquare iii. All the statistical test and analysis were carried out at the convectional 5% level of significance. Decision rule If the calculated value is less than the critical value, accept H 0 and reject H 1. If the calculated value is greater than the critical value, accept H 1 and reject H 0. Administration of data collection instrument The researcher personally visited the two hundred and fifty (250) small and medium enterprises precisely in the Oja Oba in Akure, Oyemekun and Isikan market among others in Akure South and Akure North area of Ondo State to administer the questionnaire and also made contact with selected SME business owners in the area to schedule an interview adopted for this study. This was achieved within a period of two weeks. The questionnaires were handed over to the respondents who happened to be owners of small and medium enterprises in Akure area of Ondo State. Data presentation, interpretation and analyses This section supplies analysis of data collected through the questionnaires distributed and retrieved in order to ascertain if small and medium scale enterprises and employment generation are related in the Nigeria economy. The responses were collected and chi-square method adopted in analyzing the responses and testing the hypothesis. A total of a hundred (250) copies of the questionnaires were administered out of which one hundred and twenty (200) copies representing (80%) of the questionnaire were properly completed and retrieved while fifty (50) copies representing 20% were not retrieved. Table 1: Analysis of response rate S/N Administered Frequency Percentage Questionnaire 1. Returned % 2. Unreturned 50 20% Total % Source: Field survey, The rest of the chapter provides the result of socio economic questions posed to the respondents and discussion of data analysis of responses from the two hundred (200) responses that were properly filled, completed and retrieved through the research instruments adopted. 4

5 Respondents characteristics and classifications Part A: Analysis of respondents bio-data The bio-data analyses of the two hundred (200) properly completed questionnaires were shown below: Table 2: Sex Feature Code Frequency Percentage Sex Male Female Table 2 above shows that One Hundred and Twenty (120) respondents, representing 60% of the sample size were males while Eighty (80) respondents representing 40% of the sample size were females. Thus, majority of the respondents were males. Table 3: Age Feature Code Frequency Percentage Age Below 25 Years Years Years Above 45 Years Table 3 above shows that thirty eight (38) respondents representing 19% of the sample size were of the age group below 25 years, 128respondents representing 64% of the sample size were of the age group years, thirty four (34) respondents representing 17% of the sample size were of the age group 36-45years while option above 45 years attracted no respondent. Thus, majority of the respondents were of the age group years. Table 4: Marital status Feature Code Frequency Percentage Marital Status Single Married Divorced Separated Widow/ Widower

6 Table 4 above shows that one hundred and sixteen (116) respondents representing 58% of the sample size were singles, eighty four(84) respondents representing 42%of the sample size were married while other options made available in the question attracted no respondent. Thus, majority of the respondents were singles. Table 5: Educational background Feature Code Frequency Percentage Educational Background WAEC/NECO ND/NCE HND/B.Sc MBA/M.Sc Professional Table 5 above shows that forty (40) respondents representing 20% of the sample size were secondary school leavers, fifty six (56) respondents representing 28% of the sample size were ND/NCE holders, seventy two (72) respondents representing 36% of the sample size were HND/B.Sc holders while sixteen (16) respondents representing 8% of the sample size were both Master degree holder and professionals. Thus, majority of the respondents were HND/B.Sc holders. Table 6: Years in service Feature Code Frequency Percentage Years in Service Less than 5 Years 5-10 Years Years Years Above 20 Years Table 6 above shows that One Hundred and sixty two (162) respondents representing 81% of the sample size have been on the job for less than five years, twenty six (26) respondents representing 13% of the sample size have been on the job for a period of 5-10 years, eight (8) respondents representing 5% of the sample size have been on the job for a period of years, four (4) respondent representing 2% of the sample size has been on the job for a period of years while option 20 years and above attracted no respondent. Thus, majority of the respondents have been on the job for less than five years. 6

7 Presentation and analysis of data according to research statement Determining the impact of small and medium enterprises on employment generation, the responses weredetermined by requesting the respondents to rate the output of their responses on a scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree coded 5 to 1 respectively. The results of the analyses were represented in the tables below. Part B: Analyses of responses to research questions Table 7: Accelerated economic growth and development is a sine qua non for improving the quality of life. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 7 above shows that 60 respondents representing 30% of the sample strongly agreed, 60 respondents representing 30% of the sample agreed, 36 respondents representing 18% of the sample undecided, 22 respondents representing 11% of the sample while another 22 respondents representing 11% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, a majority of the respondent agreed with the statement. Table 8: The economy depends on its working population for economic growth and development Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 8 above shows that 70 respondents representing 35% of the sample strongly agreed, 72 respondents representing 36% agreed, 16 respondents representing 8% of the sample undecided, 12 respondents representing 10% of the sample size disagreed while 13 respondents representing 11% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, majority of the respondent agreed with the statement. Table 9: Small and medium scale enterprises contribute to global economic growth and development. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided

8 Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 9 above shows that 48 respondents representing 24% of the sample strongly agreed, 50 respondents representing 25% agreed, 92 respondents representing 46% of the sample undecided, 4 respondents representing 2% of the sample size disagreed while 6 respondents representing 3% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, majority of the respondent were undecided about the question. Table10: The role of enabling environment on sustainable employment generation should be re-echoed Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 10 above shows that 42 respondents representing 21% of the sample strongly agreed, 46 respondents representing 23% agreed, 38 respondents representing 19% of the sample undecided, 36 respondents representing 18% of the sample size disagreed while 38 respondents representing 19% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, a majority of the respondent agreed with the statement. Table 11: Sustainable employment generation solve socio-economic problem inherent in Nigeria national economy Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 11 above shows that 74 respondents representing 37% of the sample strongly agreed, 68 respondents representing 34% agreed, 42 respondents representing 21% of the sample undecided, 8 respondents representing 4% of the sample size disagreed while 8 respondents representing 4% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, majority of the respondent strongly agreed with the statement. 8

9 Table12: The youth should be encouraged to develop and nurture entrepreneurial spirit. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 12 above shows that 70 respondents representing 35% of the sample strongly agreed, 72 respondents representing 36% agreed,16 respondents representing 8% of thesample undecided, 20 respondents representing 10% of the sample size disagreed while 22 respondents representing 11% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, majority of the respondents agreed with the statement. Table 13: Entrepreneurship reduces poverty and improve standard of living. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 13 above shows that 78 respondents representing 39% of the sample strongly agreed, with the statement, 36 respondents representing 18% agreed, 14 respondents representing 12% of the sample undecided, 48 respondents representing 24% of the sample disagreed while 14 respondents representing 7% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, a majority of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. Table 14: Youth employment reduces social vices in an economy. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 14 above shows that 70 respondents representing 35% of the sample strongly agreed, 72 respondents representing 36% agreed, 16 respondents representing 8% of the sample undecided, 20 respondents representing 10% of the sample size disagreed while 22 respondents representing 11% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, majority of the respondents agreed with the statement. 9

10 Table15: Giving of right focus to the youth welfare prevent crime and other social vices in our society. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 15 below shows that 66 respondents representing 33% of the sample strongly agreed, 60 respondents representing 30% of the sample size agreed, 24 respondents representing 12% undecided, 26respondents representing 13% disagreed while 24 respondents representing 12% of the sample strongly disagreed. Thus, a majority of the respondent strongly agreed with the statement. Table16: The youth can enhance sustainable development of the Nigerian economy. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 16 above shows that 44 respondents representing 22% of the sample strongly agreed, 40 respondents representing 20% agreed, 38 respondents representing 19% undecided, 36 respondents representing 18% disagreed while 40 respondents representing 20% of the sample size strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus a majority of respondent agreed with the statement. Table 17: Entrepreneurship can promote industrial and technological growth. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 17 above shows that 70 respondents representing 35% of the sample strongly agreed, 72 respondents representing 36% agreed, 16 respondents representing 8% of the sample undecided, 20 respondents representing 10% of the sample size disagreed while 22 respondents representing 11% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, majority of the respondents agreed with the statement. 10

11 Table 18: Promotion of SMEs and improvement in employment generation are related Code Frequency Percentage Description Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 18 above shows that 60 respondents representing 30% of the sample strongly agreed, 54 respondents representing 27% agreed, 54 respondents representing 27% undecided, 24 respondents representing 12% of the sample disagreed while 8 respondents representing 4% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, a majority of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. Table 19: Unemployment is detrimental to economic growth and development. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 19 above shows that 48 respondents representing 24% of the sample strongly agreed, 50 respondents representing 25% agreed, 92 respondents representing 46% of the sample undecided, 4 respondents representing 2% of the sample size disagreed while 6 respondents representing 3% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, majority of the respondent were undecided about the question. Table 20: Youth unemployment increases the dependent ratio in an economy. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 20 above shows that 42 respondents representing 21% of the sample strongly agreed, 46 respondents representing 23% agreed, 38 respondents representing 19% of the sample undecided, 36 respondents representing 18% of the sample size disagreed while 38 respondents representing 19% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, a majority of the respondent agreed with the statement. 11

12 Table 21: Small and medium scale enterprises and sustainable development of the Nigerian economy are related. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 21 above shows that 72 respondents representing 36% of the sample strongly agreed, 60 respondents representing 30% agreed, 38 respondents representing 19% undecided, 24 respondents representing 12% disagreed while 6 respondents representing 3% of the sample size strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus a majority of respondent agreed with the statement. Table 22: The youth occupies a pivotal role in national economic development. Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Table 22 above shows that 70 respondents representing 35% of the sample strongly agreed, 72 respondents representing 36% agreed, 16 respondents representing 8% of the sample undecided, 20 respondents Presentation and analysis of data according to research hypothesis This subsection of this research report restated the hypothesis formulated and tested it so as to determine the reliability and dependability of the thesis and this was done using chisquare formula. representing 10% of the sample size disagreed while 22 respondents representing 11% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, majority of the respondents agreed with the statement. Part C: Testing of hypotheses hypothesis I H0: Small and medium scale enterprises and sustainable development of the Nigerian economy are not related. H1: Small and medium scale enterprises and sustainable development of the Nigerian economy are related. To test this hypothesis, statement used for table 21 was used. 12

13 Small and medium scale enterprises and sustainable development of the Nigerian economy are related contingencytable O E O-E (O-E) Total 200 X²= χ 2 calculated = χ2 tab value at 5% level of significance α = 5% = 0.05 d.f. = (r-1) (c-1) where r = row total C = column total r = 5, c = 2 df = (5-1) (2-1) df = 4x1 = 4 χ 2 tab at 5% level of significance df 4 = 9.49 Interpretation From the analysis above, χ 2 calculated value is while χ 2 tabulated values is This shows that χ 2 calculated of is greater than χ 2 tabulated of 9.45 i.e χ 2 calculated ( ) > χ 2 tabulated of Therefore, we accept H1 which states that small and medium scale enterprises and sustainable development of the Nigerian economy are related. Hypothesis II H0: Promotion of SMEs and improvement in employment generation are not related. H1: Promotion of SMEs and improvement in employment generation are related. To test this hypothesis, statement used for table 18 was used. Promotion of SMEs and improvement in employment generation are related. contingency Table O E O-E (O-E) Total 200 X²= χ 2 calculated =

14 χ 2 tab value at 5% level of significance α = 5% = 0.05 d.f. = (r-1) (c-1) Where r = row total C = column total r = 5, c = 2 df = (5-1) (2-1) df = 4x1 = 4 χ 2 tab at 5% level of significance df 4 = 9.49 Interpretation From the analysis above, χ 2 calculated value is while χ 2 tabulated values is This shows that χ 2 calculated of is greater than χ 2 tabulated of 9.45 i.e. χ 2 calculated (49.675) > χ 2 tabulated of Therefore, we accept H1 which states that promotion of SMEs and improvement in employment generation are related. Findings Analyses of the research statement reveal that small and medium scale enterprises are strategic to attainment of economic prosperity objective of any government. It should be realized however that, this will remain only a dream without giving adequate priority to the youths since they form chunk of the workforce of every economy. For an economy to live up to expectation in the committee of nation s development wise, such economy must achieve accelerated economic growth and development which is sine qua non for improving quality of life. The economy depends on its working population for economic growth and development in which the youths constitute greatest percentage and this further establishes the reason why the youth should be gainfully employed. The youth should be encouraged to develop and nurture entrepreneurial spirit since entrepreneurship reduces poverty and improve standard of living. It was also discovered that giving of right focus to the youth welfare through job creation prevent crime and other social vices in the economy. The youth can enhance sustainable development of the Nigerian economy. Lastly, the hypotheses tested reveals that small and medium scale enterprises and sustainable development of the Nigerian economy are related, just as promotion of SMEs and improvement in employment generation are related. Conclusion Following the finding stated above, the researcher therefore concluded that for a nation irrespective of its economic ideology to achieve meaningful and sustainable development, adequate attention must be given to wide spread of economic activities through entrepreneurship and small and medium scale enterprise generation. The youth as a major contributor to all round economic growth and development must be given due attention and their yearning for job security must be primary and paramount since they process greater capability to move the economy forward. This will be easily achieved by encouraging them to be entrepreneurial and focus. Recommendations Based on the conclusions stated above, the researcher therefore recommended that for the present and future governance to achieve impressive development, more job should be created especially for the youths in the form of small and medium scale enterprises through policy formulation and implementation since SMEs and economic development are related. The government should encourage the youth to cultivate and nurture entrepreneurial spirit as a way of 14

15 achieving gainful employment. The government should review and expand its skill acquisition programme by creating additional skill acquisition centers in addition to the already existing ones in order to boost skill acquisition and entrepreneurial capabilities of the youths. In addition, proper monitoring and funding of such programme should be ex-rayed in order to identify lopeholes therein so as to enhance the References: Aborishade, F (1997): Research Methods: A student Handbook. Lagos, Multifirm Limited. Acs, C. Mork, R. and Young (1999). Productivity, Growth and Size Distribution. Adedeji, A. (1987) Changes in Financial Performance of quoted companies in Nigeria over the Adjustment. The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Research, 1,1,9,15.Africa Management in Nigeria, 38, 1, Agbonifor, B A (1998). The business enterprises in Nigeria, Lagos. Longman Ariyo, D. (2008). Small firms are the backbone of the Nigerian economy. Africa Economic analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 1(1), Anyanwu, C.M. (2001). Financing and Promoting Small Scale Industries: Concepts Issues and Bell, Ariyo, Y., Awe, O.J. and Musa, L.Y. (2015). Managing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects. Review of public Administration and Management. 3(7). Bewayo, E. (1995). Uganda entrepreneurs: why are they in business? Journal of Small Brian Levy (1993). Obstacles to developing indigenous small and medium enterprises: An empirical achievement of its objectives. Lastly, attaining the status of the economic development of the western world, Nigeria as an economy should make herself SME driven economy that is adequately supported by the needed fund. In addition, the government should encourage the creation of more micro finance banks that are well supported and regulated to render necessary financial supports. assessment. The World Bank Economic Review, Oxford University Press, 7(1) (Jan., 1993) Brown, D (1990). Global perspective perceptions of SME growth constraints in Nigeria.Journal of Small Business Management, 40 (1), Corlson, B. and Karloon C. ed, Entrepreneurship in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and Macro Economy. Cambridge University Press. Creation in EEC. Countries Programme of Research and Action on Development of Labor Market Study. No 85/407. Davenport, S. (2009). Where does international entrepreneurship end? Exploring Davis S. J; John, H and Scoh, S (1996). Small Business and Job creation: Dissenting the myth Desai, A. (2000). Management of Small Business Industries. Dehli, Halaya Publishing developing countries. IFC Working emerging enterprises Business Forum. 24, 2-4, Fagge, T. A. (2004). Grassroots approach to poverty alleviation in Nigeria. Nigeria goals (MDG) Journal of Business and Social Studies, 1, 1, Government publication Press. 15

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