Redistribution of Income (in Great Britain/explained by Lorenz Curves)
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1 Redistribution of Income (in Great Britain/explained by Lorenz Curves) The Government can redistribute from the rich to the poor by progressive taxes or by regressive benefits. Taxes are progressive if they rise more than proportionately with higher s. They can be either direct (as taxes) or indirect (as VAT). Benefits are regressive if people with lower s get more benefits (in proportion to their ) than those with higher s. They can be in cash (as pensions) or in kind (as education services). The Office for National Statistices is using the following scheme 1 : Original + Cash benefits = Gross - Direct taxes and Employees' NIC and Local taxes = Disposable - Indirect taxes = Post-tax + Benefits in kind = Final 1 Office for National Statistics: The Effects of Taxes and Benefits on Household Income, 2010/ Further Analysis and Methodology REDINCOM.DOC page 1 (of app.)
2 or the same scheme graphically: Stages of redistribution BENEFITS Original TAXES Cash benefits Gross Direct taxes (+) Disposable Indirect taxes Post-tax Benefits in kind Final REDINCOM.DOC page 2 (of app.)
3 Does redistribution happen? 1 Redistribution by direct taxes (from gross to disposable )? The Lorenz Curve (initially for gross ) moves towards the 45o-diagonal line (finally for disposable ). Thus, according to appendix 1, direct taxes are progressive. 2 Redistribution by indirect taxes (from disposable to post-tax )? Appendix 2 shows that the Lorenz Curve moves outwards. This means that indirect taxes are regressive. 3 Redistribution by all taxes (from gross to post-tax )? It is very difficult to see two different Lorenz Curves in appendix 3. This means that the tax system (direct and indirect taxes) does not change distribution. The tax system as a whole is therefore (practically) proportional. This means that on average the same amount of taxes per unit of has to be paid, irrespective of the level of. 4 Redistribution by taxes and benefits (from original to final )? If (as in appendix 4) we compare the Lorenz Curve for the original with that for the final, we get the overall redistribution due to taxes and to benefits. Because taxes are almost proportional, the inward shift of the Lorenz Curve can be nearly completely attributed to benefits. Benefits are regressive. It can be concluded that redistribution of in Great Britain occurs because of the benefits, and not because of the taxes. REDINCOM.DOC page 3 (of app.)
4 Lorenz Curves GB 2013/14 Appendix 1 Redistribution by direct taxes Gross Disposable Zehntel Haushalte in 000 % Gross % Disposable % Sum = Average in Gross Disposable Lorenz Curves GB 2013/14 Gross 100 Disposable Income Source: Office for National Statistics: The effect of taxes and benefits on household, 2013/14 (Table 14) APPEND01.XLS
5 Lorenz Curves GB 2013/14 Appendix 2 Redistribution by indirect taxes Disposable Post-tax Deciles in 000 % Disposable % Post-tax % Sum = Average in Disposable Post-tax Lorenz Curves GB 2013/ Disposable Post-tax Income Source: Office for National Statistics: The effect of taxes and benefits on household, 2013/14 (Table 14) APPEND02.XLS
6 Lorenz Curves GB 2013/14 Appendix 3 Redistribution by direct and indirect taxes Gross Post-tax Deciles in 000 % Gross % Post-tax % Sum = average in Gross Post-tax Lorenz Curves GB 2013/ Gross Post-tax Income Source: Office for National Statistics: The effect of taxes and benefits on household, 2013/14 (Table 14) APPEND03.XLS
7 Lorenz Curves GB 2013/14 Appendix 4 Redistribution by taxes and benefits Original Final Deciles in 000 % Original % Final % Sum = average in Original Final Lorenz Curves GB 2013/ Original Final Income Source: Office for National Statistics: The effect of taxes and benefits on household, 2013/14 (Table 14) APPEND04.XLS
8 Appendix 5: TABLE 27: Gini coefficients for the distribution of at each stage of the tax-benefit system and P90/P10 and P75/P25 1 ratios for disposable for all households, 1977 to 2013/14 2 Gini coefficients (per cent) Ratios for disposable Equivalised 3 Original Gross Disposable Post-tax P90/P10 P75/P / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Notes: Source: Office for National Statistics 1 P90/P10 is the ratio of the at the 90th percentile to the 10th; P75/P25 is the ratio of the at the 75th percentile to the 25th. 2 From 1990 this includes company car benefit and beneficial house purchase loans from employers. From values are based on estimates for the sample grossed to population totals. 3 Ranked by equivalised disposable, using the modified-oecd scale.
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