Il lavoro del Fondo Monetario Internazionale (FMI) su Disuguaglianza e Genere. Marzo 2018 Stefania Fabrizio e Marina Mendes Tevares

Transcription

1 Il lavoro del Fondo Monetario Internazionale (FMI) su Disuguaglianza e Genere Marzo 2018 Stefania Fabrizio e Marina Mendes Tevares

2 Perché il FMI si occupa di disuguaglianza? Macro-criticitá Produttivitá Distribuzione delle risorse Distribuzione Crescita Produttivitá Coesionee Disuguaglianza delle sociale risorse stabilitá Coesione sociale e interesse da parte dei paesi membri e altre organizzazioni

3 Perché il FMI si occupa di genere? Macro-criticitá Produzione e Produttivitá Disuguaglianza del reddito Partecipazione Disuguaglianza Produzione Capacita di Crescita Produttivitá delle ripresa forzae economica del stabilitá lavoro reddito femminile Capacita di ripresa economica e interesse da parte dei paesi membri e altre organizzazioni

4 Attivita del FMI 1. Ricerca 2. Consultazioni con i paesi 3. Assistenza tecnica e formazione Le raccomandazioni del FMI sono basate su ricerca analitica 4

5 Ricerca su disuguaglianza: alcuni esempi 5

6 Ricerca su genere: alcuni esempi 6

7 Attivita del FMI 1. Ricerca 2. Consultazioni con i paesi 3. Assistenza tecnica e formazione Progetti pilota per capire il modo migliore di trattare il tema 7

8 Iniziativa pilota: disuguaglianze Studi completati Studi in corso 8

9 Iniziativa pilota: genere Studi completati Studi in corso 9

10 Attivita del FMI 1. Ricerca 2. Consultazioni con i paesi 3. Assistenza tecnica e formazione Corsi di formazione per economisti del FMI e rappresentanti dei paesi 10

11 Assistenza tecnica e formazione Workshops e Training Corsi su crescita inclusiva, analisi distributive di politiche e riforme Assistenza tecnica (AT) Analisi distributiva é parte integrale della AT su tassazione e reforme di sussidi Toolkits -Impatto macroeconomico e distributivo di reforme fiscali -gender budgeting -Analisi distributive di riforme dei sussidi dei prezzi dell energia 11

12 CASE STUDIES 12

13 Focus and topics on gender Drivers of female labor force participation Financial inclusion Public investment Labor market reforms National gender equality plans Legal barriers Diversification Corporate profits Gender-based violence and harassment Female entrepreneurship 13

14 Gender Canada: Women, Work, and Growth The increase in women s total hours worked has been an important contributor to growth. Quebec offers greater economic incentives for women to work than do other provinces. Growth Decomposition (Period average; contributions to overall growth) Female Labor Force Participation Rates in Quebec and Rest of Canada, Ages (Percent) Hours worked (women) Labor productivity Hours worked (men) RGDP 85 Quebec Rest of Canada Reform period Sources: Statistics Canada, Haver Analytics, and IMF staff calculations. Sources: Statistics Canada, Haver Analytics, and IMF Working Paper WP/17/

15 India: gender equality and sanitation Gender India: Improving Sanitation access and to Gender sanitation Equality is essential for raising gender equality and economic growth. Female Literacy Increases with Sanitation Coverage Female Labor Force Participation Increases with Sanitation Coverage Female literacy rate (%) Orissa Jharkhand Bihar Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Gujarat Karnataka Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Maharashtra West Bengal Assam Himachal Pradesh Goa Uttarakhand Haryana Andhra Pradesh Punjab Delhi Kerala Female labor force participation (%) Orissa Jharkhand Bihar Karnataka Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Uttarakhand Gujarat Andhra Pradesh West Bengal Assam Haryana Himachal Pradesh Goa Punjab Delhi Kerala Sanitation coverage (%) Sanitation coverage (%) Sources: Census of India (2011), IMF staff calculations, and IMF Country Report No. 17/54 (2017 Article IV staff report for India).

16 Rwanda: gender budgeting and education Gender budgeting has supported women s educational advancement. Rwanda: Educational Enrollment (Female to Male ratio; percent) Rwanda SALIDCs Rwanda SALIDCs Rwanda SALIDCs Gross primary enrollment Gross secondary enrollment Gross tertiary enrollment Note: SALIDCs: Group of low-income developing countries in Sub- Saharan Africa. Sources: World Bank, WDIs, Stotsky et al. (2016), IMF staff calculations, and IMF Working Paper WP/16/

17 Focus and Topics on gender Comparative analysis of inequality and poverty Income polarization Growth inclusiveness Expenditure composition Subsidy reform Tax progressivity Financial inclusion Rural poverty Regional income inequalities Labor market duality Assessment of reform options Impact of commodities boom-bust cycles Social protection assessment 17

18 Poland economic growth and inequality Per-capita income is notably lower in the GDP per Capita, / (Percent of EU28 average, PPS-adjusted) east, +1.2 where labor productivity is also Labor Productivity, 2012 (Percent of average in Poland) lower below below above 85 above 130 Source: 18

19 New methodological approach Framework (17 country studies) Dynamic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents incorporating country-specific characteristics Model features Households (rural vs. urban) Productive sectors (agriculture, manufacturing, services) Frictions (differential cost of mobility, segmented financial markets) Outcome Macroeconomic variables Inequality between and within-sectors Poverty 19

20 United States: Tax Reform Tax cuts to rich can stimulate the economy However, there are distributional effects Source: file:////data3/users3/dcoady/coady/imf/fad/fiscal&equity/areadepartments/macroeconomic-and-distributional-effects-of-personal-income-tax-reforms-a-heterogenous-agent

21 Ethiopia Financial Sector Reform Ethiopia: Economic and Distributional Impact (Cumulative change over 5 years) +7.2 Financial Sector Reform Financial Inclusion Labor Mobility Cash Transfers Overall Impact Real GDP Gini Index Poverty Rate (Percent) (Percentage Point) (Percentage Point) Source: 21

22 Bolivia: commodity cycles and inequality Change in Inequality During Boom ( ) (Gini Index, In percentage points) Change Skills Commodity Prices Fiscal Policy Model Source: Data 22

23 Distributional impact of reforms on both inequality and gender: Argentina 80 Female Labor Force Participation, Policy Reforms and their impacts on female labor and on GDP percentage points Targetted childcare to low-income and poor income families No discrimination in formal work place Reducing Tax Wedge Source: World Bank, Gender Statistics Change in women's hours worked in the formal sector Change in GDP 23

24 Piani futuri Terminata l iniziativa pilota, l iniziativa sara estesa a tutti i paesi per I qualisi ritiene che la disuguaglianza sia macro-critica Istruzioni per l uso Toolkits Training/Workshops KE website 24

25 Thank you