n np SWP460 Incidence of Poverty and the Characteristics of the Poor in Peninsular Malaysia, 1973 World Bank Staff Working Paper No.

Transcription

1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Incidence of Poverty and the Characteristics of the Poor in Peninsular Malaysia, 1973 World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 460 May 1981 SWP460 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared by: Pravin Visaria Development Research Center Copyright ( The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C , U.S.A. The views and interpretations in this document are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to any individual acting in their behalf. n np LY)W Kl U

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3 The views and interpretations in this document are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to any individual acting on their behalf. WORLD BANK Staff Working Paper No. 460 May 1981 INCIDENCE OF POVERTY AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POOR IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, 1973 This study examines the results of the Household Expenditure and Income Survey conducted in Peninsular Malaysia during 1973 in order to better understand the correlates of poverty. It illustrates the important implications of the ranking criteria (per capita vs. total household expenditure or income) and the choice of units of aggregation (households or individuals) for the measures of-inequality. Following a discussion of the relative concept of poverty, the characteristics of households or population in different deciles of per capita expenditure are examined separately for urban, rural and all areas. Major differences are seen in the demographic characteristics, the proportion of persons with no schooling, the "crude" labour force participation rates and the sectoral distribution of the workers, but not in the participation rates of persons aged 15-64, nor in the incidence of unemployment. Secondly, according to a poverty line used in a recent World Bank Study, the incidence of absolute poverty is above the average both in urban and rural areas if the head of the household (a) has received no formal schooling, (b) is self-employed or a family helper, or (c) is an agricultural worker. The broad pattern and regional variations in the incidence of poverty, etc. remain unchanged even with a 30 percent lower poverty line. According to a multivariate analysis of the per capita expenditure, educational attainment of the household head stands out as the most important explanatory variable, with ethnic group, child-dependency ratio of the household and the class of worker of the head next in importance. Education is also the most important determinant of the earnings of the employees. Finally, several of the estimates of the elasticity of demand for different categories of consumption items vary according to the ranking criterion used to demarcate the deciles. Prepared by: Pravin Visaria Development Research Center Copyright Oc 1981 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C U.S.A.

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5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Preface vii I. Introduction and Summary 1 I. Characteristics of Household Heads or Population in Different 8 Deciles A. Importance of Ranking Criteria 8 1. Ranking According to Per Capita Income and Expenditure Indices of Inequality Urban-Rural and Ethnic Group Distribution of Households 17 in Different Deciles B. Main Demographic Characteristics of Households or Population Average Household Size Age Distribution of Household Heads Sex and Marital Status Composition of Household Heads Percentage of Females in the Population Age Distribution of the Population Educational Attainment 27 C. Economic Characteristics 27 l. Labour Force Participation Rates Number of Earners Incidence of Unemployment Incidence of Visible Underemployment Status Distribution of the Employed Industrial Classification of the Employed Occupational Distribution of the Employed Sources of Household Income 36 D. An Overview 37 I. Incidence of Absolute Poverty 40 A. Poverty Line 40 B. Incidence of Poverty in C. Sensitivity of Estimates of Poverty to Alternative 47 Poverty Lines D. Incidence of Poverty According to an Income Criterion 49 and its Sensitivity E. Comparison with Earlier Estimates 53

6 Table of Contents (Continued) Page No IV. Multivariate Analysis of Per Capita Income and Expenditure 55 A. Explanatory Variables at the Household Level 56 B. Results of MCA 59 C. Explained Variance in Per Capita Expenditure and Income 61 V. Multivariate Analysis of Earnings of Employees 65 A. Proportion of Employees Among Workers 65 B. Results of the Multiple Classification Analysis 66 VI. Pattern of Consumption Expenditure 71 A. Expenditure Categories 71 B. Pattern of Consumption 72 C. Engel Curves 72 D. Elasticity Estimates 74 Annex 1: Some Procedural Aspects of the Household Expenditure and 77 Income Surveys in Peninsular Malaysia, Sample Size 78 Possibilities for Comparisons of Data 78 Procedures for Recording Expenditure and Estimating 80 the Value of Earnings or Income in Kind Income 80 HES Data on Income and Expenditure 86 Savings Rates Implicit in the HES Data 86 Questions on Household Particulars and Labor Force 91 Characteristics Annex 2: A Comparison of the HES Data with the 1970 Census 95 Demographic Characteristics 95 Educational Attainment 96 Participation Rates 96 The Incidence of Unemployment 100 Characteristics of the Employed 102 Annex 3: Selected Characteristics of the Unemployed 105 The Inactive Unemployed 105 Age Composition 105 Educational Attainment 108 Activity during the Reference Week 108 Relationship to Heads of Households 110 Statistical Appendix A.1-A.103

7 -iii- LIST OF TABLES Table Number: Page No. SECTION II 1. Peninsular Malaysia: Per Capita and Total Household 10 Expenditure (in Malaysian Dollars) by Age Group of the Head of Household 2. Peninsular Malaysia: Indices of Inequality with 15 Alternate Ranking Criteria, Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Households in 16 Each Decile According to Urban Rural Residence 4. Peninsular Malaysia: Mean Household Size of Holuseholds 18 in Different Deciles According to Per Capita Income or Expenditure, by Urban and Rural Residence 5. Peninsular Malaysia: Selected Characteristics of the 19 Population According to the Decile of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure, by Urban-Rural Residence, Peninsular Malaysia: Correlation Between Selected 38 Characteristics and the Average Per Capita Expenditure in Deciles of Households Ranked According to Per Capita Expenditure, 1973 SECTION III 1. Peninsular Malaysia: Incidence of Poverty According to 42 Month of Interview and Household Size, Peninsular Malaysia: Incidence of Poverty According to 44 Various Characteristics of Household Heads, Peninsular Malaysia: Percentage of Poor Households 50 According to Alternative Poverty Lines in Terms of Per Capita Expenditure, 1973

8 -iv- List of Tables (Continued) Table Number: Page No. SECTION IV 1. Peninsular Malaysia: Percentage of Sample Households 57 for Whom the Constructed Variables Could Not be Defined or had a Zero Value 2. Peninsular Malaysia: Results of Multiple Classification 60 Analysis of Per Capita Expenditure and Income of Households SECTION V 1. Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Persons Reporting 67 Some Wage or Salary According to Their Principal Employment Status, Peninsular Malaysia: MCA of Monthly Earnings of Employees, 68 by Sex 1973 SECTION VI 1. Peninsular Malaysia: Elasticity of (A) Per Capita and 75 (B) Total Household Expenditure on Specific Items, with Households Grouped Into Deciles According to Their Per Capita and Total Expenditure, 1973 ANNEX 1 1. Recommended Procedures for Imputing the Value of Earnings 82 in Kind, Owned Housing, etc. 2. Peninsular Malaysia: Data on the Quantum and Sources of 83 Income According to the Household Expenditure Survey, Peninsular Malaysia: Ratio of Per Capita Expenditure to 88 Per Capita Income in Different Deciles of Households Ranked According to (A) Per Capita Income and (B) Per Capita Expenditure, All Areas, Peninsular Malaysia: Monthly Per Capita Income (MPCY) and 89 Expenditure (NPCE) in Malaysian Dollars and the Savings Rate by Characteristics of the Household Head, 1973

9 List of Tables (Continued) Table Number: Page No. ANNEX 2 1. Peninsular Malaysia: Salient Characteristics of the 97 Population According to the 1970 Census and the 1973 Survey 2. Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Households by Size, Census and the 1973 Survey 3. Peninsular Malaysia: Economic Characteristics of the 99 Population Aged According to the 1970 Census and the 1973 Survey ANNEX 3 1. Percentage of Inactive Unemployed Among All Unemployed 106 Enumerated in the HES 2. Peninsular Malaysia: Selected Characteristics of the 107 Unemployed, Peninsular Malaysia: Labour Force Participation Rates 109 and the Incidence of Unemployment for Ages and 20-24, By Sex and Decile According to Per Capita Expenditure (PCE), 1973

10 -vi- LIST OF FIGURES Figure Number Page No. 1. Peninsular Malaysia: Average Household Size 11 and the Index of Total and Per Capita Monthly Expenditure by Age Group of the Head of the Household, Peninsular Malaysia: Selected Demographic 20 Characteristics According to Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, Peninsular Malaysia: Percentages of Persons 26 Aged 15 and Over with (i) No Formal Schooling and (ii) Higher Educational Attainment, by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, Peninsular Malaysia: Labor Force Participation 29 Rates and the Incidence of Unemployment among Persons Aged by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, Peninsular Malaysia: Status Distribution of 34 the Employed by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, Peninsular Malaysia: Percentages of the Employed 35 in Selected Industrial and Occupational Groups, by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure and Sector, Peninsular Malaysia: Incidence of Poverty 43 (Percentage of Poor Households) by Month of Interview, Household Size, and Sector, Peninsular Malaysia: Percentage Share of 73 Specified Items of Expenditure in the Total Reported by Households in Different PCE and THE Deciles, by Sector, 1973

11 -vii- Preface This paper presents main findings of an on-going analysis of the data collected in a large-scale survey of household expenditure and income conducted in Peninsular Malaysia during It marks a further step in the continuing collaboration of researchers at the World Bank and the Department of Statistics, Government of Malaysia. This effort is designed to make maximum use of survey data for understanding the problems and processes of development. However, neither the Malaysian Department of Statistics nor the World Bank is responsible for any of the views expressed in this paper. The analysis is also part of the Joint ESCAP-IBRD Project on Income Distribution in Asia, under which the Development Research Center of the World Bank is conducting an intensive study of the socioeconomic characteristics of different income or expenditure groups in Gujarat and Maharashtra States of India, 18 development centers or towns of Nepal, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. We are indebted to the Malaysian Department of Statistics for their encouragement and cooperation in this project. The present analysis is based on 12 tapes containing the monthly data collected in 1973 from the Household Expenditure Survey (HES), plus the summary statistics on expenditure on durable goods collected from the same sample of households in the course of the 1974 Household Income Survey (HIS). These tapes were edited and, to some extent,

12 -viiicombined at the Development Research Center during , following which a set of tabulations were supplied to the Department of Statistics to provide a basic input into the published survey results. The present paper attempts to take the analysis further by providing more elaborate tabulations and analysis of the same data with the specific objective of understanding the varied dimensions of poverty. This work does not draw on the detailed data on incomes provided by the HIS. I am indebted to Mr. Khoo Teik Huat, Acting Chief Statistician, Government of Malaysia, and his colleagues in the Department of Statistics for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper. In preparing this paper, I have received valuable assistance and advice from Montek Ahluwalia, T.N. Srinivasan, Graham Pyatt and Kevin Young. Most of the statistical work has been done by Shyamalendu Pal, who has shown unusual devotion and dedication to his work. At earlier stages of the work, R. Murti Pemmarazu, Robert E. Sterrett, Jr., and Shail Jain have rendered valuable assistance. The editorial advice of Vivianne Lake has improved the presentation of the material included in this paper. I am grateful to all of them. The responsibility for all errors is solely mine. Pravin Visaria July 15, 1980

13 -1- I. Introduction and Summary During the past few years, the main goal of development planning activities has been redirected towards reducing acute poverty. The success of planning efforts is judged in terms of the changes in the living standards of the poor rather than according to the rates of growth of per capita GNP, which can rise even while those at the lower rungs of the socioeconomic ladder fail to enjoy any benefits. This new perspective has led to the belief that an understanding of the various characteristics of the poor would help to formulate appropriate policies to attack the problem of poverty. The large number of income and expenditure surveys, that have been conducted in many developing countries of the world over the past two decades, have the potential to aid in this task provided that they also include data on the employment or labour force characteristics of the population, and that the tabulation and analysis of the data is geared to move beyond the initial narrow objectives of these surveys. The Household Expenditure and Income Survey, conducted in Peninsular Malaysia during 1973, provides an excellent basis to demonstrate the sort of tabulations and analysis that can be attempted. The data collected in this large-scale survey of over 7,500 households, spread over the entire year, have been used here to estimate the incidence of poverty or the proportion of households below a specified poverty line and the characteristics of households or population falling in different deciles. Two annexes to this paper outline (i) the procedures used to collect the data on expenditure and income of sample households and the demo-

14 -2- graphic and economic characteristics of their members; (ii) the comparability of the data on average expenditure and income during the reference month of the Household Expenditure Survey (HES) with other estimates and the plausibility of savings rates; and (iii) the comparability of the demographic and the labour force data of the HES with those of the 1970 Census. It is evident that the HES was meticulously designed and well executed. Moreover it was quite ambitious and elaborate in scope. The wealth of information gathered by it deserves to be exploited in much greater depth than has been attempted in this paper. A detailed comparative study of the HES data on income by source and the corresponding data from the Household Income Survey (HIS) might help to understand some of the problems in obtaining reliable income data.l/ Of course, such a comparative analysis encounters many problems such as changes in the household size and in the number of earners reported in the two surveys. Some of the requisite analysis can be done only by the Malaysian Department of Statistics who might attempt to identify whether or to what extent the changes are due to response errors or to the change in the reference period. Although the HIS data might represent an average or normal situation with respect to income, they may also be affected by recall problems. Further, the expenditure and labour force particulars are available only for the reference months, from the HES and, therefore, the analysis in this paper relies entirely on the HES data. 1/ A short reference period, such as was used in the HES, has the advantage of helping to minimize the problem of recalling past income and expenditure. For estimating income disparities and poverty, however, the long-term situation is of primary interest; and the data for a full year might be a better indicator of the situation. An analysis of the differences in the reported incomes of households according to two sources can be very useful in improving the methodology of income and expenditure surveys.

15 -3- Compared to the 1970 Census, the Household Expenditure Survey has reported an excess of females or a deficit of males and also a somewhat lower proportion of households with one, two or three members. The proportion of persons aged 15 and over who had received no formal schooling also seems considerably lower in the HES than in the census. The labour force participation rates are higher and the incidence of unemployment lower according to the HES than to the census; however, it is difficult to judge to what extent the differences are due to the averaging out of the seasonal variations in the HES since it was spread over the entire year The same possibility exists with respect to the much higher proportion of employees and the lower proportion of agricultural workers reported by the HES than by the 1970 census. The observed changes in the proportion of persons with no schooling as well as in the distribution of the employed according to status, industry and occupation are consistent with long-range trends but they appear rather large for a three-year interval between the HES and the census. Indices of Inequality Section II begins by examining the extent to which the ranking of households is altered when the ranking criterion is changed from total to per capita income or expenditure. It is shown that the proportion of households falling in the same decile according to total and per capita income is no more than 26.2 percent, while the corresponding figure for ranking in terms of expenditure is 22.5 percent. A major reason for this disparity is the differences between the average size of households falling in a given decile according to the total or per capita income or expenditure. The inequality index for the total income (or expenditure) of households is significantly higher than that for the per capita income (or expenditure)

16 -4- of individuals. Also, as would be expected, inequality of expenditure is notably lower than that of incomes. Characteristics of the Poor According to the Relative Concept of Poverty Section II also reviews at length the characteristics of households or population in different deciles, mainly according to per capita expenditure (PCE). The findings are consistent with our general impressions. In the country as a whole, the rural households are overrepresented in the bottom deciles. The urban and rural households have been ranked as separate groups as well. The major differences between the bottom and top deciles are in their average household size, the dependency ratio and the proportion of persons with no schooling (all of which vary inversely with decile). Differences in the labour force participation rates of persons aged are negligible (but the "crude" participation rates for the total population rise steadily with decile because of the age composition effect). The incidence of unemployment shows a mild inverse relationship with respect to PCE decile in urban areas but the relationship is unclear in rural areas, probably because almost two-thirds of the unemployed are sons and daughters who are supported by other members of the household. The incidence of visible underemployment does, however, vary inversely with decile. The structure of employment according to PCE decile shows an increase with decile in the proportions of employees, of employers, of workers in modern manufacturing and in the services, and of white collar workers. The proportion of the self-employed and family helpers, and of agricultural workers steadily declines as PCE decile rises.

17 -5- Incidence of Poverty According to an Absolute Criterion Section III examines the incidence of poverty in Peninsular Malaysia according to an absolute poverty criterion and compares these findings with those of earlier studies. The proportion of households below the poverty line used in a recent World Bank study is 20 percent in urban areas and 45 percent in rural areas. Poverty is above the average in urban and rural areas if the head of the household (a) has received no formal schooling, b) is self-employed or a family helper, or (c) is an agricultural worker. Estimates of the incidence of poverty are certainly sensitive to particular poverty lines; but the overall pattern and regional variations in the incidence of poverty, etc., remains unchanged even with a 30 percent lower poverty line. Results of a Multivariate Analysis In Section IV our multivariate analysis (in terms of the Multiple Classification Analysis [MCA]) of the monthly per capita income (PCY of urban and rural households explains 14 and 32 percent, respectively, of the variance; the corresponding figures for per capita expenditure (PCE) are 37 and 36 percent. Educational attainment of the household head stands out as the most important explanatory variable. The ethnic group is the next important explanatory variable of PCE. For PCY in rural areas, ethnic group explains less of the variance than does child-dependency ratio; class of worker of the household head is next in importance. Age of the household head, a possible indicator of life cycle effects, explains less of the variance in PCE or PCY than does the educational attainment of the head, probably because the effect of household size and dependency ratio has already been allowed for.

18 -6- The percentage of total variance in PCE or PCY explained in our multivariate analysis is no more than 40, because the characteristics of household heads (85 percent of whom are also the main earners) do not take into account the human capital or skills of other members within the household. When the analysis is limited to the wages and salaries earned by employees (in terms of their principal status during the reference week), the explained variance increases to between 53 and 57 percent for males, about 68 percent for females, and around 54 percent for both sexes together (Section V). Once again, educational attainment stands out as the most important explanatory variable, both for male and female employees. Ethnic group is next in importance for males, particularly in rural areas, but not for females. Occupation, age and industry seem to play a relatively minor role, although the interaction effect, unattributed to any specific variable, seems quite important. Pattern of Consumption Section VI examines the distribution of total expenditure among different categories of consumption items, for deciles of households ranked according to their per capita as well as total household expenditure. Elasticities of per capita and total expenditure on each group of items with respect to total expenditure on all commodities together have also been estimated on the basis of different deciles. It is shown that several of the elasticity estimates do indeed vary according to the ranking criterion used to demarcate the deciles, although the identification of commodity groups as income-inelastic or income-elastic generally remains unchanged.

19 -7- In conclusion, the fact that education is more important than ethnic group as an explanatory variable for earnings of employees and for the levels of per capita expenditure or income is reassuring insofar as it highlights an important instrument of policy intervention. An improvement in the availability of educational opportunities to all groups of the population can be an important tool in a program of poverty alleviation; nonetheless, several complementary policies based on an intensive analysis of all available information would also be necessary.

20 -8- II. Characteristics of Household Ileads or Population in Different Deciles The characteristics of households or population falling in different deciles in terms of their per capita expenditure or income provide some insights into certain aspects of life of those classified as poor according to the absolute criterion (households with a per capita expenditure below a certain specified level) as well as the rich. Our deciles are deciles of households and not of population. Except for some initial discussion, the deciles considered below have been constructed separately for urban, rural as well as all households. The characteristics examined below include (a) demographic characteristics, such as the average household size, sex and age composition of household heads, sex ratio and the dependency ratio of the population, and the educational attairment of the population aged 15 and over; and (b) economic characteristics such as the labour force participation rates and the incidence of unemployment, and the status, occupational and industrial distribution of the employed. The incidence of part-time work among the employed as well as certain characteristics of persons classified as unemployed are also examined. A. Importance of the Ranking Criteria Few studies of income distribution take due account of the implications of ranking the households or the population according to the total or per capita income of the household.-/ The proportion of Peninsular Malaysian households falling in the same decile when ranked to the total and per capita income was no more than according The percentage 1/ An elaborate discussion of this issue is available in the author's "Poverty and Living Standards in Asia: An Overview of the Main Results and Lessons of Selected Household Surveys", Working Paper No. 2 of the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS), World Bank, 1980.

21 -9- of households falling in the same decilt w.hen ranked according to the total and per capita expenditure was 22.5 percent (20.4 percent in urban areas and 20.8 in rural areas). A major explanation for the differences in the ranking of households according to the criterion used is the fact that the average size of the household varies inversely with decile in terms of PCE/PCY, whereas it rises with decile in terms of THE/THY. The observed changes in the ranking of households in terms of THE and PCE can be seen in Table 1, which shows for household heads of different age groups (i) the average household size, (ii) the average total household expenditure, and (iii) the average per capita expenditure (obtained by dividing (ii) by (i)). Figure 1 shows the data in graphical form. The data show that both in urban and rural areas the peak level of total household expenditure is reached by heads aged 45-49, who also have the peak household size. Many of these households would be in or near the top deciles in terms of total household expenditure but not in terms of the PCE. Households with young heads and low average size get classified in the top deciles in terms of PCE, but they would be in the bottom deciles in terms of THE. Since the household size first rises and then falls with respect to the age of the household heads, a similar reclassification is likely to occur when the ranking criterion is changed from total household income to per capita income.-/ 1/ The changes in ranking may be described as arising from the life cycle effects. But the life cycle phenomenon seen in the earnings of wage or salary earners (which also exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship with age because of experience or on-the-job training) leads to a different result in the sense that the young tend to be overrepresented in the bottom deciles of income earners.

22 Table 1 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: PER CAPITA AND TOTAL HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE (IN MALAYSIAN DOLLARS) BY AGE GROUP OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD Age of Number Average Average Average Index of Index of Household of Household Household Per Capita Household Per Capita Head Households Size Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure AZZ Areas less than and over All Urban Areas less than and over All Rural Areas less than and over All

23 Fioure 1 Peninsular Malaysia: Average Household Size and the Index of Total and Per Capita Monthly Expenditure by Age Group of the Head of the Household, 1973 All Areas Urban Areas Rural Areas O l l l l l 140 Index of Total Household Expenditure N U, _ AGE GROUP OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD

24 -12- While a few analysts might prefer to rank households according to the total total household income or expenditure on the ground that there exist economies of scale in consumption, the per capita ranking appears superior because it makes at least some allowance for the differences in the demands placed on the resources of a household.-/ The economies of scale in consumption are unlikely to be present with respect to all commodities and will seldom be so important that an increase in the number of persons in the households would not raise the total consumption needs. 1. Ranking According to Per Capita Income and Expenditure For Peninsular Malaysia, we have the option of choosing between the ranking of households according to per capita income or expenditure. Since both income and expenditure pertain to only one month when a sample household was surveyed, both have a seasonal element, which is averaged out when the sample data are aggregated for the year as a whole. This author has a preference for the per capita expenditure criterion on the ground that expenditure or consumption is easier to recall than income, and therefore, expenditure data are more reliable than the income data.-/ Quite probably, consumption is more closely related to what is termed "permanent income," because the households take account of the likely temporal fluctuations in the income stream while deciding on their expenditures. However, an important fact is that the percentage of total households falling in the same decile according to PCE and PCY criteria is no more than 36.7 percent (36.6 in urban areas and 33.0 in rural areas). 1/ No allowance is made for the effect of public expenditure on public distribution of goods and services (and the likely differences in their availability to different groups) on the ranking of households. 2/ As noted in Annex 2, the difference between PCE estimed from the HES and the per capita private consumption estimated in the national accounts was only 15.3 percent whereas that between PCY and the per capita GDP was significantly larger.

25 Indices of Inequality To explore the importance of #-he ranking criteria further, we have estimated the indices of inequality according to alternative rankings. The difference in the estimates according to whether the unit of aggregation is the household or the individual (i.e. whether we overlook or recognize the number of individuals in each decile of households) is also shown in Table 2.-/ While most studies in the literature consider the distribution of income (or expenditure) among households, ranked according to total household income (or expenditure), it is relatively easy to take account of the size of each household and examine the income shares for individual members within households ranked according to their per capita income. The estimates shown in Table 2 indicate that the simple adjustment makes considerable difference to the inequality indices. Given the well-known insensitivity of the Gini coefficient to considerable shifts in income distribution, differences between coefficients obtained when the households are ranked according to their total household income (0.518) and household members according to per capita income of the household (0.502)2/ are noteworthy. Table 1 in the Statistical Annex shows the decile limits and the average monthly expenditure or income per household and per person in each 1/ The Kuznets Index and the Entropy Measure have been explained in Annex 5 of my paper on "Poverty and Living Standards in Asia." LSMS Working PaDer No. 2. World Bank, / The Gini coefficient of for the distribution of per capita income is almost the same as Sudhir Anand's estimate (0.498), based on the data on the "average monthly income" (from different sources) of each of the households, asked of some 25,000 households in September 1970, in the Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), which followed the 1970 Census. Note that the PES income data were available only in intervals and for the household as a whole. The number of class intervals was quite large (32). The per capita income was estimated by relating the household size to the estimated mean income of households falling in the interval.

26 -14- of the ten deciles of households under alternative ranking criteria. The percentage share of total expenditure (or income) accruing to deciles of households and of population is also shown.-/ As will be shown below, average size of households varies directly with decile when households are ranked according to total household expenditure or income and inversely with decile when the ranking is in per capita terms. Therefore, the bottom deciles of households, ranked according to total expenditure or income, have less than 10 percent of the population; and when this fact is taken into account through aggregation in terms of individuals, the indices of inequality decline significantly, (even more than with the ranking in per capita terms and aggregation in terms of individuals). With per capita ranking, there is no real reason to adopt aggregation in terms of households and to overlook the percentage of people in each decile. If, however, we consider only the households to ensure comparability of the unit of aggregation under alternative ranking criteria, once again, the indices of inequality appear significantly lower than those under the conventional procedures. In fact, even with per capita ranking, aggregation in terms of households leads to an understatement of the level of inequality because the disparity in the share of total population in different deciles of households is then overlooked. Table 2 indicates that, as would be expected, the distribution of expenditures is much less unequal than that of income. The effect of the ranking criterion is similar both in urban and rural areas; and according to all four criteria, there is less inequality in rural areas than in urban areas. The rural-urban difference in the distribution of 1/ These values have been estimated by interpolation from Lorenz curves fitted to the observed values on the basis of a mathematical function proposed by Kakwani and Podder. See: N.C. Kakwani and N. Podder, "Efficient Estimation of the Lorenz Curve and Associated Inequality Measures from Grouped Observations," Econometrica, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp

27 -15- Table 2 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: INDICES OF INEQUALITY WITH ALTERNATE RANKING CRITERIA, 1973 Ranking Unit of Gini Kuznets Entropy Criterion* Aggregation Coefficient Index Measure ALL AREAS THY Household THY Individual PCY Household PCY Individual THE Household THE Individual PCE Household PCE Individual URBAN AREAS THY Household THY Individual PCY Household PCY Individual THE Household THE Individual PCE Household PCE Individual RURAL AREAS THY Household THY Individual PCY Household PCY Individual THE Household THE Individual PCE Household PCE Individual * THY Total household income PCY Per capita income of the household THE = Total household expenditure PCE Per capita expenditure of the household

28 -16- Table 3 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN EACH DECILE ACCORDING TO URBAN RURAL RESIDENCE, 1973 Urban Rural Residence All Urban Rural Decile Areas Areas Areas (A) DeciZe According to MonthZtj Per Capita Income (PCY) All (B) Decile According to Per Cczita Expenditure (PCE) All

29 -17- expenditures is noticeably larger than that in the distribution of total household expenditures (although, as shown in Table 4 below, the interdecile difference in average household size is smaller in rural areas than in urban areas). Most of the discussion in this section relates to PCE deciles, demarcated separately for all, urban and rural areas. We shall first examine the urban-rural distribution of households falling in different PCE and PCY deciles. 3. Urban-Rural Distribution of Households in Different Deciles Data presented in Table 3 conform to the expectation that when all households are ranked according to per capita income or expenditure, the rural households are overrepresented in the lower deciles. Table 4 explores the average household size of households falling in different PCY or PCE deciles, according to urban-rural residence as well as ethnic group. Interestingly, the inter-decile range of variation in household size is slightly larger when ranked according to PCE than to PCY. Contrary to what one observes in most countries of the world, urban households in Peninsular Malaysia are slightly larger than the rural, within each PCY or PCE decile. B. Main Demographic Characteristics of Households or Population Table 5 and Figure 2 summarize the key demographic characteristics of households or population falling in different deciles. The figures for a given decile for the country as a whole are not weighted averages of those for urban and rural households because of the reshuffle of the ranking when they are pooled together.

30 -18- Table 4 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MEkN HOUSEHOLD SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS IN DIFFERENT DECILES ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA INCOME OR EXPENDITURE, BY URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENCE, 1973 Area of Residence Decile All Urban Areas Rural Areas (A) Decile According to Per Capita Incone (762) (67) (695) (720) (73) (647) (728) (122) (606) (730) (169) (561) (724) (213) (511) (747) (268) (479) (709) (279) (430) (703) (330) (373) (728) (382) (346) (722) (456) (266) All (7273) (2359) (4914) (B) Decile According to Per Capita Expenditure (727) (64) (663) (727) (86) (641) (729) (132) (597) (727) (170) (557) (729) (189) (540) (724) (255) (469) (728) (290) (438) (727) (322) (405) (726) (386) (340) (729) (465) (264) All (7273) (2359) (4914) c The number of sample households was less than four. Figures in parentheses show the number of sample households.

31 Table 5 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION ACCORDING TO THE DECILE OF MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, BY URBAN-RURAL RESIDENCE, 1973 Percentage of Females Percentage of Females Average Household Size Dependency Ratio* in Population Among Household Heads Decile All Urban Rural All Urban Rural All Urban Rural All Urban Rural All *Persons aged 0-14 and 65 and over per 1000 persons aged

32 -20- Pentnsular Malaysia Figure 2 Selected Demographic Characteristics According to Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~54 z U, 0 *, 1 2j 3 s *0 % U,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ra > <~~~~~~ 1400~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 4.. \... EstaAe 4 Ar c<ioo - z~~~~~~~~~~~~--- Ura c ~~~~~~~~~~~ w tj S8oo. z~~~~~~ *k _ Urban Areas ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -rba m~~~~~ I a ural Areas... All Areas

33 Average Household Size A reference has already been made to the inverse relationship between the average household size and the PCE or PCY decile and to the fact that the inter-decile variation in household size is somewhat larger in urban areas than in rural areas. Another dimension of the same phenomenon is shown in Table A.2 in the Statistical Appendix, which provides the size distribution of households in each decile. The percentage of single-member households was almost 26 percent in the top decile and 1.5 percent in the bottom decile. The inter-decile difference in the proportion of households with two members was much less, about 13 percentage points (from 5.1 to 18.0). Almost 54 percent of the single-member households and 36 percent of two-member households fall in the top quintile. The proportion of one- and two-member households was higher in urban areas (9.1 and 9.6 percent, respectively) than in rural areas (6.7 and 8.7 percent, respectively) but their overrepresentation in the top quintile was of the same order. The inter-decile range of variation in the proportion of one- and two-member households was also similar in both urban and rural areas. 2. Age Distribution of Household Heads As discussed above, the average household size and the size distribution of households in each decile are related to the age distribution of heads of households.-/ According to the data presented in Table A.3 of the Statistical Appendix, the proportion of household heads less than 30 years 1/ Although the identification of the household head in terms of the structure of authority within a family requires a detailed inquiry, over 84 percent of those reported as heads of households were also the main earners (see Table A.4 in the Statistical Appendix).

34 -22- of age was over 28 percent in the top decile and only 9.5 percent in the bottom decile. These differences are masked if we look at the median age of household heads, which was not much different from the average (43.8 years) in the bottom eight deciles but was lower in the top two deciles (41.4 and 39.9 years in the ninth and the tenth decile). The median age of female heads was 49.1 years, more than six years higher than that of male heads (42.7 years). This is related to their marital status, to be discussed next. 3. Sex and Marital Status Composition of Household Heads Given the current debate about the overrepresentation of women among the poor, Table 5 shows the proportion of females among household heads in each decile. Both in urban and rural areas, the proportion of female heads is higher than the average in the bottom quintile and below the average in the top quintile; but the highest percentage of female heads in urban areas occurs in the fourth decile, and in the country as a whole in the sixth decile. To further examine the characteristics of female heads of households, Table A.5 in the Statistical Appendix shows the marital status distribution of heads in each PCE decile. Three-fifths of the female heads were widowed, divorced or separated. The widows and divorcees were overrepresented in the bottom decile, whereas the never-married female heads were, of course, overrepresented in the top quintile. (The same was true of never-married male heads of households.) The overrepresentation of widows and divorcees among

35 -23- female heads partly accounts for their higher median age relative to that of male heads.-/ 4. Percentage of Females in the Population Like the proportion of females among household heads, their proportion in the population of different deciles also shows an overrepresentation of women in the bottom PCE decile, both in rural and urban areas, and an underrepresentation in the top quintile in rural areas and in the top deciles in all areas. To some extent, the latter phenomenon is likely to be a reflection of the overrepresentation of single-member households, often or largely headed by males, in the top deciles. 5. Age Distribution of the Population Differences in the age composition of persons according to different deciles are larger than those in terms of average household size. As shown in Table 4, the dependency ratio, i.e. the ratio of persons in the dependent ages 0-14 and 65 and over to those in the working ages 15-64, varies inversely with PCE decile in urban as well as in rural areas.2/ The relative difference in the dependency ratio between the bottom and the top deciles is larger in urban areas (3.47:1) than in rural areas (2.79:1). The major difference arises from the varying proportions of children aged 0-14 rather than of the elderly, who account for a very small proportion of the total population (2.9 percent). 1/ The average size of households with female heads was smaller (4.29) than that of households with male heads (5.96). Households with only one or two members had a much higher proportion of female heads (35.3 and 30.1 percent) than the average; conversely, almost 30 percent of the households with female heads had only one or two members. Partly as a result, the monthly per capita expenditure of households with female heads (M$56.0) was only a little lower than that of households with male heads (M$57.3). 2/ Table A.6 in the Statistical Appendix shows the age distribution of population by sex and PCE decile.

36 -24- This is confirmed in Table A.17 of the Statistical Appendix which shows the distribution of households according to PCE decile and the number of children aged The percentage of households with no children increased almost steadily from 7.3 in the bottom decile to 57.6 among urban households), while the average figure was 23 percent (27 and 21 percent in urban and rural areas, respectively). On the other hand, as shown in Table A.8 of the Statistical Appendix, over 92 percent of the households had no elderly person aged 65 and over. The percentage of households with one or two persons aged 65 or more varied between seven and ten, with no systematic tendency. Table A.9 and A.10 examine these data in a slightly different manner in terms of the distribution of households by decile of per capita expenditure and (i) child-dependency ratio and (ii) aged-dependency ratio. Table A.9 shows that for 21 percent of all households, the child-dependency ratio (CDR) was zero (and for another two percent of them, it could not be defined because of an absence of any person aged 15-64). More importantly, the proportion of households with a zero CDR increased steadily with decile. Households with a high dependency ratio of one or more were over-represented in the lower PCE deciles. Differences were somewhat sharper in urban areas than in rural areas, although the broad trends were similar. The aged-dependency ratio was zero for 91 percent (and undefinable for two percent) of the households and showed little systematic variation with PCE decile both in urban and rural areas. These differences in the age composition of persons falling in different deciles would, in turn, cause sizeable differences in their requirements of food intake, etc. Ceteris paribus, they would also influence the expenditure pattern and the level of labour force participation (for

37 -25- all age groups together) or the potentida per capita earnings of persons in different deciles, which will be discussed in further detail below. 6. Educational Attainment The Household Expenditure Survey did not collect information on the literacy of the respondents, and recorded the highest certificate obtained by those who went to school. As a result, it is difficult to infer the number of years of schooling or the precise level of educational attainment for almost 60 percent of the population aged 15 and over, which is classified as having received some primary education. No one in this category had received the "lower certificate of education", for passing an examination held at the end of the third year of secondary school. Table A.ll in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of persons aged 15 and over by PCE decile and educational attainment. Figure 3 shows the percentages of persons in each decile who had received no formal schooling and of those who had received the higher certificate of education or diploma or some college education. The data confirm the expected (a) inverse relationship between PCE decile and the proportion of persons who had received no schooling, and (b) the direct relationship between decile and the proportion of those who had received a "lower certificate of education" (L.C.E.), a "higher certificate of education" (H.C.E.)- some college education, or an equivalent diploma. Only 25 percent had no formal schooling but the sex-differential in the 1/ A lower certificate of education (L.C.E.) is awarded on successful completion of three years of secondary school education and a higher certificate of education (H.C.E.) after six years of secondary school education.

38 Figure 3 Peninsular Malaysia: Percentages of Persons Aged 15 and Over with (i) No Formal Schooling and (ii) Higher Educational Attainment, by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, 1973 All Areas Males Females Both Sexes *. Urban Areas 60 Males Females Both Sexes * 10 *55 55 C. I I I II. I I I I Rural Areas 60., Males Females Both Sexes NoFr al Scoon DEIEO E APT XEDTR ~~~ *...Higlie: NoFormal Schoohnlg Certil,c.,te of Educationi plus College or Diploma DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE

39 -27- proportion was quite sizeable, both in urban and rural areas. Religious education, a distinct category, was reported by less than one percent of the population, and not necessarily by persons in the bottom deciles as might have been expected. On the other hand, few of those with a "higher certificate of education", a diploma or a college degree, (earned by less than ten percent of the population), were found among the bottom 40 percent. Over three-fifths of persons with a H.C.E. or higher education resided in urban households, which are clearly overrepresented among the top deciles (when all sample households are grouped together). As shown later in this paper, educational attainment is one of the key explanatory variables for the level of per capita income or expenditure of a household, and for earnings or wages and salaries of employees. It would have been useful, therefore, to examine the decile-related differences in school enrollments, which might indicate the likely future trends in these differences. Unfortunately, however, the necessary data were not collected in the HES. C. Economic Characteristics For reasons that are difficult to understand, the collection of data on the labour force participation in the HES was limited to the age group Since the 1970 Census had enumerated 30 percent of persons aged 65 and over to be in the labour force, the rationale for collecting labour force data for ages is difficult to understand. However, since persons aged 65 and over formed only 2.9 percent of the population, the resulting underestimation of the labour force is unlikely to exceed about one percent.

40 Labour Force Participation Rates-/ The labour force participation rates shown in Table A.12 in the Statistical Appendix and Figure 4 pertain to the population aged There is little systematic association between the PCE decile and the particicipation rates, although the urban females in the top three deciles reported significantly higher participation rates than average. A different picture emerges in the "crude" participation rates, (i.e. as a percentage of a decile). Largely because of the inverse association between the proportion of children aged 0-14 and the PCE decile, the crude participation rates for males, females and both sexes together show a positive relationship with PCE decile. Table A.13 shows the distribution of households by PCE decile and labour force participation rate for ages Only six to seven percent of all households in urban and rural areas reported no one to be in the labour force; such households were overrepresented in the bottom PCE deciles in urban areas but there was no clear tendency among rural households. Households with a labour force participation rate equal to one (i.e. every one aged in the labour force) showed a clear overrepresentation in the top decile both in urban and rural areas; but there was no clear relationship between PCE decile and the labour force participation rate of unity. 2. Number of Earners It is quite likely, of course, that some of the persons classified as outside the labour force during the reference week had some source of income. This would be particularly true of the pensioners and other retired 1/ These rates are based on the reported activity of individuals during the week that included the fifteenth day of the month in which the household was interviewed. The reference period was "one week." Labour force participation rates and the incidence of unemployment for persons aged are reviewed in Annex 3.

41 Figure 4 reninsular ivialaysla Labor 1-orce rarticipation Hates and the Incidence of Unemployment among Persons Aged by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, All Areas Urban Areas Rural Areas 90 w 80 ui ~~~ E l.,0 z X - = cc LU20 U z ~ < eas i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0. 6 ~ S * z 3~ C O L 6 7; ~~Persons..... Females. - Males DECI LE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE

42 -30- persons receiving some income from assets. Therefore, Table A.14 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of households in each decile according to the number of earners. The number of sample households with no earner was negligible. But rather interestingly, the percentage of households with only one earner increased with PCE decile, particularly in rural areas. In urban areas, the proportion of households with only one earner showed rather small inter-decile differences. To some extent, the high proportion of single-earner households in the top decile is a reflection of the size distribution of households in each decile (shown in Table A.2 in the Statistical Appendix). However, the number of earners might be higher among the households in lower deciles precisely because of the low earnings of the principal earner and/or the heavy burden of dependent children.!! 3. Incidence of Unemployment Table A.12 and Figure 4 also show the incidence of unemployment (unemployed as percent of the labour force in age group 15-64) by sex and PCE decile, separately for urban, rural and all areas. The incidence of unemployment seems to be markedly higher in the bottom decile and significantly lower in the top decile or quintile for males as well as females in urban areas and for males in all areas together. But in rural areas, there is no clear indication of the expected inverse association between the level of 1/ As shown below, the difference between the number of earners, estimated on the basis of the data presented in A.14 and persons in the labour force was larger in rural areas than in urban areas. Number of Persons in the Labour Force as % Area Earners Labour Force Difference of All Earners All 15,326 13,160 2, Urban 4,847 4, Rural 10,479 8,829 1, A likely explanation is the fact that labour force participation was estimated for the reference week whereas- the earnings data relate to the entire month when a household was interviewed. For households with a self-employed member or a business enterprise, the earnings could even relate to a full year preceding the month of interview,

43 -31- per capita expenditure and the incidence of unemployment. (The highest incidence of rural unemployment is seen in the sixth decile -- both for males and females.) Table A.15 shows the distribution of households by incidence of unemployment and PCE decile. Over 78 percent of households both in urban and rural areas reported a zero incidence of unemployment; in other words, every member aged who was in the labour force in these households was employed. The inter-decile range of variation in the percentage of households with zero unemployment was smaller in rural areas (76 to 82 percent) than in urban areas (69 to 86 percent); and the percentage showed a mild tendency to rise with PCE decile in urban areas but not in rural areas. Only three to four percent of urban and rural households reported an incidence of unemployment of the order of 60 percent or more (i.e. three-fifths or more of their members who were in the labour force were unemployed). Such households were overrepresented in the bottom PCE decile and underrepresented in the top decile; but there was no clear tendency in intermediate deciles. Since the survey classified about 675 persons as unemployed, their characteristics are reviewed at some,length in Annex 3. Interestingly, only 10 percent of the unemployed were heads of households; over 65 percent were "sons" or "daughters" who were obviously supported by other earning members in the family. This fact probably accounts for the observed weak relationship between the incidence of unemployment and the PCE decile. In any case, the differences in the levels of per capita expenditure are much wider than those in the level of unemployment. It is necessary, therefore, to examine the quality or structure of employment reported by those classified as employed.

44 Incidence of Visible Underemployment An interesting aspect of employment situation that can be examined with the HES data is the incidence of visible underemployment or the proportion of those willing to work more, among those working less than "full time". Rather surprisingly, the HES collected data on the willingness to work more only for persons who had reported working less than 25 hours. In other words, work for 25 hours or more was considered "full-time work". Almost 88 percent of all employed persons (91 percent of the males and 82 percent of the females) were classified as full-time workers. The relevant data are shown in Table A.16 in the Statistical Appendix. The proportion of part-time workers varied inversely with PCE decile. Part-time work was less prevalent in urban areas (6.5 percent of all employed percent of males and 11 percent of females) than in rural areas (14.9 percent of all employed, 11.3 percent of males and 20.8 percent of females). Only 29.2 percent of the part-time workers (32.5 percent of the males and 27.7 percent of the females) were willing to work more. However, consistent with a priori expectations, the proportion of part-time workers willing to work more varied inversely with the PCE decile. Furthermore, the willingness to work for additional hours was more frequently reported by the part-time workers in urban areas (38.5 percent) than by those in rural areas (28.1 percent). Of course, the concept of hours of work is necessarily imprecise for the self-employed -- and some persons even reported themselves as working all 24 hours of the day during the reference week.-/ However, compared to 1/ It has been learned that several Malaysian labour force surveys have also included a few employed persons who reported that they had worked for 168 hours during the week.

45 -33- the Indian subcontinent or even neighbouring Thailand, the self-employed form a relatively small proportion of all employed persons in Peninsular Malaysia. Even in rural areas, the majority of workers happen to be employees, for whom hours of work are quite well-defined. 5. Status Distribution of the Employed Table A.17 in the Statistical Appendix and Figure 5 show the distribution of the employed in each PCE decile by status or class of worker. Both among male and female workers, the percentages of employees and employers rise more or less steadily with PCE decile with those of the self-employed and family helpers decline as PCE decile rises. tendencies are more marked in rural areas than in urban areas. These Evidently, the status of an employee carries with it a certain assurance of income and other benefits, which are not available to the self-employed.-/ The HES data lend support to the widespread impression that the self-employed are overrepresented among the poor. 6. Industrial Classification of the Employed Table A.18 shows the industrial distribution of the employed in each PCE decile. geographical form. Figure 6 shows the data for Peninsular Malaysia in a The proportion of "padi" (rice) farmers, rubber plantation workers, as well as other agricultural workers varies inversely with decile. The percentage of those working in traditional manufacturing shows very small variation across deciles; but that of workers engaged in modern manufacturing rises steadily with decile. The proportion of workers in the services sector also increases with decile. Once again, these tendencies are sharper in rural areas than in urban areas. 1/ The well-known difficulties of estimating the income of the self-employed and family helpers should not affect our data since the ranking is done in terms of per capita expenditure. There could, of course, be some errors in the imputed value of the consumption of goods produced in or sold through the family enterprise.

46 Peninsular Malaysia Figure 5 Status Distribution of the Employed by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, Males Females Both Sexes ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \.mq 20 - N.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 20 4% 0wit~~~~~ *as... lo Employers - - -Self-Employed... Family Helper DECI LE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE

47 -35- Figure 6 Peninsular Malaysia; Percentages of the Employed in Selected Industrial aid Occupational Groups, by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure and Sector, Males Females Both Sexes 35 J 30-' 25 0\ 20A ~.: ' D)ECI LE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE Padi w ~Rubber _ Trade, Trans, Comm Health Etc. a,,, 50~~~. -S. Males Feniales Both Sexes o I_ * BC. Agricuture ECI LE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE O 40 w 30~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 50/ O 40 * a0 0 L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ o......wiecla cuain I- roucio a a a-... W it olrocuain

48 Occupational Distribution of the Employed The occupational distribution of the employed in each decile, shown in Table A.19, has fewer categories than the industrial distribution-/ and for almost five percent of the workers, the occupation was neither known nor adequately described. The main trends are shown in Figure 6. As would be expected, the proportion of white-collar workers (particularly the professional, technical, administrative, managerial and clerical) shows a tendency to rise with PCE decile while that of agricultural workers declines as PCE decile rises. The proportion of craftsmen and production process workers first rises and then falls, forming an almost inverted U-shaped curve with respect to PCE decile. The decile differentials in the occupational distribution of the male and female workers are somewhat similar. 8. Sources of Household Income Table A.20 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of total income by source for different deciles in terms of per capita and total income of the households. Excluding the bottom decile in terms of both ranking criteria, the proportion of income originating in the profits of unincorporated enterprises declines and that arising from wages and salaries rises as decile rises. The bottom decile includes some households reporting losses (negative income) from unincorporated enterprises; and they contribute to the observed deviation from the pattern. The rise in the share of wages slows down after the fourth decile in terms of per capita income and the fifth decile in terms of total household income. Property 1/ The HES coding scheme has used a very detailed classification scheme for coding both industry and occupation of a worker. However, in order to avoid the problem of a small number of sample persons in various cells, it is necessary to use a summary code.

49 -37- income (reported by only 1.4 percent of all households) is insignificant in all but the top decile in terms of both criteria but its share shows a mild but clear tendency to rise with PCY deciles. Consistent with a priori expectations, transfers are more important for the bottom deciles than for the upper deciles; but they account for over 50 percent of households in the bottom decile in terms of total household income. D. An Overview Table 6 summarizes the correlation and regression coefficients showing the association between the various characteristics and the average per capita expenditure of households in different deciles. the number of degrees of freedom was no more than eight. With ten deciles, But the results essentially confirm the conclusions noted in Section II. 1. There is a statistically significant negative association between per capita expenditure and (i) the average household size, (ii) the dependency ratio and (iii) the proportion of persons aged 15 and over with no schooling. A negative association between the proportion of females among household heads and per capita expenditure is statistically significant only in urban areas. 2. There is a significant, positive association between labour force participation rates of females (and persons of both sexes) and per capita expenditure in urban areas but not in rural or all areas. 3. The expected negative association between the incidence of unemployment and per capita expenditure is statistically significant for (a) males (and all persons) in all areas and for (b) females (and all persons) in urban areas; but not in rural areas.

50 Table 6 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: CORRELATION BETWEEN SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS AND THE AVERAGE PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE IN DECILES OF HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, 1973 Characteristic All Areas Urban Areas Rural Areas 1. Average Household Size -0.95** -0.86** -0.97** 2. Dependency Ratio -0.89** -0.75** -0.92** 3. Percentage of Females ** among Household Hleads 4. Percentage of Females -0.70* ** in Population 5. Proportion with no Formal Schooling Males -0.79** -0.77** -0.87** Females -0.90** -0.86** -0.92** Persons -0.87** -0.84** -0.91** 6. Labor Force Participation Rate'a Males Females ** Persons ** Incidence of Unemployment@ Males -0.74** Females ** Persons -0.83** -0.72* * Significant at the five percent level. ** Significant at the one percent Labor force arnd unemployment data relate to ages

51 -39- No regressions have been estimated for the distribution of the employed in terms of status, occupation, industry and per capita expenditure because most of the differentials by decile are large and linear; they are all expected to be statistically significant. We shall supplement the present review of various characteristics of households or population according to their PCE decile by a multivariate analysis of the levels of per capita expenditure or income and the earnings of employees (Sections IV and V). However, the incidence of poverty and characteristics of poor households according to an absolute poverty criterion will be examined first.

52 -40- III. Incidence of Absolute Poverty This section examines the incidence of poverty and the characteristics of poor households in terms of the absolute poverty criterion, with a poverty line identified in terms of the level of expenditure required to meet the basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. The results are compared with some earlier estimates obtained in an earlier study on the basis of the income data collected in the Post-Enumeration Survey of 1970 and also those those presented in the Third Malaysia Plan. A. Poverty Line According to a recent World Bank study, the Malaysian officials considered all households with an annual per capita income of US$265 in 1975 (when the Third Malaysian Plan was published), i.e., equivalent to a monthly income of M$180 per household in 1970 prices, as "below the minimum standard" or below the poverty line.-/ Taking into account the average household size of 5.5 persons reported by the 1970 Census or 5.4 estimated by the 1973 Household Expenditure Survey, the poverty line in terms of per capita income or expenditure in 1970 prices would be M$ / Subsequently, in 1977, the poverty line was specified separately for urban and rural areas at a level of a monthly household expenditure of M$246.1 for rural households and M$272.6 for urban households, or M$252.4 for the country 1/ Parvez Hasan, "Growth, Structural Change and Social Progress," in MaZaysia: Growth and Equity in a MuZtiraciaZ Society, Kevin Young et. al. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1980). 2/ Willem Bussink reports in a chapter in the book cited above that in 1978, the Economic Planning Unit had lowered the poverty line from M$33 to M$29 per capita per month in 1970 prices. The lower poverty line is equivalent to an annual per capita income of US$230 in 1977 prices.

53 -41- as a whole, all at current prices.-/ Dividing these figures.by the average size of households, which did not differ significantly between rural and urban areas according to the 1973 HES data presented in the previous section, and adjusting for the rise in the consumer price index between 1973 and 1977 (about 31.9 percent), we obtain a poverty line in terms of monthly per capita expenditure in 1973 of M$38.33, M$34.58 and M$35.67 for urban, rural and all areas of Peninsular Malaysia. 2/ B. Incidence of Poverty in 1973 Tables 1 and 2 summarize the estimated percentages of poor households which are defined as those with a monthly per capita expenditure below the poverty line. Figure 7 shows the estimated proportions of poor households in (i) households interviewed in different months, and (ii) households of different sizes, according to urban-rural residence. Both Figure 7 and Table 1 illustrate one of the major problems with the use of expenditure data to estimate poverty. The estimates of the poor for each month of the interview can be considered valid estimates because the sample canvassed during each month was an independent sub-sample. However, the range of the estimates of the poor is quite wide, from 13 to 25 percent for urban areas and from 37 to 53 percent for rural areas (between 31 and 44 percent for all areas). This variation is partly due to the seasonality in expenditures, associated mainly with festivals. For example, the festival of Ramaden, highly important for the Muslims, happened to be in the month when the estimate of 1/ World Bank, East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, Malaysia: Selected Issues in RuraZ Poverty, Annex 1 to a draft report for discussion (September 1979). 2/ This poverty line is about 23 percent higher than the one used by Sudhir Anand (M$25.00) after adjustment for the rise in the consumer price index of the order of 15.9 percent between 1970 and The figure of M$35.67 is obtained by weighting the urban and rural poverty lines by the estimated proportions of total population in urban and rural areas in 1973 (71 and 29 percent).

54 TABLE 1 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ACCORDING TO MONTH OF INTERVIEW AND HOUSEHOLD SIZE, 1973 Percentage of Percentage Distribution Percentage Distribution Poor Households of All HousehoZds of Poor Households All Urban Rural All Urban Rural All Urban Rural Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas All MONTH OF INTERVIEW January February March April Mlay June July August September October ;ove_,ber December HOUSEHOLD SIZE P * * 25 or more * * * * * * *: Number of sample households was only 2, one each in urban and rural areas. Note: Households with a monthly per capita expenditure of up to M$38.33 in urban areas, M$34.58 in rural areas and M$35.67 in all areas are considered poor. The total number of sample households was 7273, 2359 from urban areas and 4914 from rural areas.

55 Figure 7 Peninsular Malaysia: Incidence of Poverty (Percentage of Poor Households) by M\onth of Interview, Household Size, and Sector, 1973 All Households All Households 90k ,0 - Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov Dec Month of Interview Household Size All Areas... Rural Areas Urban Areas

56 -44- TABLE 2 P MALAYSIA: INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ACCORDING TO VARIOUS CNARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS, 1973 Perametag. of Peroentagea Diettribution Percentage DNetribution Characteri s- Poor HousehoZda of All Houeeholds of Poor Yousehsods tics of the All Urban Ruiral All Urban Rural All Urban Rural Ho.sehold Head Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas All SEX Kate Female ZONE South-West South East North North-West AGE * * * N N N * * EDUCATION No formal schooling Religious education Primary Lower certificate Higher certficate College diploma or deg OCCUPATION Professional, technical Administrative Clerical Sales Service Agricultural Production. craftsmcn Not adequately described N Outside the LF/ not stated PRINCIPAL EMPLUY- MENT STATUS Employer Employee Self-employed Family helpers Housewife Pensioner Student Other Not in labor force INDUSTRY a) Extractive Sector Padi Rubber Other agriculture Livestock Forestry Fishing Mining b) Secondary Sector Manufacturing Traditional indus Modern indus Utilities & Constr Utilities Construction c) Tertiary Sector Trade. Transp. & Comc Private Sector Services Health, etc d) Other * *: Number of sample housebolds we. only 2, one each in urban and rural areas. N: Negligible Notes: Households with a monthly per capita expenditure of up to M$38.33 in urban areas, }t$34.58 in rural areas and M$35.67 in all areas are considered poor. The total numober of esample hou aholds vas from urban areas and 4914 from rural areas.

57 -45- poverty was the lowest. During the months of December and January the payment of annual bonuses is likely to raise the incomes (and, therefore, expenditure) and lead, in turn, to a decline in the proportion of the poor. Estimates of the percentage of poor households according to their size confirm the importance of household size in determining the level of per capita expenditure and the incidence of poverty. The incidence of poverty is much lower than the average among households with one or two members; it exceeds the average among households with six or more members in urban areas, and five or more members in rural areas. The increase in the incidence of poverty slows down as the household size rises to ten members or more. The results shown in Table 1 are consistent with those in the previous section indicating an inverse association between PCE decile and household size. Table 2 shows the incidence of poverty according to various characteristics of household heads -- zone of residence, sex, age, education, labour force and employment status, occupation and industry.-/ The incidence of poverty is significantly above the average in the East zone and lower in the South and the South-West. In urban areas, the North zone seems slightly better off than even the South-West zone. In rural areas, poverty seems to be significantly higher in the East, North and North-West than in the South and South-West zones. Differences in the incidence of poverty according to the sex of the household head are negligible; but the differences according to the age of the household head are suggestive of the life cycle effect. The highest incidence 1/ It is worth repeating that over 84 percent of the household heads were also the main earners of the households. Therefore, the characteristics of the household head are good proxies for those of main earners. See Table A.4 in the Statistical Appendix.

58 -46- of poverty is reported for households with heads aged in urban areas and in rural areas. These are the age groups when the average household size approaches its peak value. (Among both urban and rural households, the peak household size in urban areas and 6.52 in rural areas -- is reached in the age group I/) According to the results of our multiple classification analysis, age of the household head explains very little of the variance in per capita income (PCY) and expenditure (PCE). In contrast, the size of the household is a more important explanatory variable for the variance in PCE and PCY. Therefore, the differences in the incidence of poverty according to the age of the household head essentially reflect the effect of associated differentials in household size. As would be expected, the incidence of poverty declines with an increase in the educational level of the household head. Education of the head beyond the primary level is associated with a substantial decline in the incidence of poverty, although only 10 percent of all households are in that category. Over 60 percent of the poor households in rural areas and almost 68 percent of those in urban areas had received some formal education -- up to nine years (i.e. up to the third year of the secondary school, although they had not received the "lower certificate of education" indicating success in the examination 1/ See Table 1 of Section II above for data on the average household size according to the age group of the household head.

59 -47- at the end of nine years of schooling).- Compared to the poor in the Indian subcontinent, the educational attainment of poor heads of households in Peninsular Malaysia appears to be better, and communications with them should be easier than in the subcontinent. An examination of the incidence of poverty according to the economic characteristics of the heads of households shows it to be above the average among (i) the self-employed and family helpers; (ii) agricultural workers in both rural and urban areas, and miscellaneous service workers or craftsmen and blue collar workers in urban areas; (iii) padi or rubber farmers, fishermen, workers in traditional manufacturing activities, and construction workers. However, about half of the rural poor households were headed by a self-employed worker, and an almost similar proportion of the urban poor households were headed by an employee. Most of these economic characteristics are highly correlated with educational attainment, and the MCA results show education to be the most important of the explanatory variables considered in our analysis of the variance of PCY or PCE. C. Sensitivity of Estimates of Poverty to Alternative Poverty Lines Table 3 shows the distribution of poor households according to the percentage difference between their actual per capita expenditure and the / According to the 1970 census, the distribution of persons educated up to nine years, without receiving LCE was as follows: Educational Attainment Males Females Persons Some Years of Primary Education Completed Primary School Forms I-II of Secondary School Attended Form III of Secondary School TOTAL

60 -48- Table 3 Peninsular Malaysia: Percentage of Poor Households According to Alternative Poverty Lines in Terms of Per Capita Expenditure (PCE), 1973 Poor Households According to Percentage Differences between their Actual PCE and the Poverty Line (Percent) Sample I Poor Households Below PCE < Households Poverty Line Zone/Characteristic of the Main Earner of the Household All Households Zone South-West South East North North-West Rural/Urban Urban Areas Rural Areas Educational Attainment No Formal Schooling Religious Education Primary Education LCE HCE College/Diploma Class of Worker Employer , ,1 Employee Self-Employed Family Helper Housewife Pensioner Student Other Industry and Class of Worker Padi Employee * Self-Employed Rubber Employee Self-Employed Other Agriculture Employee Self-Employed Fishing Employee Self Employed Traditional Manufacturing Employee Self-Employed

61 -49- poverty line. It can be used to estimate the percentage of poor households under different poverty lines, from 5 to 30 percent lower than those used in Tables 1 and 2.-/ While the use of a lower poverty line naturally implies a lower incidence of poverty, the broad pattern of poverty remains unaltered even with a 30 percent lower poverty line than the one used in Tables 1 and 2. Poverty figures in Table 3 include some estimates according to the two economic characteristics of main earners, 2/i.e., industry and class of worker (to avoid the problem of small sample size, only employees and the self-employed have been considered). Interestingly, households with a self-employed main earner producing rubber, undertaking fishing, or manufacturing traditional products were more likely to be poorer than households with their main earner engaged in the same activities as an employee. A similar but small difference is observed among households in "other agriculture." Among padi (rice) farming households, however, those with main earners working as employees were presumably landless and, therefore, slightly more likely to be poor than those with a self-employed main earner. D. Incidence of Poverty According to an Income Criterion and Its Sensitivity In some of the work by the East Asia and Pacific Region Office of the World Bank, a poverty line of a monthly household income of M$ (M$ for urban areas and M$ for rural areas) at 1973 prices has been used. With 1/ Different poverty lines were used for urban and rural areas. For other characteristics of household heads, the urban/rural distinction has not been considered. 2/ The main earner has been determined according to the total of reported and imputed income.

62 -50- PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Table 4 PERCENTAGE OF POOR HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO ALTERNATIVE POVERTY LINES IN TERMS OF PER CAPITA INCOME, 1973 Poor Households According to Percentage Difference between their Actual PCY and the Poverty Line (Percent) Sample I Percentage of Poor < Zone/Caracteiatic Zone/Characterietic Households I jwith PCY < MS34.78 of the Main Earner All Zones 7, South-West 1, South 1, East 1, North 1, North-West 1, Class of Worker of the Employed Employer Employee 3, Self-Employed 2, Family Helper Industry Agricultural Sector 2, Rubber 1, Oil Palm Coconut Padi Other Agriculture Livestock Forestry Fishing Mining ,3 Traditional Industry Industry and Class of Worker Rubber Employer Employee Self-Employed Family Helpers Padi Employer Employee 49 65; Self-Employed Family Helper

63 Table 4 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: PERCENTAGE OF POOR HOUSEiHOLDS ACCORDINC TO ALTERNATIVE POVERTY LINES IN TERMS OF PER CAPITA INCOME, Occupation 1973 (a) All Areas 7, Professional, Technical Administrative Clerical Sales Services Agriculture 2, Production. Craftsmen 1, Not Adequjately Described Other ' (b) Urban Areas All 2, Professional, Technical Administrative Clerical Sales Services Agriculture Production. Craftsmen Not Adequiately Described Other/Not Stated/Outside Labor Force (c) Rural Areas All 4, Professional, Technical Administrative Clerical Sales Services Agriculture 2, Production, Craftsmen Not Adequately Described Other/Not Stated/Outside Labor Force

64 -52- an average household size of 5.4 persons, the poverty lines in terms of per capita monthly income are M$37.56, M$33.91, and M$34.78, respectively. These lines are only slightly lower than those in terms of monthly per capita expenditure cited above. As noted earlier, the ranking of households changes if per capita expenditure rather than per capita income is used as the ranking criterion. (The percentage of households in the same decile according to the two criteria was no more than in urban areas and 33.0 in rural areas.) Therefore, households classified as poor in terms of per capita expenditure may not all be poor according to their per capita income. However, the overall proportions of poor households according to the two sets of poverty lines (in terms of PCE and PCY, respectively) are very similar and 36.2 percent for Peninsular Malaysia as a whole (19.7 and 17.8 percent for urban households and 45.3 and 45.5 percent for rural households). An attempt has also been made to estimate the difference in the estimated percentages of the poor households that would result from adopting somewhat lower poverty lines, up to 30 percent lower than those being presently used in the Bank work. The sensitivity of the estimates of poverty to different poverty lines can be seen in Table 4, which indicates the percentage of households whose per capita income was short of the poverty line by varying percentages. Once again, although a lower poverty line naturally reduces the percentage of poor households, the incidence of poverty remains relatively much higher in rural areas than in urban areas and among households having their main earner-/employed as a fisherman or an agricultural worker growing padi or coconut and rubber or 1/ The main earner has been determined according to the total of reported and imputed income.

65 -53- oil palm. As would be expected, poverty also appears to be relatively high among rural households whose main earner is employed in sales or manufacturing activities (as a production process worker or a craftsman). E. Comparison with Earlier Estimates Our estimates of the incidence of poverty are roughly comparable to those of Sudhir Anand, who found 36.5 percent of the households in 1970 (15.8 percent of urban households and 44.6 percent of rural households) to be below the poverty line defined then as a per capita income of M$ / While our categories for different variables are somewhat different from those of Anand, the general differences are similar. One major difference occurs with respect to the sex of the household head: Anand found a significantly higher difference in the incidence of poverty among households with female heads, while our results show a much smaller difference. A similarity of the general results occurs despite the fact that the poverty line, defined in terms of per capita expenditure, is about 23 percent higher than Anand's, after allowance for the rise in the consumer price index. This may be partly due to the fact that expenditure is more easily recalled and reported. Even with the poverty line defined in terms of per capita income, (which is 20 percent higher than Anand's, in real terms), we obtain an almost identical estimate of the incidence of poverty as did Anand, because the 1973 income data are a better approximation to reality. (As noted earlier, each sample household was visited several times during the one-month reference period.) 1/ Sudhir Anand, InequaZity and Poverty in MaZaysia: Measurement and Decomposition, (New York: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).

66 -54- The income data of the Post-Enumeration Survey (PES) of 1970, used by Anand, were collected during a single visit with little scope to check them with other information; in all probability, incomes were understated to a significant extent.

67 -55- IV. Multivariate Analysis of Per Capita Income and Expenditure This section reports the results of the multiple classification analysis (MCA)1- of per capita income and expenditure, separately for urban and rural areas, in Peninsular Malaysia. Eight or nine variables (eight when rural and urban areas are considered separately and nine for all areas) take account of the characteristics of the household as a whole while an additional seven variables denote the characteristics of the household head. As shown in Table A.4 in the Statistical Appendix, almost 85 percent of the household heads were also the main earners and therefore the results were not much different from those obtained by using the characteristics of main earners. 1/ The MCA assumes an additive model and the program is "normally insensitive to interaction effects," unless the correlation between two or more predictors is extremely high. A key feature of the MCA technique is its ability to show the effect of each explanatory variable on the dependent variable both before and after the effects of all other explanatory variables are taken into account. (The variables are measured as sets of classes of categories.) In the case of correlated predictors, one could observe either an 'overlap effect' (e.g., when the relationship between the two predictors is positive and they are both positively related to the dependent variable). In the former case, the two variables considered together will explain less than the sum of the two, each considered separately, whereas in the latter case, the variables together will explain more of the variation in the dependent variable than the sume of the two considered separately. The rank order of the beta coefficients, estimated for each predictor variable, indicates the relative importance of the various predictors in their explanation of the dependent variable if all other predictors were "held constant." The MCA technique requires a partitioning of even continuous variables such as the dependency ratios, participation rates and incidence of unemployment in categories. We have attempted to demarcate the groups in a manner that would minimize the problem of (a) too few sample households in a category and (b) too unequal a distribution of sample households. Because of the bunching of households around certain values of these continuous variables, the latter problem is very difficult to avoid. See: Frank M. Andrews, et. al., MuZtipZe CZassification AnaZysis, Second Edition (Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, 1973), p. 17.

68 -56- A. Explanatory Variables at the Household Level The choice and definition of some of the explanatory variables considered in the MCA require some elaboration. Among the variables defined for the household as a unit, rural urban residence, ethnic group, and household size require no comment. The month of interview was included in the explanatory variables because of the sizeable differences in the level of per capita expenditure and income of households interviewed in different months noted elsewhere in the paper. Five other variables were defined for each household. Table 1 shows the percentage of sample households for which these variables had a value of zero or could not be defined. Two variables take into account the burden of dependency in terms of the ratio of (a) children aged 0-14 and (b) the elderly aged 65 and over, per person aged (which are regarded as the ages of labour force participation). The two variables labelled as the child-dependency ratio and the aged-dependency ratio cannot be defined for about 2.2 percent (160) of the households which had no member aged For other households, the two ratios ranged from (a) 0 to 9.0, and (b) 0 to 2.0, respectively. Approximately 21.1 percent of all households had no member aged less than 15 yeras, while 90.9 percent of the households had no one aged 65 years or more. (About 19.2 percent of the households had no one aged less than 15, or 65 and above.) The three variables defined for the age group are: the labour force participation rate, the incidence of unemployment, and the average number of hours worked by the employed. The labour force participation by persons aged less than 15 or 65 and over is ignored since they were not covered by the labour force survey. Only the labour force participation rate for persons of both sexes aged is taken into account to minimize the number of households for whom

69 -57- Table 1 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERCENTAGE OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM THE CONSTRUCTED VARIABLES COULD NOT BE DEFINED OR HAD A ZERO VALUE All Urban Rural Variable Areas Areas Areas Child Dependency Ratio (1) Equal to Zero (2) Not Definable Aged Dependency Ratio (1) Equal to Zero (2) Not Definable Labor Force Participation Rate (1) Equal to Zero (2) Not Definable Incidence of Unemployment (1) Equal to Zero (2) Not Definable Average Hours Worked Not Reported Sample Households 7,273 2,359 4,914

70 -58- the variable cannot be defined.- The variable ranged between 0 and 1, with 6.2 percent of the households reporting a zero participation rate and 34.4 percent reporting a rate of unity. The incidence of unemployment is defined only for households which had at least one member in the labour force (i.e. it cannot be defined for 8.7 percent of the households which had no member aged 15-64, or no one in the labour force, or for whom the information was not recorded). It ranged between 0 and 1, with around 78.8 percent of the households reporting no unemployed member and 3.1 percent reporting all the members in the labour force to be unemployed. Finally, the average number of hours worked by an employed member during the reference week was estimated to provide a crude index of underemployment. (It is not possible to estimate underemployment in terms of those willing to work more because the relevant information was collected only for persons working less than 25 hours during the reference week, i.e. about 12 percent of all employed persons.) The variable could not be defined for 11.7 percent of the households. Interestingly, for about 1.3 percent of the households, the average number of hours worked exceeded 84, or 12 hours per day; in four households, the employed had reported themselves as working 24 hours a day. Obviously, there must be some exaggeration here, probably by persons working as policemen or undertaking other duties when they are "on call" all 24 hours of the day.-/ In our analysis, all households with the employed reporting work for 42 hours or more have been grouped together as suffering from no underemployment. 1/ Almost 15.3 percent of the households had no male member aged 15-64, and 11.2 percent had no female member in that age group. These figures include about 26 households for which labour force data could not be collected. 2/ Such oddities do not constitute a criticism of the survey investigators, supervisors or coders. They bring to light some problems in defining hours worked.

71 -59- Seven additional variables considered in the MCA are characteristics of the household head: occupation and industry. sex, age, marital status, education, employment status, Of these variables, marital status was introduced just for completeness -- to take account of all the available information -- and was retained in the final analysis because if one does not adjust (i.e. control) for other factors, it seems to explain over five percent of the variance in the per capita income of rural households. Marital status of the household head is likely to be related to his sex and age as well as the size of the householdl/ and generally ceases to be significant when adjusted or controlled for other factors. Among other variables, the employment status categories include not only the four classes of worker relationships but also the unemployed (as "Other"), those outside the labour force (housewife, pensioner and students), and those whose labour force status was not recorded (either because they were outside the labour force ages or for other reasons). The occupational and industrial classification of household heads is easy to define for the employed; however, some ill-defined categories of "miscellaneous" occupations or "blank and not stated" cases have been retained as separate classes. B. Results of MCA Table 2 summarizes the results of MCA of per capita expenditure and income, separately by urban-rural residence. The number of categories used for each variable is also shown. Variables have been ranked according to the estimated 1/ Some 18.1 percent of all household heads were females (20.5 percent in urban areas and 16.9 percent in rural areas). Sixty percent of the female heads were widowed, divorced or separated (48.7 percent of those in urban areas and 66.6 percent of those in rural areas).

72 Table 2 Peninsular Malaysia: Results of Multiple Classification Analysis of Per Capita Expenditure and Income of Households Per Capita Expenditure Per Capita Tncome All Areas Urban Areas Rural Areas All Areas Urban Areas Rural Areas Explanatory Variable 82 Rank 82 Rank B2 Rank B2 Rank B2 Rank 82 Rank (A) Household Characteristics 1. Month of Interview (12) $ k 8.006$ Rural/Urban Residence (2) N$ - N$ N$ - N$ - 3. Ethnic Group (4) Household Size (15) Child-Dependency Ratio (14) Aged-Dependency Ratio (5) N$ $ 13 N$ - N$ Labor Force Participation Rate (11) $ Incidence of Unemployment (5) $ @ Average Hours Worked (9) $ $ (B) Characteristics of Household Head 1. Sex (2) N$ -.001@ 12 N$ - N$ - N$ - N$ - 2. Age (11) $ @ 9.OON$ 8.003@ Marital Status (4) N$ -.002$ 11 *001$ 13 N$ - N Education (6) Class of Worker (8) Occupation (9) Industry (17) $ $ 9.004$ R Interaction Effect Sample Households NOTES: N: Less Not significant at the five percent level. $: Not significant at the ten percent level. +: Not significant at the one percent level. All other variables are significant at the one percent level. Interaction effect is calculated by subtracting the sum of 82 values from R 2. Figures in parentheses show the number of categories distinguished for the particular variable.

73 -61- values of 2 or the percentage of variance in the dependent variable explained by each explanatory variable or predictor when all other variables were constant.l/ The variance in dependent variables explained by each predictor before adjustment for other variables is shown in Tables A.21 and A.22 in the Statistical Appendix. Table 2 also shows the interaction effect, estimated as the difference between (a) the total R or explained variance and (b) the sum of 2 values, i.e. of the variance explained by all the predictor variables. In five out of six sets of results reported in Table 2, the total explained variance or R exceeded the sum of 2 values, i.e. there were suppressor effects with predictors negatively related to each other and positively related to the dependent variable. Only the MCA of per capita income of urban households showed an overlap effect, with the total R less than the sum of a2 values. Table 2 also shows whether the variance explained by a predictor alone was a significant portion of the variance of the dependent variable. An F test is used for that purpose; but the degree to which the data meet the assumptions of an F test has not been evaluated and the results provide only a rough indication of the statistical significance of each variable. C. Explained Variance in Per Capita Expenditure and Income According to Table 2, the explanatory variables used in our analysis explains a substantially larger part of the total variance in per capita expenditure of households than of the variance in per capita income. For rural households, however, the difference in R values for per capita expenditure and income is relatively quite small. 1/ When two or more variables explain the same percentage of variance in a dependent variable, each one of them is given the same rank.

74 -62- Considering first the variance in PCE, educational attainment of the household head proves to be the most important explanatory variable in urban, rural and all areas. Ethnic group, child-dependency ratio of the household, and household size and the second, third and fourth most important explanatory variables, respectively, of per capita expenditure. Economic characteristics of the household head, namely his class of worker, occupation and industry are next in order of importance. But age group of the household head, generally used as an indicator of the life cycle effects, turns out to be less important than the child-dependency ratio and the size of households. Of course, the latter two variables are related to the age of the household head; and when they are ignored, age group of the head may seem to be an important explanatory variable. Turning to the variance in PCY, educational attainment of the head of the household is once again the most important explanatory variable, and the child-dependency ratio of the household is the second in importance. In urban areas, occupation and ethnic group of the household head are of almost equal importance and rank third and fourth among explanatory variables. In rural areas, however, ethnic group is a more important predictor of PCY than the economic characteristics of the household head, i.e. class of worker, occupation and industry, in that order. Household size is as important as occupation of the household head in rural areas and as important as class of worker in urban areas. Labour force participation rate of a household is fifth among predictors of PCY in urban areas but less important than the economic characteristics of heads of households in rural areas. Age of the head turns out to be a relatively less important explanatory variable of the per capita income of a household than is usually believed.

75 -63- A few general inferences can be drawn from the results of our MCA. First, the R values are relatively low because the available data do not include any information on the assets of different households. Even the educational data do not show the years of schooling of those who went to school and the years of experience on the job for those who have been reported as employed. Likewise, we have not considered the educational and other characteristics of the members of a household other than its head. Second, the child-dependency ratios turn out to be a more important explanatory variable than the labour force participation rate (for persons aged 15-64) or the incidence of unemployment, partly because the variation in the latter variables is indeed less than in child-dependency ratios. Third, ethnic group probably serves as a surrogate for a combination of several other variables and is, therefore, more important than several other variables. Fourth, the primary importance of education as an explanatory variable of the differences in per capita expenditure and income might inspire hope that with an improvement in the availability of educational opportunities to different segments of the society, disparities in income and expenditure would probably decline. While an increased supply of educated and skilled workers would help to eliminate some of the element of "rent" enjoyed by the bettereducated in the prevailing situation, appropriate public policies would remain crucial for avoiding the wastage of investment in education through a rise in the incidence of unemployment among the educated. Fifth, the low explanatory power of the average hours worked during the week by the employed with respect to both PCE and PCY probably indicates the difficulty of measuring the intensity of work or underemployment. Also,

76 -64- the hours worked relate to one week within the reference week, while the per capita income and expenditure are determined by activities of different members over a much longer period of time as well as by the assets of households. In the next section, we shall examine the results of a multivariate analysis of earnings of employees.

77 -65- V. Multivariate Analysis of Earnings of Employees A significant problem in income surveys is the difficulty of identifying the income earned by unpaid helpers in household enterprises or other activities. To some extent, the problem arises even for employers or ownaccount workers if more than one member in a household undertakes joint economic activity in some capacity other than as an employee.-/ For employees, the earnings are clearly identifiable and are usually stable over time, unless the person is a casual labourer. Quite probably, they are also more accurately reported. It is useful, therefore, to examine the factors contributing to differences in the earnings of employees. A. Proportion of Employees Among Workers Although the present analysis is restricted to the earnings of employees, (more precisely, total compensation of employees, including payments in kind and social security or provident fund contributions), it is, nevertheless, of considerable interest because persons, whose "principal employment status" was as an employee. accounted for over 55 percent of all employed persons (73 percent of the urban employed and almost 47 percent of the rural employed).-/ Table A.17 in the Statistical Appendix indicates a positive association between the proportion of employees among the employed and the PCE decile of the households. Further, as noted in Section II, the share of wages and salaries in the, total household income also tends to rise rather steadily with the decile of households in terms of per capita income or expenditure (see Table A.20). 1/ The convention is to recorc income resulting from joint activities of household members, which cannot be allocated, against the head of the household. 2/ Almost 66.5 percent of all sample households reported some income from wages and salaries. This proportion also steadily increases with the decile of per capita expenditure.

78 -66- It is important to note that the wages or salaries earned by household members were not received only by those who were classified as employees in terms of their principal employment status. Table 1 indicates that only 85 percent of persons reporting some wage or salary income were employees according to their principal employment status. The average wage or salary earnings of others were much lower than those of employees. To consider, in one single group, the wage and salary earnings of everyone reporting them would introduce some unnecessary noise in the analysis; thus, we decided to consider only those who were principally employees. B. Results of the Multiple Classification Analysis Table 2 below summarizes the results of MCA, separately for male, female and all employees, according to their area of residence. While most of the variables taken into account are self-explanatory, the willingness to work (for more hours) was identified only for employees who had been working less than 25 hours per week because of "insufficient work/nature of the job.'" Only three percent of all employees had, therefore, answered the question. The R values or the percentages of variance in earnings explained by the predictor variables taken into account are significantly higher than the corresponding values obtained in the MCA of PCE and PCY. A major explanation is the direct relevance of the characteristics of an individual to his earnings as an individual. Per capita expenditure or income, on the other hand, depend on several variables unrelated to the characteristics of the household head that 1/ The precise question was as follows: "If working for less than 25 hours, are you able and willing to accept additional number of hours of work?".

79 -67- Table 1 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS REPORTING SOME WAGE OR SALARY ACCORDING TO THEIR PRINCIPAL EMPLOYMENT STATUS, 1973 Principal AZZ Areas Urban Areas RuraZ Areas Employment Status Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Employer Employee 6754* Self-employed Family helpers Housewife Pensioner Student Others Not in labour force ALL 7924* Mean earnings (M$ per month) *The figures fall short of the total of rural and urban persons in the category because of a punching error in the records for three persons. NOTE: Persons whose principal employment status was that of an employee had a mean wage or salary income of M$ per month and they accounted for 93.6 percent of the total wage and salary income. Others had a mean wage or salary income of M$82.99 per month.

80 -68- Table 2 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MCA ANALYSIS OF MONTHLY EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES, BY SEX, 1973 MaZes FemaZes Persona VARIANCE EXPLAINED VARIANCE EXPLAINED VARIANCE EXPLAINED Without Without Without adjustment With adjust- adjustment With adjust- adjustment With adjustfor other ment for Rank for other ment for Rank for other ment for Rank factors other factors of factors other factors of factors other factors of Predictor n B2 Month of Survey 0.002@ ~ @ 0.004@ @ Rural/Urban Residence Ethnic Group Sex Age Marital Status Education Employment Status - _- _ Occupation Industry Hours Worked * Willingness to Work More N N - R Interaction Effect Urban Areas (Sample Size) (4528) (2221) (6754) Month of Survey @ @ 9 Rural/Urban Residence _ Ethnic Group @ Sex Age Marital Status Education Employment Status - - Occupation Industry @ @ @ S Hours Worked @ @ 8 Willingness to Work More N @ @ 10 R Interaction Effect (Sample Size) (1943) (943) (2289) (Continued)

81 Table 2 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MCA ANALYSIS OF MONTHLY EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES, BY SEX, 1973 Rural Areas Mause PemrzLes Peraone VARIANUCE EXPLAINED VARIANCE EXPLAINED VARIANCE EXPLAINED Without Without Without adjustment With adjust- adjustment With adjust- adjustment With adjustfor other ment for Rank for other ment for Rank for other ment for Rank factors other factors of factors other factors of factors other factors of Predictor n2 B 2 Bn2n2 B2 B2 n2 B 2 82 Month of Survey @ @ Rural/Urban Residence -- _-. Ethnic Group Sex Age Marital Status 0, Education Employment Status Occupation Industry , Hours Worked o Willingtfess to Work More N N N R Interaction Effect (Sample Size) (2581) (1275) (3858) Not significant at the ten percent level. N: Less than *: Not significant at the five percent level. All other variables are significant at the five percent level.

82 -70- were considered above. A second explanation for the observed phenomenon is the relatively large interaction effect (or the explained variance not attributable to any of the explanatory variables) considered in Table 2 below; it is particularly large for urban employees -- both males and females -- and for all employees in the country as a whole. Apparently, the suppressor effects are quite large, and some experimentation with the construction of new variables by considering two or more characteristics at the same time may be useful. Without adjustment for other factors, the four variables that seem to explain a significant part of the variance in earnings are: educational attainment, ethnic group, occupation and industry of the employee, both in urban and rural areas. An adjustment for other factors lowers the importance of all the factors; but for male employees, education and ethnic group stand out as the most important explanatory variables, with occupation, age and industry next in importance, in that order. For female employees, education and occupation are the most important explanatory variables, with ethnic group declining to a relatively irsignificant factor in urban areas and a significant but minor one in rural areas. Table A.23 in the Statistical Appendix shows the average monthly earnings (in Malaysian dollars) of employees according to various characteristics. These figures are likely to be of general interest and indicate the pattern of differences. The data suggest an approximation to an inverted U-shaped curve of earnings with respect to age, separately for males and females and for urban and rural areas.

83 -71- VI. Pattern of Consumption Expenditure This section examines briefly the pattern of consumption expenditure in urban and rural areas of Peninsular Malaysia by households in different deciles ranked according to per capita as well as total expenditure. Engel coefficients or elasticities have been estimated for per capita as well as total expenditure on goods and services in different categories. A. Expenditure Categories The choice of some 32 categories of expenditure for summarizing the data collected by the Household Expenditure Survey had been made by other colleagues in the Development Research Center before the tapes began to be used for the present project. The same 32 categories have been used in our analysis.-/ Table A.24 in the Statistical Appendix shows a summary of selected statistics such as the number of households reporting some or no expenditure in each category, the minimum and the maximum values of total expenditure reported by households and the mean expenditure (as well as its standard deviation) estimated separately for (a) households reporting some expenditure and (b) all sample households. The reported minimum value of expenditure is always one Malaysian dollar because those reporting zero expenditure are excluded;-/ and the figures were rounded to whole dollars. 1/ According to the "Coding Manual" for the Expenditure Survey, expenditure on the leasing of air conditioners, furniture, and other household equipment was grouped with that on "household goods and cleaning materials." Quite probably, however, the leasing of such goods is not very widespread in Peninsular Malaysia and the distortion, if any, in the results is quite small. 2/ For a total of 61 households, the tapes either did not include any expenditure or income data or reported a negative income. A negative income or a loss is not impossible for a short reference period of one month. However, all such households have been excluded from the present analysis.

84 -72- The range of variation in total expenditure by households was understandably larger in urban areas than in rural areas and larger for categories such as "packaged tours and financial and other services," "major durables and recreation equipment," "transportation items (including cars and motorcycles)," or "parts and repair (of transportation equipment)." B. Pattern of Consumption Tables A.25 and A.26 in the Statistical Appendix show the per capita and total expenditure on each of the 32 categories of expenditure by households falling in different deciles with the ranking in terms of per capita expenditure. Tables A.27 and A.28 in the Statistical Appendix provide the same information for deciles of households ranked according to their total expenditure. The percentage share of expenditure on a given category of goods and/or services is the same in tables showing per capita and total expenditure under a particular ranking criterion. Five categories of expenditure (food, clothing, and shelter as well as transportation and tours and financial services) accounted for almost 77 percent of total expenditure in Peninsular Malaysia as a whole. in the average consumption pattern is relatively small. The urban-rural difference Urban households spent 40 percent of total expenditure on food, whereas for rural households, food accounted for 47 percent of the total expenditure. Much of this difference was compensated by a higher share of housing in the expenditure in urban areas (13.9 percent) than in rural areas (9.7 percent). C. Engel Curves Figure 8 shows the Engel curves for five categories of expenditure for per capita and total expenditure deciles, respectively. The inter-decile differences in the share of different categories in total expenditure are striking with

85 Wj 70 Figure 8 Peninsular Malaysia: Percentage Share of Specified Items of Expenditure in the Total Reported by Households in Different PCE and THE Deciles, by Sector, 1973 Urban Areas Rural Areas All Areas -60 z w x -jl < 40X[ w Z10...,....,... :...,,,,,,.,,,... - LU 10.- i;tt_, _ r E= _ PCE Decile PCE Decile PCE Decile Urban Areas Rural Areas All Areas 060 z 40 0 l'- 30- U. 0 U) 01-4~~~~~~~~~~-- --.W X THE Decile THE Decile THE Decile Food Rent. Clothing....Transportation ---- Tours and Finance Services

86 -74- respect to food and tours and financial services. The Engel curves for food and housing expenditures in rural areas differ significantly according to whether the deciles have been demarcated according to per capita or the total expenditure of the household. D. Elasticity Estimates Table 1 summarizes the estimates of elasticities of (a) per capita and (b) total expenditure on various categories of items with respect to the total expenditure reported for various PCE and THE deciles.-/ The commodity groups identified as facing inelastic (i.e., those with elasticity equal to less than one) demand (food, tobacco, and utilities) are essentially the same whether we use the PCE or the THE ranking criterion; but for housing, the demand indicated by rent payments appears to be inelastic with the THE ranking but it has an elasticity coefficient very close to one with PCE ranking. Demand for domestic service, major durables and recreation equipment, and for entertainment and gambling show the relatively greater elasticity. The elasticity coefficients for the latter two categories of expenditure (excluding domestic service) are higher for rural areas than for urban areas. Also, the estimates are a little higher with the THE ranking than with PCE ranking.2/ Estimates of elasticity of total expenditures on various items are generally very similar to those obtained for the elasticity of per capita expenditure. For some items such as postal, telephone and telegraph fees, 1/ These estimates of elasticity with respect to total expenditure of households in different deciles are a proxy for estimates of income-elasticity. We have used data for deciles of households to avoid the problem of non-comparability arising from differences in the households reporting some expenditure on different items. 2/ Expenditures on schooling and boarding fees seem to be much more elastic with the THE ranking than with PCE ranking.

87 -75- Tablc I PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: ELASTICITY OF (A) PER CAPITA AND (B) TOTAL HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE ON SPECIFIC ITEMS, WITH HOUSEHOLDS GROUPED INTO DECILES ACCORDING TO THEIR PER CAPITA AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE, 1973 (A) EZasticity of Per Capita Expenditure (B) Elaetioity of TotaZ Houschold Expenditure PCE Deciles THE Deciles PCE Deciles THE Deciles Urban Rural All Urban Rural All Urban Rural All Urban Rural All Expenditure Categories Areas Areas Areas Areaa Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas Areas 1. Rice, flour and 0.14* * * -0.20** 0.03** -0.11** cereals 2. Biscuits, breads, mee, etc. 3. Fresh, frozen and proceased meats 4. Fish, shellfish, * processed fish 5. Milk, egg and oil Fruits, tubers, vegetables, nuts 7. Sugar, spices, jam and other food 8. Restaurant and related 9. Clothing, fabrics, tailoring fees 10. Footwear and related rapaira 11. Water charges Electricity, gas, fuel charges 13. Furniture Appliances, china, tools 15. Cars, motorcycles, and bicycles 16. Parts, repair for transport equip. 17. Petrol, oil and grease 18. Motor insurance, ** ** -0.04** 0.63** * 1.58* fees and tolls 19. Rail, ship, plane, bus, taxi fares * Significant at the five percent level, but not significant at the one percent level. ** Not significant at the five percent level. All other values are significant at the one percent level. Note: Elasticity eatimates have been obtained by regressing the logarithms of expenditure on items in each category on the logarithms of total expenditure in each of the ten deciles.

88 -76- the elasticity of per capita expenditure is statistically not significant at the five percent level but the elasticity of total expenditure is much higher and significant at the one percent level. Roughly the same pattern appears with both PCE and THE ranking criteria. The results presented above indicate the importance of using the per capita expenditure criterion rather than the total expenditure criterion. The issue would be even more important if the data on consumption patterns were to be used to estimate the commodity requirements of a welfare or social assistance program. This is due to the fact, noted earlier in this paper, that the proportion of total population represented by the poor households as well as its age composition (and therefore the "requirements") differ substantially according to whether they are identified on the basis of per capita or the total household expenditure (or income).

89 -77- ANNEX 1 SOME PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE AND INCOME SURVEYS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, 1973 and 1974 The primary objective of the Household Expenditure Survey (HES) conducted in Malaysial/ during 1973 was to obtain the weights to construct the cost of living indices. In addition, an elaborate schedule of the sources and amount of income during the reference period of one month was included to enable an analysis of the distribution of income among different groups of people.- All persons aged in the households included in the HES were asked about their labour force particulars for a fixed reference period of one week (which included the 15th day of the month).- At some stage, it was decided to collect data also on the "usual employment status, occupation and industry,"- and the available tapes include information on these characteristics according to both the usual status and the activities of the reference week. The simultaneous collection of data on expenditure, income and labour force particulars of a fairly large number of sample households makes the HES a rich source of information on the living standards and the economic characteristics of the Malaysian households. The HES was followed by a Household Income Survey (HIS), which interviewed all the households (i.e., households resident at the addresses 1/ In Sabah and Sarawak, the survey was limited to six main towns. Our analysis pertains only to West Malaysia. The HES, originally planned for , was actually conducted during the calendar year / The Instruction Manual for the HES makes explicit reference to the objective of analysing the distribution of income "between urban and rural population, between races" etc. See: Malaysia, Department of Statistics, Household Expenditure Survey, , tialaysia, Instruction i4fanual (Kuala Lumpur, undated), p. 1. Much of the information in this annex is based on this Instruction Manual. 3/ The labour force data were collected during the week following the reference week. 4/ No information is yet available on the precise definitions. A report containing the summarized statistics of the HES, issues by the Malaysian Department of Statistics, makes no reference to the collection of data for the reference period of one week.

90 -78- which were visited during the HES) during the period January-April 1974 in order to collect data on the household income and expenditure on durables during the calendar year 1973 (a fixed reference period of 12 months). The consumer durable expenditure data collected in the HIS have been substituted for the HES data on the subject. SonpZe Size Twelve independent subsamples, together adding up to 7,880 living quarters, were selected according to a multi-stage stratified sampling procedure. Each independent subsample, forming one-twelfth of the sample, was surveyed during each calendar month in A total of 7,644 households were found eligible: The non-response was quite low. After editing, the data relating to 7,285 households (7,273 households when the expenditure and income data are matched or compared), over 95 percent of the total, have been used for most of the analysis presented in this paper. Possibilities for Comparisons of Data The quality of the survey data can be partly assessed by comparing the survey data with those of the 1970 Census of Population. Unfortunately, however, the HES/HIS definition of an urban area was based largely on the population size of a locality in 1957 ("following the Socio-Economic Sample Survey of Households Malaysia - MSSH"). -/ It is not easy, therefore, to compare the survey data for rural and urban areas with those of the 1970 Census and only the data for the whole country can be compared (see Annex 3). 1/ See: Malaysia, Department of Statistics, HousehoZd Expenditure Survey, 1973, Malaysia: Summary Statistics (Kuala Lumpur, undated), p. 52.

91 -79- For the survey as a whole, the spreading of the interviews over an entire calendar year should help to average out some of the seasonal fluctuations in income and expenditure. Similarly, the data on income during a whole year, collected in the HIS (but not examined in this paper), should be less subject to seasonality, although the problems of recalling the income during the past could introduce considerable biases, which normally lead to an understatement of income. There arises, therefore, a real dilemma here. From a pragmatic angle, a survey cannot collect reliable information on income and expenditure for an extended period of time (such as a year), unless the same households are revisited so as to make it a panel study. For purposes of evaluating the welfare implications of a given level of income or expenditure, however, economists and other social scientists would be interested in the situation over a longer period of time, ideally even longer than a year. This author sees no alternative to a panel study for assessing the long-term situation; but the subject deserves careful experimentation with an analysis of actual experiences in different socio-cultural settings. 1/ Finally, the income and savings data based on the survey can be compared with those based on the national accounts, with due attention given to the limitations of the coverage of the survey information caused by the exclusion of institutional households, corporations, etc. Before attempting such comparisons, some of the concepts and definitions used in the HES/HIS need to be outlined. 1/ Differences between the income reported in the HES and average monthly income for the calendar year 1973, derived from the HIS, deserve a careful study by the Department of Statistics of the Government of Malaysia.

92 -80- Procedures for Recording Expenditure and Estimating the Value of Earnings or Income in Kind The household expenditure data were to be collected through daily 1/ visits during the reference month.7 The head of the household as well as other members aged 14 and above were requested to record their daily expenditure. Expenditure on consumer durables was recorded (a) for the 12 months preceding the month of the HES (on the second day of the survey month) and (b) for the 12 months of 1973 along with the Household Income Survey (HIS). Households were asked to record their durable goods expenditure during 1973; however, these requests were presumably communicated during the initial survey and the period of recording of durable goods expenditure would probably vary according to the month when the households were interviewed for the HES. The durable consumer goods expenditure data recorded on the available tapes are those collected in the course of the HIS. Income Persons receiving income on a daily basis were asked about their earnings each day or on alternate days of the survey month and the figures were added up for the month. Other household members not receiving daily income, as well as the household as a whole, were asked about their income during the entire month during the last three days of the month. Income accruing to the household as a whole was recorded as received by the household head. 1/ According to Mr. R. Chander, the Chief Statistician of Malaysia at the time of the survey, the frequency of visits was reduced to one on alternate days, after the field work had continued for two or three months.

93 -81- For businesses which did not know their net income during the survey month, average monthly profit or net income during the year preceding the survey month was recorded. Unincorporated enterprises in agricultural activities were also asked to report their net income during the reference month. (If, however, a padi farmer did not receive any income from his farm during the reference month, presumably he would have been asked to report the average net income during the year preceding the survey month and it would have been divided by 12 to arrive at the monthly average.) Elaborate instructions were provided to impute the value of (a) free food received from employers, Cb) owner-occupied, subsidized or free housing, (c) subsidizedsupply of consumer goods, (d) wages and salaries in kind and (e) consumption of goods from owned shop or home produce. Table 1 below summarizes the recommended procedures. the household head. Income accruing to the household as a whole was recorded against The importance of the imputation procedure can be seen partly in Table 2, which indicates the number of persons reporting various sources of income (or receipts) and the quantum of income (or receipts).- Out of a 2/ total 7,927 persons reporting some wage or salary income-, only 22.2 percent had received some compensation in kind, and for about 83.5 percent of them, such income in kind had to be imputed some value. In aggregate terms, income in kind formed less than five percent of the total amount earned as compensation of employees. ] Note that the same person could report several sources of income. 2 About 85 percent of the persons reporting income from wages or salary were employees in terms of their principal employment status during the reference week for the collection of labour force particulars.

94 -82- TABLE 1 RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR IMPUTING THE VALUE OF EARNINGS IN KIND, OWNED HOUSING, ETC. Item Imputation Procedure 1. Free food received by employees Valued at cost to the employer. 2. Free lodging/owner-occupied house (a) Estimated monthly rent for a similar house in the same locality or (b) one-twelfth of the ten percent of current market value of the house in rural areas and of the house plus land in urban areas. 3. Subsidized housing Difference between the imputed rent as per 2 above and the actual rent paid was taken as the subsidy or income in kind. 4. Subsidized supply of consumer Difference between the current retail goods value and the actual payment was 'taken as the subsidy. 5. Wages and salaries in kind Valued at the producer's price prevailing in the local market. 6. Consumption of goods from Valued at producer's prices, i.e. owned shop or home produce prices charged by the respondent when he sold the produce.

95 -83- TABLE 2 P. MALAYSIA: DATA ON THE QUANTUM AND SOURCES OF INCOME ACCORDING TO THE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973 Number of Persons Mean Income Total Income Persons Reporting Variable No. Reporting (H$) from the % of Actual Imputed Source of Income the Source Reported Source Suhtotal Income Income A. Compensation of Employees: Wages & Salaries , Other Allowances , Bonuses , Other Cash-Commission , Other Cash-Tips , Other Cash-Overtime , Other Cash , Other Cash , Other Cash Other Cash Sub-Total-Wages & Salaries in Cash ,401, Pree Food , Lodging , Concessions , Consumer Goods Other Payments in Kind-Padi , Other Payments in Kind-Rubber , Other Payments in Kind-Coconut Other rayments in Kind-Ocher , Other Payments in Kind-Other , Other Payments in Kind-Other Sub-Total-Wages & Salaries. in Kind , Sub-Total-4Jages & Salaries in Cash & Kind ,472, Employer's Contribution to Social Security , Sub-Total Compensation of Employees ,514, B. Income of Unincorporated Enterprises: Business Service-Cash , Business Service-Kind , Recreational & Personal Services-Cash , Recreational & Personal Services-Kind , Transport & Storage-Cash ,

96 -84- Table 2 (Cont'd) Transport & Storage-Cash Wholesale & Retail Trades- Cash , Wholesale & Retail Trades- Kind , Industries-Mfg , Industries-eIining & Quarrying , Industries-Construction , Land Cultivation , Forestry & Logging , Fishing , Dairy & Poultry Farming , Hunting Imputed Rent of Owner Occupied Housing , Rent from Other Property , Rent from Lodging-Cash , Rent from Lodging-Kind Sub-Total-Ulnincorporated Enterprises , C. Property Income Royalties Rent from Agri.land-Cash , Rent from Agri.land-Kind Sub-Total-Rent & Royaltiei , Interest Received , Dividends Received 28 2, , Sub-Total-Property Income , D. Transfers Remittances , Alimony Scholarships & Fellowships , _ Pensions , _ Periodic Payments for Trust Funds , _ OLher Periodic Payments-Cash , Other Periodic Payments-Kind , Other Periodic Payments- Other Transfers * 7, Sub-Total-Income from Other Sources ,

97 -85- Table 2 (Cont'd) E. Sub-Total Income ,668, F. Other Receipts G. Lump-Sum for Injury Legal Damages Lump-Sum Inheritance Windfall Gains (Lottery) , Sale of Land (ex.agri., bus., industry) , Sale of Res. Bldg. & Land Sale of Agr. Assets , Sale of Bus. & Ind. Assets , Withdrawals of Past Savings , Tontines-Withdrawal of Past Savings , Tontines-Loan Obtained Maturity Payments from Life 3, , , Sale of Bonds, Shares & Ins. Withdrawal of Gratuity/EPF Securities , Loan Repayments from Indiv , Loan Repayments from Business , Morey Withdrawn from Working , Borrowings in Cash or Kind , Trade Credits Received- Business Only , Hire Purchase Loan Obtained , Other , Other , Other Sub-Total-Other Receipts ,088, Grand Total-Income & Other ,756,

98 -86- The imputation procedures are much more important for persons reporting income from unincorporated enterprises; for over 86 percent of them some income was imputed. A large majority of the imputations were made for income from agricultural activities (i.e., land cultivation, forestry and logging, fishing, dairy and poultry farming) and for the imputed rent of owner-occupied housing. HES Data on Income and Expenditure The annual per capita income (PCY) during 1973, estimated from_the HES, was M$811.6, almost 33 percent short of the per capita GDP (at factor cost) estimate of M$1, / Of course, the survey estimates refer to personal income and are not really comparable with the GDP figures. Unfortunately, the personal income estimates were not available at the moment of writing. The annual per capita expenditure (PCE), estimated from the HES, was M$685.8, only 15.3 percent lower than the estimate of M$809.9 reported by the Inter-Agency Planning Group.-/ It is not possible to ascertain the procedures followed by the Planning Group to arrive at their estimate (particularly whether or to what extent they had relied on the HES data for their estimates). Savings Rates ImpZicit in the HES Data There is no reason for a household to balance its income and expenditure over a short period of a month, for which the HES data were collected. Further, our HES data on expenditure do not really pertain to the particular month, because 1/ The population of Peninsular Malaysia in mid-1973 is estimated at 9,874 thousands (including an adjustment for the estimated net undercount of 4.05 percent in the 1970 Census of population). The GDP estimate, prepared by the Economic Planning Unit, is taken from the World Bank Report No. 1177a-MA, MaZaysia: Second Plan.Performance and Third Plan Issues, Vol. 1 (1976). Table 2.5 in the Statistical Appendix. 2/ Malaysia, The Treasury, Economic Report, (Kuala Lumpur, 1974), Table 1.1 of the Appendix.

99 -87- the "durable goods expenditure" reported on our takes is the average monthly figure obtained from the HIS question about such expenditure during the calendar year However, the error resulting from this substitution of HIS data for the HES data is unlikely to be significant because only 1.8 percent of the reported total expenditure was on "major durables and recreation equipment." Likewise, the savings rates examined below are intended to be approximate. The sample households considered for estimating the savings rate excluded those with zero, negative or unreported income and those with zero or unreported expenditure. For the remaining 7,212 households, the estimated savings rate was 16.2 percent.-/ No other independent estimate of the savings rate is available. Table 3 shows savings rates for deciles of per capita income and expenditure. The proportion of households reporting dissavings varies inversely with decile in terms of per capita income; but it does not show any clear relationship with deciles in terms of per capita expenditure. The bottom four deciles in terms of PCY reported negative savings. The rate of dissaving declines and that of saving rises as PCY deciles increases. When households are ranked according to their PCE, each decile reports positive savings but there is no systematic relationship between decile and the saving rate. Table 4 shows savings rates according to selected characteristics of the household head, separately for urban and rural areas. The positive 1/ The savings rates estimated on the basis of the total sample of 7,273 households are shown in Table A.29 in the Statistical Appendix. The overall savings rate for the total sample was 15.5 percent.

100 Table 3 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: RATIO OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE TO PER CAPITA INCOME IN DIFFERENT DECILES OF HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO (A) PER CAPITA INCOME AND (8) PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, ALL AREAS, 1973 HOUSEHOLDS WITH NEGATIVE SAVINGS HOUSEHOLDS WITH POSITIVE SAVINGS ALL HOUSEHOLDS Percentage of Per Capita Per Capita Ratio of Percentage of Per Capita Per Capita Ratio of Number of Per Capita Per Capita Ratio of aui households Expenditure Income Expenditure au households Expenditure Income Expenditure Sample Expenditure Income Expenditure Decile in this class (M$) m $) to Income in this class (M$) (MS) to Income Households (M$) (M$) to Income (A) Per Capita Income S ' ALL , (B) Per Capita Expenditure ALL ,

101 TABLE 4 l'eninsular IIALAYSIA: MONTHLY ler CAPITA INCOME (MPCY) AND EXPENDITURE (MPCE) IN MALAYSIAN DOLLARS AND THE SAVINGS RATE BY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOUSEHOLD HEAD, 1973 ALL ARFAS URBAN AR8AS RUW.7U1L ARE,I,' Characteris- Percentage Monthly Monthly Savings Percentage Monthly Monthly Savings Percentage Monthly Monthly Savings tics of the Distribution Per Capita Per Capita Rate Distribution Per Capita Per Capita Rate Distribution Per Capita Per Capita Rate Household Head of Households Income Expenditure ( of ilouiseholds Income Expenditure (x3 of Households Income Expeniditure (j) All (7273) (2359) (4914) Male Female * ACE * * * S , EDUCA11CN No formal school Religious educ Primary educ Lower cert Higher cert ColleRe diploma OCCUPATIGN Professional, technical Administrative Clerical Sales t Service Agricultural Production, craftsmen Not adequately described Outside the LF/ not stated

102 Table 4 (Continued) PENINSULAR M&LAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA INCOME (MPCY) AND EXPENDITURE (MPCE) IN MALAYSIN DOLLARS AND TIlE SAVINCS RATE BY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOUSEOLD HEAD, 1973 PRI'P'IPAL EIPLUY- ME:.I STATUS Employer , Employee Self-employed Family helpers Housewife Pensioner Student Other Not in labor force INDUSTRY a) L-t,active ;ector Padi Rubber ,84 Other agric Livestock Forestry Fishing Mining b) Secondarv Sector ManquFa ct,r Ing Traditional indus Modern indus UtilitLes & Const Utilities Construction c) Tertiary Sector Trade, Transp. & Comm Private Sector Services Health,-etc d) Oter Notes: (1) The number of sample households with a head aged 10 to 14 years was one each in rural and urban areas. (2) Figures in parentheses show the absolute number of sample households.

103 -91- relationship between educational attainment and savings rates is quite plausible. The differences in savings rates according to class of worker raise the question whether and to what extent the self-employed really save less because of their low income or whether their income is understated. Differences in savings rates by month of interview, once again, remind us that expenditure tends to peak during months including festivals; the customary timing of bonus payments etc. can lead to sizeable fluctuations in the income stream as well. On the whole, however, the savings rate estimated in Tables 3 and 4 are quite impressive and also plausible. They suggest that given the limitations of any attempt to ascertain income and expenditure through the survey method, the HES was quite successful in attaining its objectives. This impression is reinforced by the broad comparability of the survey data with similar information gathered in the 1970 Census. Questions on Household Particulars and Labour Force Characteristics To help comprehend the scope of the data collected on various characteristics of the respondents and their labour force particulars, the relevant blocks of the schedule are shown on the next few pages.

104 VL- IN Ltl Ll-7 1W I1 NY u. WITH 'Fe -v- -PoW "S&Vlw ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ { " N S n' w' maswn CN ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P~ L&W-f*I1A:I I~ 72 oo ~ WLJ07N innis

105 DBLOCK till IIOUSEHOLD PARTICULARS L Firsft.1 ll/womumldaso know how motifprsons aetuaiiy lie here aid eatogether counstugag al dult,.cltildeen. boanleresnd aenasstz kusi so 5/ma Head of lou sea o1 (outti NAAIL AA'D RLLA lionsiiip IN rhe COLU01iN (2, AND g.ji HELD WI. t A hyae ad,aa auerculm (a) What about anyothte perwsoawho stayliere lean porarily? &oles If a peorso stays Acere tegnptora,rily (e.g. a visitor). twilt "'Tetniporary Residrnt' in the renmarks colunut lb) bi'itatabout anyo 0th,,persons whtohaoegone away for a horlt mue? Note Ifa pensvia has goste away tenmpnedsy (eg the I/ead). Wivte "Temporarily Absentee' kit the remarks "mmun 2I Let no now read through the nameis onice again. Please tell meifi have mnisecd out anoyone (READ SLOW).. Y). kwuc on hue fbionly. Don'twnrte a,t-hny sh bif) nelas. L te 0/1 rf Y. LAST AIONIII A ihighiest CERTIflCA TE AMAAE RELATIONSI/Il' H/VOlJJl.LL IIOISERIOLD IIOISEIIOLD SEX & YEJAR 01F BIRTJIDAY RA CE STATUS a)i.i:(j (YtUN VLiviysTr TO M//AD1 Of' AILA)IJ LII MEMtB!ER AILAIlER BflRTI/ (Lis t all person r in ru, ini this JIOUSEIIOLD NO. NO. NIO. LENrTHl Alate... l.. n inicur. ipt cmleed Malays.I Nevee Married... L.C:.... I,L h~witht,d). Whaht isthe itasne yearl s) sa.-2aarc... 2Vo.Sh.2RL... o. oli ad of this hlouseho.ld' (Fiamspte:.head. f/or lluite lforilouir- (for Labour OF STA Y.e...t..2 " lflsic)naa.m.. Sfrnd Ic. Sc Ret.RAtpsakt ltihat,,o arc liei-l. oi the njames te of all otiter daugiltrin lois. lav., Jiace hu411 Suireyj 'x pens hold Survey) inosmt/ lcc&uvey.e sbot I/C. m B, C hier or ldai Idas 3Wd Wdoe cd t~C S.C N 4Nol Ap,ss. et.. Por.$rs hausr' belong io Mthi priner, Lardsser, documsitiit Others.4 Divorcedl College srnsilt. etc) Separated 4Dip. S... ii (2) (3) ~~~~ ~~~~ (Si ~~~~ (6) ~~~ (7 ~~(4) (Si (9i (/0) fill (12 (13) (14) FF T S.... l i I.... j.. I J......L... 1 I A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T 77]7... 7

106 ;:: r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ e : M ~~Jd 0~~~~~ - 21 ih fl rd s r IS r k r: p s r a S l \0 w.p!i :31,1X12t'S'' * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ RA ~~~~~~~~~~C

107 -95- ANNEX 2 A COMPARISON OF THE HES DATA WITH THE 1970 CENSUS Tables 1, 2 and 3 provide the basic information needed to compare the HES data with those of the 1970 census.-l/ The data pertain to the demographic characteristics, educational attainment, participation rates, the incidence of unemployment and some key characteristics of the employed. Demogracphic Characteristics The average size of a household according to the HES was about the same as reported by the 1970 Census for "private" or non-institutional households. However, instead of a one percent excess of males indicated by the 1970 Census, the HES observed a deficit of males (or an excess of females) of the order of 3.2 percent. This difference with respect to the sex composition of the population is not altogether unrelated to the observation in Table 2 that households surveyed by the HES included a slightly lower percentage of single-member households (in fact, of households with up to three mexwbers) than the 1970 Census. The age-dependency ratio (persons aged 0-14 and 65 and over per 1000 persons aged 15-64) estimated by the HES was a little lower than that reported by the census; but the difference does not appear to be significant, particularly if some allowance is made for the well-known errors of age reporting. The broad age distribution of the population according to the two sources is very similar, as are the median ages of each sex. I/ The reference date of the 1970 Census was August 25. The population data were collected during the two weeks beginning August 25.

108 -96- Educational Attainment The HES did not collect data on literacy as such, but instead recorded the highest certificate obtained at school, college or university. It permits identification of persons who had no formal education (i.e. any schooling), including religious education, and those who had attended school -but did not receive any certificate. It has not been possible to compile a detailed comparable tabulation from the 1970 Census but three major categories are shown in Table 1. The proportion of persons aged 15 years or more, who had not attended any school, was considerably lower in the survey than in the census. While this proportion should indeed decline through attrition of the elderly with low levels of literacy and education, the cbserved difference is rather large for a three year interval. It seems possible that households with a high proportion of persons without any schooling whatsoever were left out from the survey for various reasons (including the possibility that they might find it difficult to keep any records on expenditure or provide reasonably reliable information), Of course, any such exclusion was not deliberate and a firm inference is not possible. Participation Rates Turning now to the labour force and work-related characteristics in Table 3, the reference period for the collection of data on these items was one week in both the 1970 Census and the HIES. As noted in Annex 1, the labour force particulars for the HES households were collected for a fixed reference week which included the fifteenth day of each month. However, since the HES was spread over a full year, with one-twelfth of the

109 -97- Table 1 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION ACCORDING TO THE 1970 CENSUS AND THE 1973 SURVEY Persons Males Females Characteristics Census Survey Census Survey Census Survey 1. Average size of the household Sex ratio (males per 1000 females) Broad Age Distribution All Median age Dependency Ratio* Educational attainment of persons aged 15 or more No Schooling Primary Lower Cert.) of Educ. Higher Cert of Educ. College/ Diploma J All *Persons aged 0-14 and 65 and over per 1000 persons aged $Including only some years of primary school, religious education and some years of secondary school without achieving LCE.

110 -98- Table 2 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY SIZE, 1970 CENSUS AND THE 1973 SURVEY Household Size 1970 Census 1973 Survey & More 0.2 N N: Negligible. Note: The census data shown above pertain only to the households living in private living quarters; they accounted for 99.3 percent of all households enumerated by the 1970 census. See: Population Census of Malaysia, 1970, General Report, Vol. 2, Table 3.0.

111 -99- TABLE 3 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION AGED ACCORDING TO THE 1970 CENSUS AND THE 1973 SURVEY Persons MaZes FemaZes Characteristics Census Survey Census Survey Census Survey 1. Labor Force Participation Rate 2. Incidence of Unemployment 3. Class of Worker of the Employed Employer Employee Self-employed Family Helper All Industrial Distribution of the Employed Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Construction Utilities Trade & Commerce Services Other All Occupational Distribution of the Employed Professional & Technical Administrative, etc Clerical Sales Services Agricultural Production Not Adequately Described All

112 -100- sample surveyed in each calendar month of 1973, the seasonal variations would be averaged out.- Interestingly, the HES participation rates are significantly higher than those reported by the 1970 Census, particularly for females. It is possible that the frequent visits of investigators to the sample households during the survey month enabled them to make good acquaintance with the respondents and provided a more comprehensive estimate of the level of labour force participation. A small part of the difference is explained by the inclusion of "inactive unemployed" persons in the 1973 survey estimate of the labour force, a topic to which we now turn. The Incidence oj UnenrpZoyment - In the HES, unemployment was measured by identifying whether persons who had n6t worked for "at least one day" during the reference week were either looking for a job or work or would accept a job or work, although they were not looking for it. (The two categories are sometimes 2/ termed the active unemployed and the inactive unemployed.) In the 1970 Census, persons who had not done any form of work for pay or profit during the reference period of one week and had reported having "looked for work" were classified as "unemployed". In effect, therefore, the 1970 census 1/ The biannual labour force survey had indicated a labour force participation rate of 61.1 percent during April 1973 and 64.0 percent during September 1973 (urban rates: 56.8 and 59.0 percent; rural rates: 63.5 and 66.5 percent, respectively). Like the HES, the labour force survey restricted the collection of data to ages although according to the 1970 census, 8.4 percent of persons aged and 30.0 percent of those aged 65 and over were in the labour force. 2/ Some persons who had not worked during the reference week, but had some "employment, work on farm, enterprise or other family enterprise to return to" were not considered unemployed in the HES. They formed 2.4, 1.0 and 2.1 percent of all males, females and persons, respectively, in the age group

113 -101- count of unemployed persons did not include the "inactive" unemployed. The inactive unemployed constituted about 17, 30 and 23 percent of all unemployed males, females and persons, respectively in the HES. If they were excluded from the labour force, the HES estimates of participation rates for males, females and all persons together would decline by 0.8, 1.9 and 1.2 percentage points, respectively. If we overlook the difference between the 1970 Census and the FEES with respect to the procedure of recording the unemployed, the estimates of unemployment according to the two sources appear very similar.-/ However, using a comparable definition, the incidence of "active" unemployment appears to have declined since the 1970 Census from 5.3 to 4.0 percent. Given the fact that clhe census was conducted in August 1970 and its data refer to the week preceding the census date, its estimates might reflect a-seasonal peak in unemployment. However, the labour force surveys during have also shown a decline in "active" unemployment from 7.8 percent in October 1971 to 4.3 percent during September-October 1973 (the other estimates being 7.4 and 6.0 percent during April-May and September, 1972, respectively, and 5.6 percent during April-May 1973).-/ Therefore, 1/ The unemployment rate for females was about 10 percent lower in the HES than in the census despite the more com=rehensive definition of the former. However, the higher proportion of females in the population, the higher proportion of females in ages and the higher female participation rate in the HES, all relative to the 1970 Census, together contribute to the virtually identical estimates of the incidence of unemployment for the two sexes together. 2/ In the 1974 labour force survey, the concept of unemployment was changed to include the "inactive" unemployed. During April-May 1974, the active unemployed formed 4.4 percent of the labour force but an additional 2.9 percent were classified as "inactive" unemployed. See: Malaysia, Department of Statics, Report of the Labour Force Survey, April/May 1974, (Kuala Lumpur, 1977), pp , Tables. The inactively unemployed included those who did not seek work because (a) of bad weather or temporary sickness; (b) results of search in the preceding weeks were awaited; (c) the search was given up out of belief that no work was available; and (d) a job was found, which would start soon. Ibid, p.143.

114 -102- although the averaging of the situations during different months of the year might partly explain the lower HES estimate of active unemployment, the difference between the census and the HES estimates also seems to be part of a general trend. Characterzstics of the Ezm7Zoyed Since the employed formed almost 95 percent of the labour force according to both the census and the HES, a comparison of the characteristics of the employed is of considerable interest. The three characteristics compared in Table 3 refer to the "principal" status during the reference week for those who had reported more than one activity.-/ The differences between the HES and the 1970 Census with respect to the class of worker, industry and occupation of the employed are quite sizeable, both for male and female workers. The proportion of the employees is significantly higher and that of family helpers, in particular, significantly lower in the HES than in the 1970 Census, despite the fact that the former reported higher participation rates and almost the same incidence of unemployment. The differences in the proportion of workers engaged in agriculture, manufacturing, trade and commerce are related to the class of worker differences. Likewise, the proportion of white collar workers, and miscellaneous craftsmen, and production workers is higher in the HES than in the census. 1/ The census data on the characteristics of the employed include those who were unemployed during the reference week but had worked before. In other words, the distributions refer to the "experienced labour force." However, the unemployed who liad worked before formed only 16.9 percent of all unemployed and one percent of the total experienced labour force. Therefore, the reported distributions are almost the same as if they related to only the employed.

115 -ln3- I To some extent, the observed differences are a part of the secular changes in the employment structure of the Malaysian economy, but the changes appear rather large for a three-year interval. Some of the differences in the industrial and occupational distribution are explained by the census classification of over five percent of the workers in the miscellaneous category of "other". The seasonal variations in the industrial and occupational distributions might also contribute to the observed differences; but an identification of the likely magnitude of the seasonal variations requires a detailed scrutiny of the results of different labour force surveys, which is not possible at the present time. However, such a scrutiny should be an important necessary part of any effort to compare the results of the HES and the HIS with the income data collected in the Post Enumeration Survey conducted after the 1970 Census. In conclusion, the demographic characteristics of the population according to the HES are quite similar to those reported by the 1970 Census. The HES households had about three percent deficit of males, or excess of females, contrary to the one percent excess of males reported by the census. Rouseholds with up to three members were slightly underrepresented in the HES. The proportion of persons with no education was significantly lower in the HES than in the census, as were the proportions of non-employees and the agricultural workers among the employed. Prima facie, the observed differences seem somewhat larger than would be expected even in a dynamic economy over an interval of three years; but further comparative analysis is necessary to estimate the possible impact of seasonal

116 -104- variations in the employment structure, before determining whether and to what extent the HES sample included an overrepresentation of households and individuals with specific characteristics.

117 105 ANNEX 3 SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNEMPLOYED The incidence of unemployment reported by the 1973 lhousehold Expenditure Survey' for persons aged has already been discussed in Section II (pp ). The emdhasis there was on the differentials according to the per capita expenditure of the household. This Annex reviews the various characteristics of the unemployed according to urban-rural residence and sex. The Inactive Unemployed The total number of unemployed persons in the sample was 675 (when the tabulation was for ages 15-64) and 679 (when only the labour force "summary codes" were considered).-/ The unemployed include not only (i) persons actively seeking work during the reference week but also (ii) those who would accept work if it were offered. The latter are called "inactive unemployed" and Table 1 shiows their number and their proportion among all unemployed. As would be expected, the inactive unemployed are more numerous in rural areas than in urban areas and among females than among males. Age Composition Table 2 summarizes the distribution of the unemployed according to age, educational attainment, principal activity during the reference week and relationship to the head of the household. As has been observed in several other developing countries, almost three-fourths of the unemployed were aged 15-24, the ages when people normally 1/ The difference being small, no special effort has been made to identify the characteristics of the four persons not in the age group

118 106 Table I PERCENTAGE OF INACTIVE UN1EMPLOYED AMONG ALL UNEMPLOYED ENUM'ERATED IN TlE. HES Persons Males Females All Areas (156) (62) (94) Urban Areas (40) (16) (24) Rural Areas (116) (46) (70) Notes: (1) The inactive unemployed are persons who did not actively seek work during the reference week but would accept if work were offered or available. (2) Figures in parentheses show the absolute numbers of inactive unemployed. enter the labour force. The incidence of unemployment in these ages tends to be quite high and the relevant participation and unemployment rates are shown in Table 3. We had estimated the measures of association between average per capita expenditure (PCE) and the labour force participation rates as well as the incidence of unemployment for the two age groups, on the basis of the values for different deciles. There is a statistically significant negative association between the participation rates and PCE for males (and all persons) aged but not for females and not for the age group The expected negative association between the incidence of unemployment and PCE is statistically significant at the five percent level for all persons aged and 20-24

119 -107- Table 2 PENINSULAR MfALAYSIA: SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNEMPLOYED, 1973 AZZ Areas Urban Areas RuraZ Areas Characteristic Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females (a) Age Group & Over All (b) Educational Attainment No formal sohooling* Primary Lower Certif icate Higher Cer tificate College diplo ma or degree All (c) Principal Activity of the Reference Week Housework Pensioner Student Other All (d) Relationship to Household Head Head Spouse Son Daughter Parents Grandchild Brother/Sister Other Relatives Non-Relatives All Sample Individuals *Including only religious education. ---: Negligible.

120 -108- and for females aged For males, the negative correlation coefficients for the incidence of unemployment are significant only at the 10 percent level (although when one looks at Table 3, the decile differentials in the incidence of unemployment of males aged seem to be somewhat systematic and sizeable between the bottom and top quintiles). Educational Attainmient The distribution of the unemployed by educational attainment in Table 2 shows that only a small percentage of them were without any formal schooling whatsoever. Since--we -have not obtained the educational distribution of the labour force, it is difficult to estimate the incidence of unemployment by educational attainment. However, one can compare the distribution of the unemployed by education with that of population, ignoring the differentials in participation rates by educational attainment. Persons with lower and higher certificates of education are clearly over-represented among the unemployed, relative to their proportion in the population aged 15 and over, particularly in urban areas. The incidence of unemployment is likely to be significantly above the average among them. Unemployment seems to be below the average level among persons with no formal schooling, both in urban and rural areas. For persons with some primary education, unemployment seems below the average level in urban areas, at about the average level among rural males and above the average level among rural females. Activity During the Reference Week A question is often asked about what the unemployed persons do with their time. Table 2 shows the principal activity of the unemployed during the

121 -109- Table 3 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES AND T-R INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT FOR AGES AND 20-24, BY SEX AND DECILE ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (PCE), 1973 Age Group Age Group PCE Decile Persons Males Females Persons Males Females LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES All INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT All

122 -110- reference week wlien the labour force particulars were collected. As would be expected, a majority of the unemployed women and one-tenth of the unemployed men continue with or take up housework and a small percentage of both (between five to nine percent) take up studies. A few of the unemployed men relied on their pension incomes but a large majority of them presumably continued search for work. Relationship to Heads of Households An examination of the relationship of the unemployed to household heads shows almost two-thirds of them to be sons or daughters. Only about 10 percent of the unemployed -- about 16 percent of the unemployed males -- were heads of households. Others were relatives of the household heads. It is not surprising that most of the unemployed rely on their relatives for support. Perhaps such support is crucial for permitting them to search for work. However, as noted earlier, the possibility of support from relatives largely explains the absence of any significant relationship between the incidence of unemployment and the PCE decile in rural areas as well as among urban males.

123 STATISTICAL APPENDIX

124

125 A-i STATISTICAL APPENDIX Table of Contents Table Number Page No. A.1 Peninsular Malaysia: Decile Limits and Income Shares A.1 for Deciles of Households Ranked According to Monthly Per Capita Income (and Income Shares for Corresponding Deciles of Population, A.2 Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Households by A.4 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure and Size, 1973 A.3 Peninsular Malaysia: Age Distribution of Household A.5 Heads in Each Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, 1973 A.4 Peninsular Malaysia: Percentage of Households with Head A.7 as the Main Earner, by Ethnic Group and Rural Urban Residence, 1973 A.5 Peninsular Malaysia: Marital Status Distribution of A.8 Household Heads and Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, 1973 A.6 Peninsular Malaysia: Age Distribution of Population by A.9 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, 1973, All Areas A.7 Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Households by Decile A.12 According to Per Capita Expenditure and the Number of Children Aged 0-14 A.8 Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Households by A.15 Decile According to Per Capita Expenditure and the Number of Persons Aged 65 and Over A.9 Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Households by A.16 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure and the Level of Child- Dependency Ratio,* 1973 A.10 Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Households by A.20 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure and the Level of Age-Dependency Ratio,* 1973

126 Table of Contents Statistical Appendix (Continued) A-ii Table Number Page No. A.ll Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of the Population A.23 Aged 15 and Over by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure and Educational Attainment, All Areas A.12 Peninsular Malaysia: Labour Force Participation Rates A.26 and the Incidence of Unemployment for Population Aged According to Decile of Per Capita Expenditure (PCE) A.13 Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Households by Decile A.27 of Per Capita Expenditure and the Level of Labor Force Participation Rate for Persons Aged 15-64, 1973 A.14 Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Households in Each A.30 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure and Number of Earners, 1973 A.15 Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Households by A.32 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure and Incidence of Unemployment in Ages 15-64, 1973 A.16 Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Population Aged A.35 by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure and Activity Status, 1973 A.17 Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of the Employed Aged A.38 by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure and Class of Worker, 1973 A.18 Peninsular Malaysia: Industrial Distribution of the Employed A.41 (Aged 15-64) by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, All Areas, 1973 A.19 Peninsular Malaysia: Occupational Distribution of the A.47 Employed in the Age Group According to Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, All Areas A.20 Peninsular Malaysia: Distribution of Income Accruing to A.50 Households in Different Deciles, Based on Per Capita and Total Household Income According to Source of Income, 1973 A.21 Peninsular Malaysia: Results of Multiple Classification A.51 Analysis of Per Capita Expenditure of Households, by Urban-Rural Residence, 1973 A.22 Peninsular Malaysia: Results of Multiple Classification A.52 Analysis of Per Capita Income of Households, by Urban- Rural Residence, 1973

127 A.iii Table of Contents Statistical Appendix (Continued) Table Number Page No. A.23 Peninsular Malaysia: Average Monthly Earnings of A.53 Employees (in Terms of Their Principal Employment Status) by Rural-Urban Residence and Selected Characteristics, 1973 A.24 Peninsular Malaysia: Selected Statistics on the A.58 Expenditure of Households Interviewed in the Household Expenditure Survey (HES) 1973, Urban, Rural, and All Areas A.25 Peninsular Malaysia: Monthly Per Capita Expenditure A.67 (in Malay Dollars) of Households by Expenditure Category and Per Capita Expenditure Decile of Households, Household Expenditure Survey, 1973, Urban, Rural, and All Areas A.26 Peninsular Malaysia: Monthly Total Expenditure (in A.76 Malay Dollars) of Households by Expenditure Category and Per Capita Expenditure Decile of Households, Household Expenditure Survey, 1973, Urban, Rural, and All Areas A.27 Peninsular Malaysia: Monthly Per Capita Expenditure A.85 (in Malay Dollars) of Households by Expenditure Categories and Total Expenditure Decile of Households, Household Expenditure Survey, 1973, Urban, Rural,.and All Areas A.28 Peninsular Malaysia: Monthly Total Expenditure (in Malay A.94 Dollars) of Households by Expenditure Categories and Total Expenditure Decile of Households, Household Expenditure Survey, 1973, Urban, Rural, and All Areas A.29 Peninsular Malaysia: Monthly Per Capita Income (MPCY) A.103 and Expenditure (MPCE) in Malay Dollars and the Savings Rate by Characteristics of the Household Head, 1973

128

129 A. 1 Table A.1?tNlNSULAR KALAYSIAa DECTLE LtMITS AIMD lr:cne SHARFS TOP PECTLES or ltusefolds RA1:FD ACCORUDINC TO MOrMHLY PER CAPITA INCO2fE (AND INCOKE SIHAXES FORt CORRS:SPWIDINH DECILLS OF ForUtAT0Ni, 1973 Currency Equivalent: US$ M$2.44. Average Income Percentage Share of Total Income Percentage Percentage (or Expenditure) (or Expenditure) tcy Decile Lim.its of of Per?cr For Decile ior Deeile Decile (IS) Houschold' Population lhousehold Person of Households of Populat!on A. Hou3ehoZde Ranked According to Per Capita Income (PCY) 1 Up to G C Above All P. gouteeholds Rznrked According to Total Ir.come of the Household (TIll) 1 Up to ' Above All C. Eouseholds Panked According to Per Capita E;eenditur (PCE) 1 Up to S S G co-55.ioo a SS Above All P. EoLwehotda Ranked According to TotaZ Exponditiwe of the fioi4srhotd (TilE) I Up to i S7 S C J S S Above I S All t

130 A. 2 Table A.1 (Continued) pe1insular MALAYSIA: DECILE LIMITS AND INCOME SHARES FOR DECILES OF _HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO MONTHLY PER CAPITA INCOME (AND INCOME SHARES FOR CORRESPONDING DECILES OF POPULATION, 1973) Average Income (or Expenditure) Percentage Share of Total Income (or Expenditure) IPCYI I Decile Lmits l IPereencase ofl ipercentage of Per Per jfor Decile of For Decile of Decile Households I Population Household lperson Households Population RURAL AREAS A. Householda Ranked 4ccordinq to Per Capita Income (PCY) 1 up to above All B. Households Ranked According to TotaZ Income of the Rousehold (THY) 1 up to i , above All C. Householde Ranked According to Per Capita Expenditure (PCE) 1 up to , f above All D. HousehoZds Ranked According to Total Expenditure of the HousehoZd (THE) 1 up to above All , Notes: 1. Figures presented above exclude households which did not report any expenditure or income or which reported negative income. The number of sample households was 7,238 for income data and 7,254 for expenditure data. 2. Currency equivalent: US$ M$2.44

131 A.3 Table A.1 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DECILE LIMITS AND INCOME SHARES FOR DECILES OF HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO MONTHLY PER CAPITA INCOMNE (AND INCOME SHARES FOR CORRESPONDING DECILES OF POPULATION, 1973) Average Income (or Expenditure) Percentage Share of Total Income (or Expenditure) TPCY Decile imtts T Percentage of Percentage of Per I Per For Decile of For Decile of pdecitele (MS) Households Population Hotisehold Person Households Population URBAN AREAS A. Households Ranked According to Per Cavita Income (PCY) 1 up to above All B. Households Ranked According to Total Incore of the Household (THY) 1 up to above All C. Households Ranked Accordirg to Per Cajita Exoenditure (PCE) 1 up to above All D. HousehoLls Ranked Accordina to Total Expenditure of the HousehoZd (THE) 1 up to above All Notes: 1. FIoLe.-; pre-wnted ihove excltidc hiut.hol ds whi,lh did not report nnv expendltt,re or incone or whi,i, r,porrtcd neg.t ilv- income. The nuiilher of snmnlv hownehol ds wais ' for Income.- i.nda 7,254 for expend I ture dat Currencv eqi. ivalent: USS1.l0 = MS2.44.

132 Table A.2 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND SIZE, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Household Size All fiiu.dhodi3 (A) Decile Distribution of Households by Size ; Z44 11 or more ;47 All Z73 (B) Size Distribution of Households in Each Decile or more All Sample Households (727) (727) (729) (727) (729) (724) (728) (727) (726) (729) (7273)

133 Table A.3 PENINSLLAR KALAYSIA: ArF DISTRIBt'TION OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS IN EACHI DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Exenditure Axe Group All All Sample Households , MALES FEMALES All Sample Households PERSONS b All Sample Households Note: Two households with heads aged have been excluded from the table.

134 Table A.3 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHIOLD HEADS IN EACH DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Age Group All Households Sample MALES C FEMALES > Co All PERSONS All ':ote: Two households with heads aged have been excluded from the table.

135 A. 7 Table A.4 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH HEAD AS TIlE MAIN EARNER, BY ETHNIC GROUP AND URBAN RURAL RESIDENCE, 1973 Ethnic Group Area Malay Chinese Indian Other All All Areas (4057) (2424) (740) (52) (7273) Urban Areas (641) (1385) (305) (28) (2359) Rural Areas (3416) (1039) (435) (24) (4914) Note: Figures in parentheses show the number of sample households.

136 Table A. 5 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MARITAL STATUS DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS AND DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Marital Status I All Hous_holds SOnple (A) Decile Distribution of Household Heads with Each Marital Status MALE READS Never married Married Widowed Divorced/separated All FEMALE HEADS Never married Mar-ied Widowed Divorced/separated All ALL HEADS Never married Ma-ried Widowed Divorced/separated All (B) Marital Status Distribution of Household Heads in Each Decile MALE HEADS Never married Married Widowed Divorced/separated All Saehple FEMALE READS Never married Married Widowed Divorced/separated All Households ALL BZEADS Never miarried Married Widowed Divorced/separated All Sample Households

137 A.9 Table A.6 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, 1973, ALL AREAS -Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Age Group, All All Sample Persons (10.9) (11.0) (11.1) (10.8) (10.9) (10.7) ( 9.9) ( 9.5) ( 8.3) ( 6.8) (100.0) MALES FEMALES All Sample Persons (12.1) (11.2) (11.1) (10.8) (10.9) (10.9) (10.1) ( 8.9) ( 7.6) ( 6.3) (100.0) PERSONS All Sample S Personis (11.5) (11.1) (11.1) (10.8) (10.9) (10.8) (10.0) ( 9.2) ( 7.9) ( 6.6) (100.0) Note: Figures in parentheses show the individuals in a given decile as percent of the total population of sample households.

138 A. 10 Tablc A.6 (continued) PENINSUIAR MALAYSIA: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, 1973, URBAN AREAS Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Age GrouP All MALES All Sample Persons (12.2) (12.6) (12.0) (11.3) (10.7) (10.2) ( 9.8) ( 7.9) ( 6.9) ( 6.4) (100.0) FEMALES All Sample Persons (13.2) (12.0) (12.9) (11.3) (10.5) ( 9.7) ( 8.9) ( 8.0) ( 7.1) ( 6.4) (100.0) PERSONS All Sample Persons (12.7) (12.3) (12.5) (11.3) (10.6) (10.0) ( 9.3) ( 8.0) ( 7.0) ( 6.4) (100.0) Note: Figures in pareltheses asow the individuals in a giveii decile as percent of the total population. of sample hous.holds.

139 A. 11 Table A.6 (continued) PENINSUIAR MALAYSIA: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, 1973, RURAL AREAS Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Age Group _ All MALES All Sample Persons (11.0) (10.7) (11.2) (10.5) (10.3) (10.6) (10.1) ( 9.6) ( 8.7) ( 7.3) (100.0) FEMALES , All Sample Persons (12.3) (10.9) (10.9) (10.5) (10.5) (10.4) (10.2) ( 9.9) ( 7.9) ( 6.4) (100.0) PERSONS All l)0.0 Sample (489 Persouis (11.7) (10.8) (11.0) (10.5) (10.4) (10.4) (10.2) ( 9.7) ( 8.3) ( 6.8) (100.0) Note: Figures in parentheses show the individuals in a given decile as percent of the total population of sample households.

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148 Table A.l0 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE LEVEL OF AGE-DEPENDENCY RATIO,* 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ALL AREAS Age- R p Dependency I 1 Dependency 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I 101I Ratic- e-ee I I I I...I I I-----; -...I 0 ; b I 676 I 636 I 6b0 I 6b3 I b59 I b'49 1 tos i b09 0 I 10,2 I 9, I 9,7 I 10,0 1 9,9 ' 10.0 I 9,8 1 10,1 I 10,2 1 90,9 1 93,i I 90,1 1 92,7 I 87,8 I 90,5 I ,5 I 89,3 I 91,o 1 92,9 1 -i I l I I I-- I I l I ! --- " I 12 I 13 I b I 27 I I 33 1 '7 1 :7 1 20' I 5,9 I b,4 I 8,3 I 12,7 I 13,2 1 12,3 I 9,8 I 14,7 1 8,S 1 8,3 1 e,s I 1,7 I 1,8 T 2,3 I- 3,6 I 3,7 I 3,5 1 2,7 I 4,1 I 2,1! 2,3 I > -I ---I ---I --I ---I -e * -' -- -I --I ----i I o I 22 I 14 I 20 I 13 I i 16 I dj I q I 15q o 0.50-*C.59 I 3,6 I 13,3 I 8,8 I 12,6 I 6.2 I 11,3 1 11,3 " 10,1 I 14 > ' 5,7 1 2,2 I,o 1 3,0 I 1,9 I 2,8 I 1,8 I ,5 I ,1 I 1,2 1 -i I -I ----I I I...I I I I 20 I 1J4 I b I * I 10,b I 15,e r 7.1 I 14,2 1 9,9 I , 1 8,5 I c,l I,2 i 1,9.! 2,1 I 3e ; 1,4 I 2,8 I 1,9) I ,2 1 1,7 1 1it " 1, I- --I I I -- -I. I I I 4 I 17 I!5 I 12 I 23 I 15 I S i i.13 L lbo Other@ I 1O,o I 9t4 T 7,5 I 14,4 I 9,cL I 10,o i 9.4 I 12,b 1 8, I e, I I3 I 2,1 I 1,b I 3,2 1 2,1 I 2,3 1 2,1 I 2,o I I.d ' 1, > CILC N U 7 i27 72b TOTAL lg0 10C 10,0 10,0 10,0 10g0 10,0 10,0 10,U 10,0 lcc,q *Persons aged 65 and above/persons aged households for whom the ratio cannot be defined because of the absence of any member aged

149 Table A.lO (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE LEVEL OF AGE-DEPENDENCY RATIO,* 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure URBAN AREAS Age- Row Depe.ndency I 1 t 2 I 3 I 4 I I I 10 I Ratic- Ie la-----wwi" i ei i i...--i -I I 198 I 212 I 217 I 214 I I 216 I 218 I 2ez I 10, 1, 9,2 I ,I I 9,9 I 9,8 I 10,2 I 10,0 I 10,1 I 10 4 I 91,2 I 94,1 I 85,0 I 89,5! 92,3 I 90,7 1 89,0 1 92,8 IT 911 I ;2,8 I 94.9 I I...I I I I------"WI I 5 S 13 I I 7 I I 6 I I 6,7 I 17,3 I 13,3 I 12,0 1 '7,3 I 13,3 1 8,0 I 8,0 1 8, I 4,o0 I,2 I 2,1 I 5,o T.4,2 T 3,8 I 3,0 I 4,2 1 2,5 I 2,5 1 2,6 I 1, I I 8 I I 7 1 s I I 7,7 I 7,7 I 15,4 I 3,8 I 13,5 I 15,4 1 l3,5 I 13,5 1 5,6 I 3,8 I 2,2 1 1,7 1 1,7 1 3,4 I,9 I 3,0 I 3,4 1 3,0 1 3,0 1 I,S I I "I...-I IJo I WI I----*---1-I----;- I------' 3- I 2 I 10 I I 4 I L. I S ,3 t 2O63 I 10,5 I 7,9 I 10,5 I 0 1 5,3 I 10,5 I 7,' I 15,8! 1,6 I,8 I 4,3 I 1,7 I 1,3 I 1,7 1 C l.8 I 1, I 2,5 1 41I 3 e1 31 r 4 4I '41 I I 11 4 Other@ I 7,1 I 19,0 I 7,1 I 9,5 I 9,5 I 19,0 1 '4,8 I 9, I 2,4 1 1,8 1, 3 I 3,a I 1,3 I 1,7 I 1,7 I 3,4 1,8 I 1,7 1 2,1 I.4 I -I en I I Io J* e I I------;--In I COLUMN O TUTAL 10,1 9,9 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,Q ,0 "Persons aged 65 and above/persons aged households for whom the ratio cannot be defined because of the absence of any member aged

150 Table A.l0 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE LEVEL OF AGE-DEPENDENCY RATIO,* 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure RURAL AREAS Age- RO Dependency TUTA_ Raticr I ti 1 I 2 1 3! 4 I I 8 I 9 I 10 I _ -- --j-----j I I 4'48 I 449 I- 439 * ; 4'4I? I 452 I 4q57 0 I 10,3 I 10,0 I 10,1 I 10,1 I 9,f I 10.1 i v,8 I 10,1 1 9,7 I 10C1 1 90,' I 9q,j I 91,2 1 90,3 I 92,2 I 89,0 I 91,4 1 88,6 I 90,9 1 88,1 1 91,9 I ar---- I z-----I--- I I ---*- -"I..--l-----i " I 7 I 8 I 14 I 14 I I I ' I 7,0 i 5,4 I ,9 1 10,9 I 10,1. 14,0 1 9,3 1 la,6 1 7,8 1 2,6 I 1,8 I 1,4 I 1,6 i 2,9 I 2,8 I 2,6 1 3,7 I 2,4 1 4,9 I 2,0 ± I I I I I I I 2 I 4 I 1? 1 14 I 8 I 16 I I 10 I 1U 1 10 I I 5,7 I 11,2 I 13,1 I 7,5 I 15, ' 14,Q I 9,3 i 9,3 I 9,3 I 2,2 I,8 1 2,5 i 2,8-1 1,6 i 3.2 I 1,6 i 3,1! 2,0 I 2.0 I 2,0 I -I" A I I--*----Iw------I~ b-i--- ~~~~j I * I 9,7 10 I i 15,5 lb I 1 12,6 13 i I 6,8 7 I 9 I 9 8, ,7 10 I 1 10, i 11,7 12, I 5,8 6 i 1 2,i 103 I 2,o I 3.3 I 2,t I 1,4 i 1.8 I.. 1 2,0 1 2,2 -l 2,S I i 2 Other@ 4 I 11 I 8 I 13 I 9 I 15 I 12 I 12 I 12 1 t2 I l ie Other@ 1 9,3 I e,8 1 11,0 I 7,6 I 12,7 I ,2 I 10,2 1 10,2 I 1;.9 1 2, 1 2,2 1 1,6 1 2,6 I 1,8 I 3Se I 2,4 I 2,4 I 2,4 1 2,5 I 2, I C0LU N / '92 49lq TLTAL 1U,O 10,0 10,1 9,9 lo0o 10, ,1 lo,u 10,0 lou,o *Persons aged 65 and ahove/persons aged households for whom the ratio cannot be defined because of the absence of any member aged

151 Table A.ll PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPUL-ArION AGED 15 AND OVER BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ALL AREAS Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Educational Attainment All MaLes No formal schooling Religious education Primary education Lower cert. of education Higher cert. of education College or Diploma All Females No formal schooling Religious education Primary education Lower cert. of education Higher cert. of education College or Diploma All Persons No formal schooling Religious education Primary education Lower cert. of education Higher cert. of education College or Diploma All

152 Table A.11 (continued) Page '2 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF T!!E POPbLATION ACED 15 AND OVER BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, URBAN AREAS Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Educational Attainment All] Mates No formal schooling Religious education Primary education Lower cert. of education Higher cert. of education College or Diploma All Females No formal schooling Religious education Primary education Lower cert. of education Higher cert. of education College of Diploma All ; C Persons No formal schooling Religious education Primary education Lower cert. of education Pigher cert. of education College or Diploma All

153 Table A.ll (Continued) apa 3 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTJION OF THE POPULATION AGED 15 AND OVER BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, RURAL AREAS Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Educational Attainment _ All Ma Zes No formal schooling Religious education ( 1.0 Primary education Lower cert. of education ' 7.5 Higher cert. of education College or Diploma All Fema Zes No formal schooling Religious education Primary education Lower cert. of education Higher cert. of education College or Diploma ' 0.4 All Persons No formal schooling Religious education Primary education Lower cert. of education , 6.0 Higher cert. of education , College or Diploma All

154 A. 26 Table A.12 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION PATES AND THE INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT FOR POPULATION ACED ACCORDING TO DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (PCE) PCE All Areas Urban Areas Rural Areas Decile Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females (A) Labour Force Participation Rates All (B) Incidence of Unemployment All

155 Table A.13 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUS4IIOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE LEVEL OF LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE FOR PERSONS AGED 15-64, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ALL AREAS Labor Force I 2 'I I l. I I Y rdroa Participation Rate I I I 0 o 3I a 1 so i I ' Sb 40 1 '41 I I 7, ,9 I 10, I ,5 I 6,9 1 9,2 I a,2 0 I 4,7 I 6, I 6.,3 I 6.7 I 6,5 S 7.7 I 5,5 1 S,b I b,2 I I t5 1 l, 1 20 I ; S I I 7,9 7,4i I 7, I 15,3 I 9,4 t 10,9 1 11,9 1 12,4 1 b,91 2, , :I 2,2 I 2.8 I z 2,6 1 3,0 I 3,3 1 3,4 I I --- '----l-i ,i i I I I I ' ! - I 2 42! 3s I 92 I Y4 1 ; 4J 1 i I ! I 10,3 T 8,6 I ,8 I ;0,6 I 12,0 1 1!,8 1 10,3 1 8,6 I 6,1 l 5,6 I 5.86 I '4,8 i 5,8 1 6,1.1I 6,0 I' 6e,! 6,6 I 6.1 i 4q8 I 3e4! ---- i l- I----- I I ' I S 7 1! i6 1 7Il 13- I ' 19 I 16 I, 11 I 19 t ' I 5,1 I '11. 'I 5s I I o I 11,8 1 d,1 1 14,0 1 lo, 3 I I,3! 1,9! , I, 1,6,l 2,b I ,6 1 1,i I 1.9 -l---l !----i I--I-I9--;"---!----l----1!---- : 4 I 19S,.940 : 225 I t I S I ; 10,3 I 10,3 :I 11,9 1 G.,7 I 10,6 1 9,3 1 11,2 1 9, ,8! 25, 9 Ieb h ,9 1 27,$ l 27,4 I 24,3 1 29, q 1 s7.7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : I v _r 5 5 I 7 1 0, IY 13 s ,4 I,t0.,;:1 9,7 I 10,1 I 11,6 I 12, IS,0 1 9,2 I 6,3 1 2,6 * I 1,0 I *2,9 -I ,9 I 3,3 1 3,6 I 3.4 I 4,3 1 2,8 1 1,6 i c9 I 72 s b3 ' 62 i k ,0 1 10,04 1 ' 7,8 I '0,5 '1O,s 11.1, I e,9 I 9,e I 9.b I 9,3 9,2 I 11,0 I 9.5 I ,2: 1 9,6 1 10,2 1 8,1 1 8,9 I 8,7 1 S,5 I I l i L--- i--4v : I. 46: 1 38 I I ! 392 I I 10,21 1 O,5 I 11,7 1 9,7 1 11,7 1 7, ,4 1 6,6 * ,6 l ,6 1 6,3 I s,2 1.6,4 1 4.,3 5,4 I 5,1 I 3,6! I--i I I I I I I 22 *1 2b I I 3i 1 19 'a3! a,s ,8 I ,9 1 13,V I 8,a I 13,0 1 10,9 I 13,0 i 8, 1 9,7 : 3.3 I 1,2 1 3,C I ,4 I 2,6 1 4,3 1 3,6 1 4,3 1 8,6 I 3,2 1.t --.r _v r T -- -S_ I J I I...i 9 I 26O S 248 s 228 I 227 I I I lu,7 I 9,9 1 9,0 1 9S. i e,s I 8.9 I 9, I 14,4 1 3,4.4 I 36.9 I 34,1 I 31,0 I 31,2 I 30,0 I 30,5 1 30,5 I ,6 I I 21 I I 24 I 16 I I ! Not defined* I 11,3 I 9.1 I 7,5 1 12,9 I 8, I 8,6 1 14,0 8.6 I 9,1 s 2,6 I 2,9 1 2,3 I 1.9 I 3,3 I 2,2 I 2,6 1 2,2 I 3,6 I 2.2 I 2,3 s -...I I I I I I COLUMN TOTAL , ,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10, ,0 ROW * Households without any member aged or without any information on labor force participation.

156 Table A.13 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE LEVEL OF LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE FOR PERSONS AGED 15-64, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Labor Force RURAL AREAS Row Participation Rate S2 3 I I TOTAL I - I I I I -- -± I - I * I *-;-*- * *-- j 0 0 I I 31 I 19 I 26 I I q l 5,8 1 12,3 I io,b I 6,5 1 8,9 I 9,9 1 12,6 I 14,3 6. I ,0 l 3.9 I 7,4 I 6,3 1 3,9 1 5,3 l 5,9 i 7,6 1 a,s 1 5,3 I 6.3! I 9 II T 7 } 9 I 10 I I ,2 I 11,2 1 7,1 I 9,2 1 10,2 1 20,4 1 o2 I 8,2 1 9,2 I ,0 I, 1 2,2 T1, 1 1,8 1 2,C I 4,1 1 1,6 l 1,6 1 1,8 I '---w--~ i ' I l I I I... 2 i 26 i ib ; I ds I 16 I IS I 24B 1 10,5 1 7,3 l 11,7 1 11, ;1.Z ,3 i 6,o I S,O I ,7 ; s,o I S,0 I 59 I 6,5 1 S,S I I 7 I 3,0 3 1 a } 7 1 8! 71 I t1 1 1t I1I 6 I I 5,1 1 8,9! :0,1 I 8,9 1 10, I 13, , I 1, l 1,4 I 1;6 1 1,4 1 1,6 1 2,2 1 2,2 1 1,2 1 2,' I I I I I._ 4 4q0 I 120 I!34 1 1$ l i28 1 IZ5 i ,1 r,5 1 IC,7 1 11,3 1 10, ,4 1 1C,2 I 91 I 8,2 1 25,6 1 26R I 27,0 1 29, ,5 I 24,1 1 ' ,! I I I ---I I --I --*I -w----- I 1 _- -. I S i l 15 I 13 I I u!,e 1 4,3 I 13,0 l 11,3 1 11,3 1 9,6 1 10,4 I 1,68 1 '2, ,3 1 1,2 1 1,0 1 3,0 1 2,7 l 2,6 I 2,2 1 2,q I 3, , o I * 14t! * 39! I 11,1 1 9qi 1 II, I,50 o,o I 7,6 1 12,2 I 9.1 I e.7 I 8,i i Y,2 I :2,6 1 10,2 I 8, I 7,3 1 7,1 1 11,z I 8,3 1 8,0 T 7,7; rl---1 -_-l_ I I I----wl l I I 7 l I I 30 l ; l I I 13,8 I 9,8 I 10, l 9, ,9 I S,6 I S,7 1 _,9 1 7,7 1 5,5 1 6,i! 5,7 1 5,9 1 5., i 5,3 1 3;9 1 8 I S I 1a ! IS I i 3,2 1 9,0 I ,3 l Iq,8 I 9,0 1 9,7 I ,3 I 1.0 ' 3,2 I 1,0 l 2,9 I 3,U I 3,3 I 44, I ,1 3.5 L *S--1 -S--- -I --- I I I 1---"=-----I I li 9 I 162 I 194! I 167! l 170 L 198 I I 10,1 l ,0 I 6,9 1 9,3 I 9,9 1 9c1 1 9,4 l 11,6 1 12,7 1 36,7 1 36, ! 32,9 1 33,1 1 33, l 4005 I q6.7 l t0 I 1sI3C I I 13 i 1o I Not defined*,i,9 I ,4 I 8,7 10,9 I 9, I 9,4 1 12, '8 I 2.6 l 2,0 1 2b6 ; 2,5 I 3.0 I 2, ,6 1 3., l 3.7 I COLUMN q90 q ± TOTAL IC*, 10,0 10,1 9,9 10,0 10,0 10, lco,o * Households without any member aged or without any information on labor force participation.

157 A. 29 Table A.13 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE LEVEL OF LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE FOR PERSONS AGED 15-64, 1973 Labor Force Participation Rlate Decile of Per Capita Expenditure URBAN AREAS ROW~ TOTAL ' O.B Not defined* COLUMN TOTAL *Households without any member aged or without any information on labor force participation.

158 A. 30 Table A. 14 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN EACHi DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND NUMBER OF EARNERS, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Number of Earners ALL ALL AREAS ALL URBAN AREAS , O.! ALL RURAL AREAS O : ALL

159 Table A.14 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND NUMBER OF EARNERS, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Number of Earners Ail Households ALL AREAS o.0 2S ? or more All URBAN AREAS lco.0 1G a or more All RURAL AREAS or more All

160 Table A.15 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN AGES 15-64, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Incidence of ALL AREAS Unemployment ROW TOTAL Not defined* COLUMN TOTAL *Hcuseholds without any member aged or without any information on either labor force participation or on unemployment.

161 Table A.15 (continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN AGES 15-64, 1973 Incidence of Unemployment Decile of Per Capita Expenditure URBAN AREAS TOTAL ROW Not defined* COLUMN TOTAL *Households without any member aged or without any information on either labor force participation or on unemployment.

162 Table A.15 (continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE INCIDENCE OF UNENPLOYMENT IN AGES 15-64, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure RURAL AREAS Incidence of unemployment ROW ROWA TOTAL Not defined* COLUMN TOTAL *Households without any member aged or without any information on either labor force participation or on unemployment.

163 A. 35 Table A. 16 PENINSUIAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION AGED BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA lependi1ture AND ACTIVITY STATUS, 1973 ALL AREAS DECILE ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPFNDITURE Activity Status During the Refercnce Weck All Males Full-Time Worker Part-Time -- willing to work more Part-Time -- not willing to work nore Part-Time -- other Not Working but with a Job Unemployed -- looking for work Unemployed -- available for work Outside the Labor Force Not Recorded All Females Full-Time Worker Part-Time -- willing to work more Part-Time -- not willing to work more Part-Timie -- other Not Working but with a Job Unemployed -- looking for work Unemployed -- available for work Outside the Labor Force S Not Recorded All Persons Full-Time Worker Part-Time -- willing to work more Part-Time -- not willing to work more ; Part-Time -- other b ' Not Working but with a Job D Uu,d - Iolng 1co I- for ork Unemployed -- nvailable for work n n.r 0.7 O.? O.F 0,t0ied the LTnbor Force 31.n q 1l.R 36.7 it.7 l6.? 13.0r '.h 1.SQ Not Recorded All 1nn.0 10o.n 1nn.n nn.n 1nn.n 1On.0 1o.nn0 in n nn,

164 A. 36 Page 2 Table A.16 (Conitinued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION AGED BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND ACTIVITY STATUS, 1973 URBAN AREAS DECILE ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE Activity Status During the Reference Week All Males Full-Time Worker Part-Time -- willing to work more Part-Time -- not willing to work more Part-Time -- other Not Working but with a Job Unemployed -- looking for work Unemployed -- available for work Outside the Labor Force Not Recorded All Females Full-Time Worker Part-Time -- willing to work more Part-Time -- not willing to work more Part-Time -- otber Not Working but with a Job Unemployed -- looking for work Unemployed -- available for work Outside the Labor Force Not Recorded All Persons Full-Time Worker Part-Time -- willing to work more Part-Time -- not willing to work more Part-Time -- other Not Working but with a Job Unemployed -- looking for work Unemployed -- available for work OutsIdp the Lnhor Force Q Not Recorded MI Inon n 10n n.n 1inn.n 1no.o 10o.o

165 A. 37 Page 3 Table A.16 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION AGED BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND ACTIVITY STATUS, 1973 RURAL AREAS DECILE ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE Activity Status During the Reference Week All Males Full-Time Worker Part-Time -- willing to work more Part-Time -- not willing to work more Part-Time -- other Not Working but with a Job Unemployed -- looking for work Unemployed -- available for work outside the Labor Force Not Recorded All Females Full-Time Worker Part-Time -- willing to work more Part-Time -- not willing to work more Part-Time -- other Not Working but with a Job b Unemployed -- looking for work Unemployed -- available for work Outside the Labor Force Not Recorded All Persons Full-Time Worker Part-Time -- willing to work more Part-Time -- not willing to work more Part-Time -- other Not Working but with a a Job Unemployed -- looking for work Unemployed -- available for work Outside the Labor Force Not Recorded All

166 A. 38 Table A.17 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF TIIE EMPLOYED AGED BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURi AND) CLASS OF WORKER, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Class of Worker f All ALL AREAS Employer Employee Self-employed Unpaid family worker All (8.7) (9.3) (9.8) (9.8) (9.9) (10.2) (10.3) (10.8) (10.7) (10.5) (100.0) Males Females Employer Employee Self-emoloved Unpaid familv worker All (10.1) (10.2) (10.4) (10.4) (9.7) (11.2) (9.9) (9.8) (8.9) (9.5) (100.0) Persons Employer Employee Self-employed Unpaid family worker All (9.2) (9.6) (10.0) (10.0) (9.8) (10.5) (10.1) (10.4) (10.0) (10.1) (100.0) URBAN AREAS Males Employer Employee Self-employed Unpaid family worker All (9.0) (9.1) (10.5) (9.5) (10.6) (10.4) (30.9) (10.4) (10.4) (9.2) (100.0) Females Employer Employee Self-employed Unpaid family worker All (9.3) (9.5) (9.5) (11.0) (9.4) (9.4) (9.6) (10.8) (11.1) (10.4) (100.0) Persons Employer Employee Self-employed Unpaid family worker All )) 100.o on.o on.o noo.o (9.1) (9.J) (10. ) (10.U) (10.2) (10.1) (10.5) (10.5) (10.6) (9.6) (1n0 n

167 A. 39 Table A.17 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE. EMPLOYED AGED BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND CLASS OF WORKER, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Class of Worker I All RURAL AREAS MaZes Employer Employee Self-employed Unpaid family worker All (9.0) (9.1) (10.0) (9.9) (10.4) (9.8) (10.2) (10.1) (10.8) (10.7) (100.0) FemaZcc Employer Employee Self-employed Unpaid family worker All (10.1) (10.2) (10.1) (10.3) (10.3) (9.7) (10.8) (30.5) (9.8) (8.0) (100.0) Persons Employer Employee Self-employed Unpaid family worker All (9.4) (9.5) (10.0) (10.0) (10.4) (9.8) (10.4) (10.3) (10.4) (9.7) (100.0) Note: Figures in parentheses show thc employed in each decile as percentage of all employed.

168 A.40 T.ebl A.17 (Ctirued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF T8E ts.0ye0 AGED N eac8 CLASS OP WUIER CAhECORy ey DECILE OF PER CAPITA EDXODrTURE, 1973 D0.1le of Per Cpit. RP.dit-re Clo. of Worke A Idiridl ALL AREAS Employer Employee Self-emplo1yd p4id f-ily -orker All Employer Employee Self-employed , Uep.id fmily -orker Pm,mle All Employer EMployee Self-employed V.poid femly rker All URBAN AREAS Employer Employee Oelf-eeopleyed Uop.id faily -orker All A 7-?-Zoe Employer _ A Emp1oyee Self-employed Uepoid follly rker All Employer Employee Self-e ployed Ulepold fiily -oker All RURAL AREAS Employee Employee Self-employed U.paid fu:ily corker All M2le. P0 Zee Empler Employee Self -ployed Ulpaid fmily.orker All Employer E.pleyme Self-employed USp.id faily corker All Perveo

169 O 0.00 HOCD n n0 C r00 n n 0 r 0 0~~~~ 010 ( 0 01 O00 -_ OOC OO _O _ O 00 0'C00_=0_O 0000O O 0 0C >OOOOM_MOOt0 0 <0 0s>WO>_OWOOc 0n _OOOOD_o M. ;>oo00_v 0 0o_ 0o 0"O 00t Oe _o _ > < b:_ b O O Ct_ 0t;o CC.. W _W 00 o o _ D W > r 0.0. O W w CO r oa _ s _ 0 G '1_ O _ s _ O O O 90.0.O fio O G O0 _ OCr O. C.. 0 )0. 0. _ , , C*r0 -. 'C. 000~~~ , vo0tw CC t_c 0> _ ow OO0 00E0 o>o_ 0 0 C o_0 0 0 x0_ o _ n r 0, _C C D_O _C 0 ( C_ O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ z -o L.D(_oo 0 _< _.-.0 -o >o_o(wv.0ow oo eo.-.0w _w _ w COO 9O _,> 0(0( 0(00_ (CO _ C_ LAC- G _ 00O O O C. 00O> >(G0OOO0 O _D_ O 00 O0 O0 0(0_U)_0CO t L(W W V - -rk s o F 1S z oo W _ oo a o 10_ =\w o> _ o o a _ e ~o o o o_ o_ Wo o o ww 1 =o -o>o.or_ s.= N. oo( oo0o_ o_,0o.co( N. or.0 o -. ;=(0.o-=. -1

170 Table A.18 (Contin.ed) P.R. 2 PENINSULAR MALAYSLA: INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUrION OF THE EMPLOYED (AGED 15-64) By DECII.E OF PER CAPITA EXPEND)ITUHE, URBAN ARIAS, 1973 Decile of Per Capita Epnpedit-r Ind..try All Padi Rubber Other Agriculture Livestock Forestry Fishing Mining Traditional Manofact.ring Non-traditto.al M... fact.ri.g Utilities Coostr-ction Trade, Transport, C. - oncat1ons Private Sector Services Health. Ed.catioo, Covern-et* Mlacelloneoon ~~~~ Not odeq.otely described Blank/Not Stated All Sa.ple Persons (236) (240) (277) (251) (279) (275) (287) (275) (274) (242) (26363 P.di Robber Other Agric.1t.re Livestock Forestry Fishing Mining Traditi... l M.nofart.ring Non-tr-ditio... Mno.f.ct.ring Utilities Coaatroction Trade. Trn...Port, Coo-on1c.tio Private Sectoer Services Health, Edoestio., Gove-onetc Misrellane Not adeqootely described Blank/Not Stated AL1I S..ple Personn (123) (126) (126) (145) (125) (124) (127) (144) (146) (137) (1323) Podi Robber Other Agrlcult.re Li-estock Fore-try Fishing MinIng Traditional M.. facturing Non-traditional M.nuf.ctaring Utilities Constroctino Trade. Tranoport. Cos-nincations Privste Sector Services Health. Education, Cover... t* Miscell..eo.a Not adequately described Blank/Not Stated MALES FEMALES PERSONS All Somple Persons (359) (366) (403) (396) (404) (399) (414) (419) (420) (379) (3959) * Including defens.e.

171 * ~~~~~~~~~ 00.0D.0 _o = < :00.r0 o 0 3 D 0 u 0 D _. D _ D 0 0 ' r D 000D _ D 0_ 00D 0= 00.,r000.D 0 > D0 00 =-nd0=.0_n 0, f & _ 00000,-0.00=. > 0 tn 00 0r _ &00_ 0. 0= = ,l t = 9 c n. O O ' C o0 f 00 = 0 o=n n0d0d 00t.0 no nnt 00, _.000tt g00 00 C 00 n0 00. r..~ _, oo n n0~ C 0 00,' 0 = 0o 00 0 n 0 0a O 0.CF OOp C >. _1_00 WOO S- P Wpbr II L 0 O _ ; _0 O _ C. N O. _ 0 N_o00 0( O 0 8; 0 \00D 0(00.0 lo OO 0.0 0SN_O DN NO DCO9 P n 00 0 ~~~~~~~~~~ ii* [I~ ~~~~_ 0 Ot _~ 0 - S _, 0 _00 O.0O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~L.'o w0 _o D _0.00N0O00 NO J 0 N NC0000 OOO 0 J OtoO OOOO O. 0000C OD_ -.0 sc _OC lo >00W J:00 -<n s] 0W>OD O GCC - 00 O_O OtO >_G WO _too O O O Ot_C'O _O W>_O..00 O 0 _ W_O O D -. 0 _00 o N 00 00o a000 o_nw_o OOfl0.-. o_ooo>_u 000O 000(00 O O v 0 '0 Ce oo o_ o W _ W _ - _o OO O > 0m D _;O O> a vo S l0c N oow o W N_ ;on o0.. _.0-00.~ -. - _00.

172 T.bla A-18 (Contin.ed) P.g. 4 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPlOYED (AGED 15-64) IN EACH INDUSTRY BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, ALL AREAS, 1973 Decile of Per Capita E.pendit.re S.1 I.d,,.t,y I All ndi,d-al. P.di Robbe Other ARric.ltoro Liv-tock Forestry FishinO Hinini Traditio...l M.. fact.rinr No-tr.ditional M. linfacturieg Stiliti-s Constroction Trade, Traspo-t, Conaoonic.ti.ss PrIv-te Sector Servi-e Health, Ed-cti-s. Govoenoest miilsell... oa Not Adeq.ot.ly described Blank/Set Stated All MALES FEMIALES Pedi Robber other Agriec1t..e Livetock > Forestry Fishing MinIng Traditional Mansfactoring Non-tr.dltional Mn-f-ct.rin utillities Constr-ction Trade, Transport, Co-sei-atio-a Private Sector ServIces Health, Edoca.tion, Governoe.to MisceIlane.us Not adeqoately described Blank/Not Stated All Pedi Robber Other ARricolt-re ioo Livestock Forestry Fishing Min-ng Traditional Manofactoring Roe-traditional Ma..factoring Utilities Co.str-ctios Trade, Trans.port, C.oo-onicaCiot,s Private Sector ServLces Health, Ed.catio.. Gover.nente Miacel1... s Not adeq.ately desc.ribed Bleak/Not Stated PER SONS All I..oc.di.g defense.

173 Table A.18 (Continued) PENINSUIAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPLOYED (ACED 15-64) IN EACH INDuSTRY BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, URBAN AREAS, 1973 Danite uf Per Capita Expenditure Industry I All Indinidu-ls Padi Rubber RR Other Agriculture Livestuck Fo-sutry Fishing R Mining Traditional Manufacturing R Nos-traditiosnl Manufacturing Utilities Constroctiun Trade, Transpnrt, C ictin Private Sector Services Realth, Education, Coverment tm Miscellaneous Not adequately descibed Blank/Nnt Stated All MALES FEMIALES Padi > lubber Other Agriculture Llvestock _ Forestry Fishing Mining i Tradltin..sIa Mnfacturing Non-traditional Ma...facturio Stilities C... tructiun Trade, Trans.port, Coonsincetions Pinnate Sector Services Health, Education, Covernoenta Miscella.eous Nut adequately described Black/Not Scated All Padi Rubber Other Agriculture Livestock Forestry Fishing Mining Traditional Manufacturing Nun-traditional Manufacturing Utilities Censtr-t-uo Trade, Tras.port, Cu-nsuicati Pri-ate Seccor Services Realth, Education, Covern..eut Mlscella..eo.e Not adequately described Blank/Nnt Orated All PERSONS Sample l ncluding defense.

174 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Table Al1E (Conti... d) OISTRIBUIEION OF THE EMPLOYED (ACED 15-64) IN EACH INDUSTRY BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, RURAL AREAS, 1973 Decile ofper Capita E.pendit-re Dudoorry 1 ~~ ~~ 3 ~ 4 ~~ H 9 10 All 1ndiuld.als Padi Rubber Other ARriCu1Ltre R Li-estck Forestry Fishing mining Traditio..al Man.f.et.ring Non-t,aditiona1 Ma...factUrleR utilities Co...tr.ctlon Trade, Transport. C-snnicati Private Sector Services Health. Ed-ction, G--ernet* Miscellaneous Not adequately described Blank/Not Orated All Padi Robber Other Agrlc-1ture Livetock Foretry FiuhieR Mining Traditional Msnuf.ctoring Ne-tr.ditilo..l Manu facturing utilit-a Constrution Trade, Transport, CO-soiCati-u Priv~et Sector Ser-lces Health, Eduction, Govern-nt* Minc.1ll Not adequately described Blank/Not Stated MALES FEMALES All Fadl Rubber Other Agrirolt.re Livestock Forestry Fishing MInIng Traditin...l ManufacturIng Non-traditional Ma...factaring Utilities Contruction Trade, Trannport, CnossuLcations Private Sector Services Health, Eduction, Gover-osete Mi... llaneo.s Not adequately described Blank/Hot Stated All PERSONS su n nclodleg defense.e

175 Table A.19 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPLOYED IN THE AGE GROUP ACCORDING TO DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, ALL AREAS Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Occupational Division All Professional, technical & related Administrative & managerial Clerical and related Sales workers Personal & Protective Service* Agricultural workers Production, Transport and other Inadequately described Not in Labour I All Sample Persons (672) (715) (756) (755) (763) (781) (790) (827) (820) (807) (7686) MALES FEMALES Professional, technical & related , Administrative & managerial Clerical and related > Sales workers Personal & Protective Service* Agricultural workers Production, Transport and other Inadequately described Not in Labour All Sample Persons (441) (44S) (453) (454) (422) (489) (432) (428) (392) (414) (4370) Professional, technical & related Administrative & managerial Clerical and related Sales workers Personal & Protective Service* Agricultural workers Production, Transport and other Inadequately described Not in Labour All Sample Persons (1113) (1160) (1209) (1209) (1185) (1270) (1222) (1255) (1212) (1221) (12056) PERSONS * Including armed This category probably corresponds to "blank/not stated".

176 Table A.19 (Continued) Pae2 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPLOYED IN THE AGE GROUP ACCORDING TO DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, URBAN AREAS Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Occupational Division All Professional, technical & related Administrative & managerial Clerical and related Sales workers Personal & Protective Service* Agricultural workers Production, Transport and other Inadequately described Not in Labour * All Sample Persons (236) (240) (277) (251) (279) (275) (287) (275) (274) (242) (2636) MALES FEMALES Professional, technical & related > Administrative & managerial Clerical and related , Sales workers Personal & Protective Service* Agricultural workers Production, Transport and other Inadequately described Not in Labour All Sample Persons (123) (126) (126) (145) (125) (124) (127) (144) (146) (137) (1323) Professional, technical & related Administrative & managerial Clerical and related Sales workers Personal & Protective Service* Agricultural workers Production, Transport and other Inadequately described Not in Labour All Sample Persons (359) (366) (403) (396) (404) (399) (414) (419) (420) (379) (3959) PERSONS * Including armed This category probably corresponds to "blank/not stated".

177 Table A.19 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPLOYED IN THE AGE GROUP ACCORDING TO DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, RURAL AREAS Pape 3 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Occupational Division All Professional, technical & related Administrative & managerial Clerical and related Sales workers Personal & Protective Service* Agricultural workers Production, Transport and other , Inadequately described Not in Labour All Sample Persons (457) (463) (504) (500) (523) (495) (514) (510) (545) (539) (5050) Professional, technical & related Administrative & managerial o Clerical and related Sales workers Personal & Protective Service* 5, Agricultural workers Production, Transport and other Inadequately described Not in Labour All Sample Persons (308) (312) (309) (313) (316) (296) (330) (319) (299) (245) (3047) Professional, technical & related Administrative & managerial Clerical and related Sales workers ' Personal & Protective Service* Agricultural workers Production, Transport and other Inadequately described Not in Labour All Sample Persons (765) (775) (813) (813) (839) (791) (844) (829) (844) (784) (8097) MALES FEMALES PERSONS * Including armed This category probably corresponds to "blank/not stated".

178 A.50 Table A.20 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: DISTRIBUTION O(F. ACCRUING TO HIOUSEHIOLDS IN DIFFERENT DECILES, BASED) ON PER CAPITA AND TOTAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME ACCORDING TO SOURCE OF INCONE, 1973 Source of Income Income of Wages/ Unincorporated Property Transfer Decile Salaries Enterprises Income Receipts Total (A) Decile according to per capita income N ' All (B) Decile according to total income of the household All (C) Sample households reporting some income from different sources Percent Number

179 A. 51 Table A.2L PENINSUIAR MULAYSIA: '.SULTS OF!fULTIPLE CLxSSIrICAT'^N AM.ALYSIS OrF PER CAPITA EXPE.;DITL'RE Or hoslliulds. BY URBAN-RURAL RESIDENCE, 1973 Urban Areas RuraZ Areas, AlZ Ar,?as Variance Explained Variance Explained Variance Explained Without With Without With Without With Adjustment Adjustment Adjustment Adjustment Adjustment Adjustment For Other For Other For Other For Other For Other For Other Factors Factors Factors Factors Factors Factors Explainatory Variable _ 2 82 B2 n2 82 (A) HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 1. Month of Interview.006$.006$ Rural/Urban Residence N$ NS N$ N$ Ethnic Group Household Size Child Dependency Ratio Aged Dependency Ratio.003$.001$.003$ $ NS 7. Participation Rate $.004k.004k Incidence of Unemployment.004@.003$.002@ Average Hours Worked.004$.005$ (B) CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD 1. Sex.001@.001@ N$ N$ N$ N$ 2. Age.009k.o08o $ k 3. Marital Status $ $.016 N$ 4. Education Class of Worker Occupation Industry $ Multiple R-Square Sample Households (2359) (4914) (7273) Notes: N: Less than $: Not significant at the ten percent level. 8: Not significant at the five percent level. +: Not significant at the one percent level. All other variables are significant at the one percent level.

180 A.52 Table A.22 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: RESULTS OF MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS OF PER CAPITA INCOME OF HOUSEHOLDS, BY URBAN-RURAL RESIDENCE, 1973 Urban Areas Rural Areas AlZ Areas Variance Explained Variance Explained Variance Explained Without With Without With Without With Adjustment Adjustment Adjustment Adjustment Adjustment Adjust;ent For Other For Other For Other For Other For Other For Other Factors Factors Factors Factors Factors Factors Explanatory Variable n2 B2 n2 B2 n 2 B2 (A) HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 1. Month of Interview $.004@ $ Rural/Urban'Residence N$ N$ N$ N$ Ethnic Group Hiousehold Size Child Dependency Ratio Aged Dependency Ratio N$ N$ $ N$ N$ 7. Participation Rate Incidence of Unemployment.003$.003@ Average hours Worked.002$.002$ (B) CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD 1. Sex.002 N$.001 N$ N@ N$ 2. Age.004$.005$ @ @ 3. Marital Status.005 N$ N$ 4. Education Class of Worker Occupation Industry.011@.004$ $ Multiple R-Square Sample Households (2359) (4914) (7273) Notes: N: Less than $: Not significant at the ten percent level. Q: Not significant at the five percent level. +: 'ot sigaificant at thc one pecr":u. l.vel. All other variables are significant at the one percent level.

181 A. 53 Table A.23 PENINSl LAR MALAYSIA: AVERACE MONTHLY EARNINGS OF FMPL(OYEES (IN TERMS OF THEIR PRINCIPAL. EMPLOYMENT STATUS) BY RURAlI-URBAN RESIDLNCE AND SELECTED CIIARACTERISTlCS, 1973 All Country Urban Areas Rural Areas Predictors Males Females Personq Males Females Persons Mtales Females Persons All (4528) (2221) (6754) (1943) (943) (2889) (2581) (1275) (3858) Month of Interview January (396) (179) (575) (156) (66) (222) (240) (113) (353) February (363) (171) (534) (143) (69) (212) (216) (99) (315) March (383) (200) (583) (173) (85) (258) (210) (115) (325) April (353) (164) (517) (174) (62) (236) (179) (102) (281) May (375) (196) (572) (137) (95) (232) (238) (101) (340) June (394) (157) (551) (166) (61) (227) (228) (96) (324) July (362) (187) (549) (156) (78) (234) (206) (109) (315) August (411) (178) (591) (201) (81) (284) (210) (97) (307) September (364) (176) (541) (164) (81) (245) (200) (95) (296) October (392) (216) (608) (183) (97) (280) (209) (119) (320) November (384) (205) (589) (155) (84) (239) (229) (121) (350) Sex December (351) (192) (544) (135) (84) (220) (216) (108) (324) Male (4528) (--) (4528) (1943) (--) (1943) (2581) (--) (2581) Female (-.-) (2221) (2221) (--) (943) (943) (--) (1275) (1275)

182 A. 54 fable A.23 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: AVERAGE rlontiily EARIIN&S OF EMPLOYEES Page 2 (IN TERMS OF TiihIR irincipai. EMPLOYMENT STATUS) BY RURAI.-URRAN RESIDENCE AND SELECTED CIIARACTERISTICS, 1973 All Country Urban Areas Rural Areas Predictors Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males_ Females Persons Age Less than (599) (444) (1044) (253) (188) (442) (346) (256) (602) (793) (498) (1292) (357) (248) (606) (436) (248) (684) (724) (322) (1049) (310) (138) (449) (412) (183) (597) (662) (271) (933) (277) (135) (392) (384) (156) (540) (567) (235) (802) (220) (92) (312) (347) (143) (490) (409) (170) (579) (169) (63) (232) (240) (107) (347) (329) (117) (446) (146) (40) (186) (183) (77) (260) (236) (92) (328) (107) (30) (137) (129) (62) (191) (116) (39) (155) (55) (17) (72) (60) (22) (82) (92) (33) (125) (49) (12) (61) (43) (21) (64) Marital Status Unmarried (1557) (967) (2527) (757) (504) (1264) (799) (461) (1260) Married (2874) (1028) (3904) (1159) (354) (1513) (1712) (673) (2387) Widowed (47) (160) (207) (13) (67) (80) (34) (93) (127) Divorced/Separated (44) (61) (105) (12) (17) (29) (32) (44) (76) Education L.C.E (418) (164) (583) (223) (105) (329) (194) (59) (253) Vocational School (1S) (2) (17) (10) (1) (11) (5) (1) (6) School Certificate (426) (218) (645) (275) (146) (422) (149) (69) (218) Higher School (32) (11) (43) (25) (9) (34) (7) (2) (9)

183 A.55 Table A.23 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: AVERAGE MONTHLY EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES PaRe 3 (IN TERMS OF T}IEIR PRINCIPAL EMPLOYMlNr STATUS) BY RURAL-URBAN RESIDENCE AND SE.LECTED CHARACTERISTICS, 1973 All Country Urban Areas Rural Areas Predictors Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Education (Continued) College Diploma (68) (40) (108) (33) (28) (61) (34) (12) (46) University Degree (56) (16) (72) (48) (10) (58) (8) (6) (14) Religious Education (26) (8) (34) (6) (4) (10) (20) (4) (24) Not Applicable (315) (546) (862) (82) (127) (209) (233) (419) (653) No Certificate (3162) (1210) (4374) (1235) (512) (1748) (1927) (698) (2626) Professional Diploma (3) (2) (5) (3) (--) (3) (--) (2) (2) Other Certificates Occupation None/Not Applicable (122) (62) (184) (74) (35) (109) (46) (27) (73) Professional (240) (158) (398) (122) (96) (218) (117) (62) (179) Administrative (61) (2) (63) (47) (2) (49) (14) (--) (14) Clerical (494) (216) (712) (308) (155) (465) (185) (58) (243) Sales (273) (57) (330) (193) (45) (238) (80) (12) (92) Service ,430) (385) (815) (235) (247) (482) (195) (138) (333) Agriculture (1072) (837) (1910) (104) (96) (200) (968) (741) (1710) Production (330) (210) (540) (135) (105) (240) (195) (105) (300) Craftsmen Non-Traditional (378) (79) (458) (235) (41) (277) (143) (38) (181) Craftsmen Traditional (1128) (215) (1344) (490) (121) (611) (638) (94) (733) Industry Rubber (641) (621) (1263) (48) (78) (126) (593) (543) (1137) Oil (100) (54) (154) (5) (11) (16) (95) (43) (138) Coconut (32) (5) (37) (1) (1) (2) (31) (4) (35) P.jdI /77.2,13 S 3U S7.', n09 (68) (R2) (150) (1) (1) (2) (67) (81) (148)

184 A. 56 Table A.23 (Continued) Page 4 PENINSUIAR MALAYSIA: AVERAGE MONTHLY EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES (IN TERMS OF THEIR PRINCIPAL EMPLOYMENT STATUS) BY RtlRAL-URBAN RESIDENCE AND SELECTED CIIARACTERISTICS, 1973 All Country Urban Areas Rural Areas Predictors Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Industry (Continued) Other Agriculture (171) (85) (256) (22) (15) (37) (149) (70) (219) Livestock (11) (4) (15) (1) (-) (1) (10) (4) (14) Forestry (42) (2) (44) (12) C--) (12) (30) (2) (32) Fishing (38) (2) (40) (6) (1) (7) (32) (1) (33) Mining (123) (17) (140) (29) (5) (34) (94) (12) (106) Oil 6 Fats (13) (3) (16) (5) (1) (6) (8) (2) (10) Beverages (19) (15) (34) (11) (7) (18) (8) (8) (16) Food (102) (51) (153) (49) (22) (71) (53) (29) (82) Sawmills (138) (44) (182) (59) (15) (74) (79) (29) (108) Furniture (33) (1) (34) (15) (1) (16) (18) (-) (18) Petroleum Basic Metals (48) (5) (53) (30) (3) (33) (18) (1) (19) Textile (78) (128) (206) (51) (77) (128) (27) (51) (78) Paper (86) (61) (147) (53) (49) (102) (33) (11) (44) Chemical (43) (23) (66) (20) (10) (30) (23) (13) (36) Cement (46) (12) (58) (22) (5) (27) (24) (7) (31) Machinery (142) (80) (222) (83) (46) (129) (58) (34) (92) Utilities (69) (3) (72) (32) (1) (33) (37) (2) (39) Construction (329) (43) (373) (168) (28) (197) (161) (15) (176) Transportation & CoMMunllication (877) (175) (1055) (577) (123) (702) (298) (52) (351) Private Sector Services (344) (386) (730) (199) (244) (443) (145) (142) (287)

185 A. 57 T'obhk A.23 (CoIltinuedI) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: AV!:RAGE MONTHLY EARNINGS OF' EMPLOYEES (IN TIRMS OF T'IIEIR PRiNCi'AI. EMPOYMNT STAUS)Page 5 BY RURAL-URBAN RESIDi:NCE AND SELECTF:I) CllARACTEiRISTICS, 1973 All Country Urban Areas Rural Areas Predictors Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Industry (Continued) Health (74) (70) (144) (35) (43) (78) (39) (27) (66) Education (310) (175) (485) (151) (104) (255) (158) (71) (229) Defense (229) (19) (248) (96) (12) (108) (133) (7) (140) Government Service (313) (53) (366) (160) (38) (198) (153) (14) (167) Others (8) (2) (10) (1) (2) (3) (7) (-)(7) Hours Worked (64) (55) (119) (24) (29) (53) (40) (26) (66) (8) (24) (32) (1) (9) (10) (7) (15) (22) (58) (53) (111) (19) (17) (36) (39) (36) (75) (94) (87) (181) (37) (29) (66) (57) (58) (115) (62) (42) (104) (17) (9) (26) (45) (33) (78) (130) (100) (230) (40) (44) (84) (90) (56) (146) (404) (278) (682) (125) (90) (215) (279) (188) (467) (629) (379) (1008) (216) (126) (342) (413) (253) (666) (1676) (663) (2342) (824) (322) (1148) (848) (338) (1187) (705) (291) (998) (320) (133) (454) (385) (158) (544) (698) (249) (947) (320) (135) (455) (378) (114) (492) Willingness to Work Not Recorded (4436) (2111) (6552) (1914) (897) (2814) (2518) (1211) (3731) Yes (80) (79) (159) (27) (32) (59) (53) (47) (100) No (12) (31) (43) (2) (14) (16) (10) (17) (27)

186 Table A.24 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON THE EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS INTERVIEWED IN THE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY (HES) 1973, URBAN AREAS Households Statistics for Statistics for Total Reporting All Reporting Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Households Households Minimum Maximum Categories Reported Some None Mean SD Mean SD Value Value 1. Rice, Flour and Cereals Biscuits, Breads, Mee, etc. 3. Fresh, Frozen & Processed Meats 4. Fish, Shellfish, Processed Fish 5. Milk, Egg & Oil Fruits, Tubers, Vegetables, Nuts 7. Sugar, Spices, Jam and other food 8. Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, Liquor, Beer 9. Cigarettes, Betel, Tobacco 10. Clothing, Fabrics & Tailoring Fees 11. Footwear and related repairs 12. Rent Payments

187 Page 2 Table A.24 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON THE EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS INTERVIEWED IN THE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY (HES) 1973, URBAN AREAS Households Statistics for Statistics for Total Reporting All Reporting Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Households Households Minimum Maximum Categories Reported Some None Mean SD Mean SD Value Value 13. Water Charges Electricity, Gas, Fuel Charges 15. Furniture Appliances, China, Tools 17. Household Goods, Cleaning 18. Payment to Domestics 19. Health Care Expenses 20. Transportation Machines 21. Parts, Repair for Transport Equip 22. Petrol, Oil & Grease 23. Motor Insurance, Fees, Tolls 24. Rail, Ship, Plane, Bus, Taxi Fares

188 Table A.24 (Continued) Page 3 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON THE EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS INTERVIEWED IN THE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY (HES) 1973, URBAN AREAS Households Statistics for Statistics for Total Reporting All Reporting Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Households Households Minimum Maximum Categories Reported Some None Mean SD Mean SD Value Value 25. Postal,Telephone Telegraph Fees 26. Major Durables, Recreation Equip 27. Entertainment, Gambling 28. Books, Newspa pers & Magazines 29. School,Boarding Fees 30. Personal Effects, ' Jewelry, Watches 31. Restaurants and Related 32. Packaged Tours, Finance Services 33. Total Monthly Expenditure

189 Page 4 Table A.24 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON THE EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS INTERVIEWED IN THE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY (HES) 1973, RURAL AREAS Households Statistics for Statistics for Total Reporting All Reporting Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Households Households Minimum Maximum Categories Reported Some None Mean SD Mean SD Value Value 1. Rice, Flour & Cereals 2. Biscuits,Breads, Mee, etc. 3. Fresh,Frozen & Processed Meats 4. Fish,Shellfish, Processed Fish 5. Milk,Egg & Oil Fruits,Tubers Vegetables,Nuts 7. Sugar,Spices,Jam and Other Food 8. Coffee,Tea,Cocoa, Liquor,Beer 9. Cigarettes,Betel, Tobacco 10. Clothing,Fabrics, Tailoring Fees 11. Footwear and Related Repairs 12. Rent Payments

190 Table A.24 (Continued) Page 5 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON THE EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS INTERVIEWED IN THE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY (HES) 1973, RURAL AREAS Households Statistics for Statistics for Total Reporting All Reporting Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Households Households Minimum Maximum Categories Reported Some None Mean SD Mean SD Value Value 13. Water Charges Electricity,Gas Fuel Charges 15. Furniture Appliances,China Tools 17. Household Goods, Cleaning 18. Payments to Domestics 19. Health Care and Expenses 20. Transportation Machines 21. Parts,Repair for Transport Equip 22. Petrol,Oil and Grease 23. Motor Insurance, Fees and Tolls 24. Rail,Ship,Plane Bus,Taxi Fares

191 Page 6 Table A.24 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON THE EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS INTERVIEWED IN THE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY (HES) 1973, RURAL AREAS Households Statistics for Statistics for Total Reporting All Reporting Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Households Households Minimum Maximum Categories Reported Some None Mean SD Mean SD Value Value 25. Postal,Telephone Telegraph Fees 26. Major Durables, Recreation Equip 27. Entertainment, Gambling 28. Books,Newspapers, Magazines 29. School,Boarding Fees 30. Personal Effects, Jewelry,Watches 31. Restaurants and Related 32. Packaged Tours, Finance Services 33. Total Monthly Expenditure

192 Page 7 Table A.24 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON THE EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS INTERVIEWED IN THE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY (HES) 1973, ALL AREAS Households Statistics for Statistics for Total Reporting All Reporting Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Households Households Minimum Maximum Categories Reported Some None Mean SD Mean SD Value Value 1. Rice,Flour and Cereals 2. Biscuits,Breads, Mee,Etc. 3. Fresh,Frozen & Processed Meats 4. Fish,Shellfish, Processed Fish 5. Milk,Egg & Oil Fruits,Tubers, Vegetables,Nuts 7. Sugar,Spices,Jam and other Food 8. Coffee,Tea,Cocoa Liquor,Beer 9. Cigarettes,Betel, Tobacco 10. Clothing,Fabrics Tailoring Fees 11. Footwear and Related Repairs 12. Rent Payments

193 Page 8 Table A.24 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON THE EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS INTERVIEWED IN THE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY (HES) 1973, ALL AREAS Households Statistics for Statistics for Total Reporting All Reporting Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Households Households Minimum Maximum Categories Reported Some None Mean SD Mean SD Value Value 13. Water Charges Electricity,Gas, Fuel Charges 15. Furniture Appliances,China Tools 17. Household Goods, Cleaning 18. Payments to Domestics 19. Health Care and Expenses 20. Transportation Machines 21. Parts,Repair for Transport Equip 22. Petrol,Oil and Grease 23. Motor,Insurance Fees and Tolls 24. Rail,Ship,Plane, Bus,Taxi Fares

194 Page 9 Table A.24 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON THE EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS INTERVIEWED IN THE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY (HES) 1973, ALL AREAS Households Statistics for Statistics for Total Reporting All Reporting Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Households Households Minimum Maximum Categories Reported Some None Mean SD Mean SD Value Value 25. Postal,Telephone Telegraph Fees 26. Major Durables, Recreation Equip 27. Entertainment, Gambling 28. Books,Newspapers and Magazines 29. School,Boarding Fees 30. Personal Effects, Jewelry,Watches 31. Restaurants and Related 32. Packaged Tours, Finance Services 33. Total Monthly Expenditure

195 Table A.25 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, URBAN AREAS EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE ALL 1. Rice,Flour and Cereals (13.7) (11.2) ( 9.2) ( 8.3) ( 7.2) ( 6.7) ( 5.2) ( 4.3) C 3.0) ( 1.4) ( 5.2) 2. Biscuits,Breads, Mee,Etc. ( 4.4) ( 3.9) ( 3.5) ( 3.6) ( 3.2) ( 2.8) ( 2.8) ( 2.4) ( 2.1) ( 1.1) ( 2.5) 3. Fresh,Frozen and Processed Meats ( 5.1) ( 6.5) ( 7.5) ( 7.2) ( 7.9) ( 6.4) ( 7.2) ( 6.6) ( 5.2) ( 3.6) ( 5.8) 4. Fish,Shellfish, Processed Fish ( 8.0) ( 7.6) ( 6.1) ( 6.0) ( 5.4) ( 4.9) ( 4.7) ( 4.2) ( 3.3) ( 1.7) ( 4.2) 5. Milk,Egg and Oil > (5.3) ( 5.2) ( 5.3) ( 5.0) ( 5.5) ( 4.5) ( 4.3) ( 3.8) ( 3.5) ( 2.3) ( 3.9) O 6. Fruits,Tubers, Vegetables, Nuts ( 7.1) ( 6.8) ( 6.8) ( 6.6) ( 6.4) ( 6.3) ( 5.7) ( 5.2) ( 4.3) C 3.0) ( 5.1) 7. Sugar,Spices,Jam And Other Food ( 3.9) ( 3.2) ( 2.6) ( 2.6) ( 2.4) ( 2.2) ( 2.0) ( 1.9) ( 1.8) ( 1.1) ( 2.0) 8. Coffee,Tea,Cocoa, Liquor,Beer ( 1.3) ( 1.4) ( 1.4) ( 1.4) ( 1.4) ( 1.6) 1.3) ( 1.4) ( 1.2) ( 2.2) ( 1.6) 9. Cigarettes,Betel, Tobacco ( 3.9) ( 3.6) ( 3.4) ( 3.7) ( 2.9) ( 3.7) ( 3.2) ( 2.8) ( 2.3) ( 1.4) ( 2.7) 10. Clothing,Fabrics, Tailoring Fees ( 2.5) ( 2.2) ( 3.7) ( 3.6) ( 3.7) ( 3.4) ( 4.9) ( 5.4) ( 5.7) ( 4.3) ( 4.3) 11. Footwear and Related Repairs (.4) (.3) (.7) (.6) (.6) (.8) (.8) (.8) ( 10) C.6) (.7) 12. Rent Payments (15.0) (14.4) (12.6) (12.4) (12.6) (13.3) (13.0) (12.6) (12.5) (16.6) (13.9)

196 Page 2 Table A.25 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, URBAN AREAS EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE ALL 13. Water Charges ) ( 1.6) ( 1.2) ( 1.2) ( 1.2) ( 1.1) ( 1.3) ( 1.0) (.8) (.6) ( 1.0) 14. Electricity,Gas, Fuel Charges ( 3.4) ( 3.7) ( 2.9) ( 3.2) ( 3.0) C 2.9) ( 3.0) ( 2.5) ( 2.4)' ( 2.0) ( 2.7) 15. Furniture ) (.5) (.7) (.9) (.7) (.8) ( 1.0) ( 1.2) (.9) ( 1.4) ( 1.0) 16. Appliances,China Tools (.3) (.5) (.7) (.5) (.8) ( 1.0) (.9) ( 1.5) ( 1.0) ( 1.7) ( 1.1) X 17. Household Goods, Cleaning ( 1.0) ( 1.0) (.9) ( 1.0) ( 1.0) ( 1.4) ( 1.1) ( 1.3) ( 1.0) (.7) ( 1.0) 18. Payments to Domestics (.0) (.1) (.1) (.2) (.3) (.4) (.5) (.9) ( 1.4) ( 3.1) ( 1.2) 19. Health Care and Expenses ( 1.1) ( 1.2) ( 1.5) ( 2.0) ( 2.2) ( 2.4) ( 2.3) ( 2.3) ( 2.1) ( 1.5) C 1.9) 20. Transportation Machines (.3) (.8) (.5) ( 1.1) C 1.5) ( 1.0) ( 1.4) C 1.8) ( 6.9) (12.4) ( 4.8) 21. Parts,Repair for Transport Equip (.4) (.3) (.5) (.6) C.7) (.8) (.7) ( 1.0) ( 1.6) ( 2.5) ( 1.3) 22. Petrol,Oil and Grease (.6) ( 1.1) ( 1.6) ( 1.5) ( 2.0) ( 2.6) ( 2.9) ( 3.5) ( 4.0) ( 4.1) ( 3.0) 23. Motor Insurance, Fees and Tolls (.2) (.0) (.2) (.2) (.3) (.3) C.3) (.9) ( 1.0) ( 1.3) (.7) 24. Rail,Ship,Plane, Bus,Taxi Fares ( 2.3) ( 2.9) ( 2.7) ( 3.2) ( 2.5) ( 3.0) ( 2.9) ( 3.1) ( 2.6) ( 1.8) ( 2.6)

197 Table A.25 (Continued) PAGE 3 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, URBAN ARE\S EXPENDITURE CATEG,ORIES ----_ _ _- DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLD : ALL 25. Postal,Telephone, o01, ?.,e,4,1 sw.44 Telegraph Fees (.1) t.1) C.1) C.3) ;.') (.2) ( *5) (.5) t.bs ( 1.1) (.5) 26. Major Durables, , ?9 1,69 2.,D 3, 9 9.1? 1.67 Recreation Equip (.b) (.9) ( t.2) ( 1.o) C 1,9) C 1.7) C 1.9) C 2.4) ( 2.3) 2.8) ( 2.1) 27. Entertainment,.?7 19L! , S,31 q 2.29 Gambling ( 1.3) ( 1.5) ( 2.2) ( 2.5) ( 3.1) 2.9) ( 2,7) t 3,5) C 3.S) (?.F) 2.8) 28. Books,Newspapers.30 *42 *,)8 7s.8 1,12 1, and Magazines ( 1.4) C 1,2) ( 2.3) ( 1,1) ( 1.'4) C 1.9) ( 1,7) C 1.O) C 1.3) C I.) ( 1.4) 29. School, Boarding -.2, Xd 1.5? 1,78 1,85 Ž,89 SCy, 1.53 Fees C 1.3) t 2,l) C 2.2) C 1,6) ( 2.0) t 2.0) C 2,0) C 1.7) C 1.9) C 1,8) ( 1.9) 30. Personal Effects.?7.95,o9,8s ,3o 1,8, 2,29 3,iS 6, Jewelry,Watches C 1.3) C 1.1) C I.D) t 1,0) C 1.8) C 1.6) t 2,1) C 2,0) C 2.2) t?,1) ( 1.9) 31. Restaurants ,20 P 4.h9 S IS u?7, and Related t 8.) C 9 0) (111.8) (10.9) (11.4) (12,6) (13.4) (11.2) (13.9) C 0.3) (11.3) 32. Packaged Tours,.75 1,09 I 1-2? 1,85 1,87 2,1? 1,99 4,70 25,3R 3.27 Finance Services.5) C 3,3) C 3,3) t S-1) C 2.8) t 2.5) C 2.3) C 1.H) C 3.1) t 7.A) ( 4.0) 33. TOTAL MONTHLY 21.l ,41 52b , '118 32Ž' z, EXPENDITURE (100.0) (100,3) (100.0) (10oO,) (100.0) (100l0) (100r,) (too.0) (lu. 0) C IOl0 (100.0) ricures IN PARENTHESES SHOW EXPENiOITURE IN A PARTICULAR CATLGORY AS A PERCENTAGE OF ThE TOTAL EyP1sGITuP9,

198 Table A.25 (Continued) Page 4 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, RURAL AREAS DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES ALL 1. Rice,Flour and LL ,77 6.G9 S.86 c(, ao Cereals (32.1) (2b.4) (22.7) (20.0) (17.7) (14.3) t12, i) (1!.1) ( Q.3) ( 4.3) (12.8) 2. Biscuits,Breads.37,59.75 *Ql s.a Mee,Etc. C 2.9) ( 3.t) t 3.2) ( 3,2) ( 3.1) ( S.?) ( 3,1) ( 3.1) C?2.) ( 1.8) ( 2.8) 3. Fresh,Frozen and.15, a :4 14s*Q Processed Meats ( 1.2) C 1.7) ( 2.71 C 3.8) ( 3.7) ( 5.1) ( 5,5) (,o t n,) ( 5.1) ( 4.8) 4. Fish, Shellfish, t $ 3,06 3.;7 3.PQ Processed Fish t 8.7) ( 8,) t 7.9) ( 7.5) ( 7.2) ( 6,5) ( 6,2) S ii) ( Li.i) ( 2.8) ( 5.6) 5. Milk, Egg and Oil..52, , ,09 3.c D 4.1) ( 4.2) C 41.5) C 5,G) ( 4.7) C 5,2) t 5.0) ( 5,1) ( 4,6) ( 3.1) ( 4.4) C 6. Fruits, Tubers,.79 1,32 1J61?. v ,13 3.i40 3*9 s.n Vegetables, Nuts ( 6.?) ( 6h9) ( 7.1) C 7.2) ( 7.1) C 7.S) ( b.9) t 6,5) h.) ( 4.3) ( 6.2) 7. Sugar,Spices,Jam *'s , " 2, and Other Food C 6.7) C 6.S) t 5,7) 5.3) ( 4.8) ( 4.1) C 3.6) C 3.2) t.l ( 1.7) ( 3.6) 8. Coffee,Tea,Cocoa.?I,30.sa.47.51, 1.85, Liquor,Beer I 1.6) C I1.) C 1.6) C 1.o) ( 1.5) t 1.9) ( 1,7) C 1.5) ( 1.n) ( 1.6) ( 1.6) 9. Cigarettes,Betel.90 i b Ino 2,9) '?? Tobacco ( 4.0) C 4.7) os) S t4. a) C 4.7) t 3.9) ( 3,9) C 3.A) 3 (t 2.5) ( 3.7) 10. Clothing,Fabrics.2o,f2 f119 1, ?o 2.b9 3.7f 4.,a Tailoring Fees C 1.o) C 3.?) ( 3.7) 4.) C 4.s) c 5.s) C 5.5) C 6,2) C 6.01 ( 6.1) ( 5.4) 11. Footwear and.^3.10.ib '47.5" Related Repairs C.3) C.5) C.7) C,') C.) t 1.0) C 1,0) C,9) C *9) (.8) (.8) 12. Rent Payments Cf 3, ,b6 5,42 7, CII.9) C1O,8) (11.1) (10,7) C 9,6). (10.1) ( 9,5) C ih,9) C 9,1) ( 9.4) ( 9.7)

199 Table A.25 (Continued) Page 5 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973,RURAL AREAS _- _ -DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE CATEGOPIES ALL 13. Water Charges.n2..12,12 I !.C C.?) t.4) C.5) (.4).S) (.6) ( 7 c.7).6i (.6) 14. Electricity,Gas.5, 6*8.78,92 l,; ,29 1,51 1, Fuel Charges ( 4.31 C 3,o) C 3.3) C 3.2) ) ( 2.7) C 2, ) ( 2,5) ( 2.) ( 1.8) ( 2.6) 15. Furniture.03.12,19,23.?9,zi7.5S.67 *i ),6) t.8) t f) ( *6) ( 1.1) 1.1) 1.1) C 1.? ( 1.3) ( 1.0) 16. Appliances,China,b6,09.15,2S.30,43.52,98 ' Tools (, C,5) (,b) 9) (,4) ( 1.0) C 1.1) ( 1.6) C I'., ) 1.7) ( 1.2) 17. Household Goods, , S , Cleaning C.9) C 1,2) C 1.?) C 1,3) C 1.3) C 1.3) C 1,2) 1,2) C 1,3) ( 1.0) ( 1.2) 18. Payments to * , o5,09,20.?a Domestics.).1) (.1) (.1) C.3) C,i) (,2) C.3) ) ( 1. 3).5) 19. Health Care.o7,13.18 *31.37.S4.71 1,10 1. l, Expenses C.6) t.7) t *6) t 1.;) C 1,1) ( 1.3) t 1,4) C I'6) C 1.A) 1.7) ( 1.4) 20. Transportation,0h, , Machines C.).4) C.7) C.9) C 1.5) C 1.0) C 2,5) C 2.8) C 3,4) (11.3) ( 4.2) 21. Parts,Repair for,05.09 I18.18,? , Transport Equip C.") C.5) C *8) C.6) C.7).6) 1.0)) C 1.0) ( 1.4) ( 1.8) ( 1.1) 22. Petrol, Oil and.ol l,c7 2.OL Grease C.1) C.3) C.5) t.8) C 1.1) C 1,5) C 2,0) ( 2.u) C 2.5) ( 4.2) ( 2.2) 23. Motor Insurance, n0 o 01,c3,04, ,, Fees and Tolls C.0 (,0) C.1) C.1) C.2) C.5) C.3) C.6) C.F) (.9) (.5) 24. Rail,Ship,Plane ,: ,31 2,Ft Bus,Taxi Fares C 2.o) C 3.1) C 3.3) C 4.0) 4 ;1 3.8) C 4,2) C 3,6) C 3.o) C 3.0) ( 3.6)

200 Table A.25 (Continued) Page 6 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, RURAL AREAS,, ----_ _-- -_---_--_- --_- ----_ -- DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES ALL 25. Postal,Telephone GI1.,2.02 n02.03.us.0s Telegraph Fees.0 C..1)( (. C t?).o. 1.1).1) (.4) (.2) 26. Major Durables b.? *,39.*1 1,1 I,A Recreation Equip C.?) (.3) (.6) (.5) C.8) ( 1.) C 1.2) ( 1.9 ( 2.3) C 2.6) ( 1.6) 27. Entertainment, o 02 * *5S I Gambling C.11 (.3) (.6) C o) C *) C 1.3) C 1.0) C 1.9) C 2.0) ( 2.8) ( 1.7) 28. Books, Newspapers.06,la, ,6h.7" and Magazines C.5) C.7).) ( b). 1.1) C 1.3) ( 1.3) 1.2) C 1-$) ( 1.1) ( 1.2) 29. School, Boarding,oh s3.71,70 1.no Fees.) ) 9) C b) 8) C 1.3) 1,4) C 1,1-, C 12) ( 1.5) ( 1.2) 30. Personal Effects,.12.2?.3".44,68,h9."4 103( I Jewelry, Watches.9) q C 1.1) 1.4) C 1.5) C 2.0) C 1.7) ( 1.9) C 2.1) C?,'1 ( 2.3) ( 2.0) 31. Restaurants and.,i 4.78 t , ,39 4. I b,9 " Related C 3.1) t 4,1) ( 4,4) C 5,1) 5.8) C 6.5) C b,9) ( 7.b) ( 8) C 9.6) ( 7.2) 32. Packaged Tours,.43 1, Finance Services C 3.") C 3.3) ( 3.0) C 2.7) C 3.0) C 3.3) C 3,1) C 2.9i) C 3.5) ( 5.5) C 3.7) 33. TOTAL MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (100.0) (100.0)(100.0)(100.0) (100.0)(100.0) (100.0)(100.00(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) --,_ _ _ _- -_- -_-_ _- - _,-_,_-_---- "-- _-- _-.-- _ _ FIGURES IN PARENtHESLS Snmu EXPENDITURE IN A PARTICULAR CATEGOjRY AS A PERCENTAGE OF linl TOTAL EXPE0.DiT.-E.

201 Table A.25 (Continued) Page 7 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, ALL AREAS,., DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS ALL EXPE,NDITURE CATEGOBIES.- 1. Rice, Flour and a.10 4i.97 S.iS 5,4h hen t Cereals (29.11) (23,I) (14.7) Ctr.s0) (12.8) (10. ) ( 9o 9 7.9) ( 5s.' ( 2.4) ( 9.3) 2. Biscuits, Breads,. I,73,95 1,l ?3?.SQ Mee, Etc. C 3.0) C 3.4) ( 3.a) C 3.3) ( 3.2) C 3,a) ( 3,1I) ( 2,9) ( 2,s') ( 1.5) ( 2.6) 3. Fresh, Frozen and.21.ss 1.13 I.'48 2, $o 4.e8 b, Processed Meats 1.S) ( 2.6) C a,1) C 4.4) ( 5.6) ( 6.3) ( 6,5) ( 6.3) ( Cr.I) ( 4.5) ( 53) 4. Fish, Shellfish, ,77?.iI ,29 3,. L' Processed Fish ( A.?) ( 7.,) ( 7.3) ( 6.5) C h.0) ( S,4) ( a, 3) ( 2.2) ( 4.9) 5. Milk, Egg and Oil , ,5 a.o C 4,0) ( 4.5) ( 4.9) C 4.8) ( 5.2) ( 5.1) C 5,2) C 4,6) ( 3.8) ( 2.7) ( 4.2) 6. Fruits, Tubers, ,05 3,7 3.'15 a, Vegetables, Nuts 6.C) ( 7.1) C 7.1) ( 7."0) ( 7.4) ( 6.7) C 0.4) ( o,3) s5.e) ( 3.5) C 5.7) 7. Sugar, Spices, Jam 91 l.? h l., and Other Food * h.5) ( 5.7) C s.0) t LI4) ( 3.6) C 3.2) ( 2,9) C 2.6) ( 2.1) ( 1.3) ( 2.8) 8. Coffee, Tea, Cocoa,.22,34 *t2, ,93 1,20 1, Liquor, Beer ( 1,h) C 1,6) C 1,S) ( 1.5) C,14) C I,h) ( 1.5) ( 1,h) C 1.'J) ( 1.8) ( 1.6) 9. Cigarettes, Betel, , I.A6 2,13 2, Tobacco a,2). a1,1) C 4,3) 4,L4) ( 3,8) C 3,7) C 3.,) ( 3,7) ( 3.0) ( 1.9) ( 3.2) 10. Clothing, Fabrics.ch.7a 1.0o4 1,44 2.n5 2,37 3,18 3,89 6, Tailoring Fees C 1.9) C 3,1) C 3.,1) C 4.2) ( 4.9) C 4. 7) C 5,2) ( 5,1) ( A,1) ( 5.0) ( 4.9) 11. Footwear and l, ,50." Related Rapairs C.31 (.6) (.7) C,6) (.9) (,8) C *b) (,bj (.13) (.7) (.8) 12. Rent Payments 1,t ,12 3, ,32 h,32 8, C12.0) (12,0) (11,S) (10,9) (10.9) (10,6) (10,3) (CI,1) (11.3) (13.4) (11.6)

202 Table A.25 (Continued) Page 8 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, ALL AREAS ----_ _ DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES ALL 13. Water Charges.r, , ( u ) (.6) (.7) (,) (.8) t,..9) C.9) 9) (.6) (.8) 14. Electricity, Gas, Q 1, Fuel Charges U4.0) C 3,4) t 3.3) t 3,4) t 2.8) t 2. 2( Z7) t 2.6) C (4 t 2.0) ( 2.6) 15. Furniture *os.1.20,25.. a62 9,hO, ( 3) (.) C.7) (.7) C 1.G) C 1.0) C 1.0) ( 9) t 1.) ( 1.2) ( 1.0) 16. Appliances, China,,oS * Tools C..) C,9) C.7) t,t) t 1.0) C A.i) t 1.3) C 1.2) C 1.6) ( 1.4) C 1.2) 17. Household Goods,.13,2';.35.41,aL9,58,69 1, Cleaning t.9) 1.1) t 1,3) t 1.2; 1.2) C 1.2) C 1.1) t 1,3) t 1.2).8) C 1.1) 18. Payments to,ol.02,03,09.05,08,1.3-1 ko Domestics C.1) C.1) C.1) (,3) C.1) C.?) C,3) (.4).8) ( 2.2) (.8) 19. Health Care and.( ,36.53,88 1,1' Expenses (.6) c.8) C 1.1) C 1,1) ( 1.3) C 1.6) ( 1.9) C 2,0) ( 2.2) ( 1.7) ( 1.7) 20. Transportation.. S,11.21, tJ Machines C.0) (.5) C.8) ( 1,3 C.8) C 2.0) t 2.3) C 2.1) ( 3.6) (11.6) ( 4.5) 21. Parts, Repair for ?o.19 *2',a3,52.6S 1, Transport Equip C.) C,Si C,7) C *6h.6) t,9) C.9) C 1,1) C 1,1) ( 2.2) ( 1.2) 22. Petrol, Oil and.02,0o9.1h 39,h2,O0 1,39 2,0' 3,a Grease C.1) C *4) C.7) C 1.1) t 1.5) C 1.8) C 2.3) 2.,7) -0,3) ( 4.2) C 2.6) 23. Motor Insurance,.01,02,04 ' , Fees, Tolls C.1) C.1) C,1) t,e) C.4) C.3) C,,5) t ) ( 1.2) C.6) 24. Rail, Ship, Plane,.38.65,97 1, ,82 2.C2 2q64 3: Bus, Taxi Fares t t 3.0) t 3,5) C 3.9) C 3.6) C 3,6) C 3.3) C 3.4) C 3) 2.2) ( 3.1)

203 Table A.25 (Continued) Page 9 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURB SURVEY, 1973, ALL AREAS --_-,, -.-, DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS ALL EXPENDITURE CATEGORY - 25 Postal, Telephone,.oo o3,r7, Telegraph Fees C.o) '1) C.1) c.1) C.1) C.1) (.2) C.2) (,c; (.8) t.3) 26. Major Durables,,r2 lio.1u Recreation Equip.?).5) (.6) ( *b) ( 1.) 1.2, 2.)) ( 1.9) C 2.4) ( 2.6) ( 1.8) 27. Entertainment,.03, a4 9,3 1j i5 1,a8 3, Gambling.2) C.5) (.9) C 1.1) ( 1.5) ( 1,9) 2.,4) ( 2.4) C 2.9) ( 3.0) ( 2.2) > 28. Books, Newspapers ,., v and Magazines C.7) C.8) C.9) C 1.1) C 1.7) C 1.3) 1,3) C 1.5) ( 1.6) ( 1.1) ( 1.3) 29. School, Boarding.( * , Fees C.0) (.8) C.9) t )*1) C 1.6) C 1.5) C 1.5) C 1.t) C 1.5) ( 1.8) ( 1.5) 30. Personal Effects,.14,27 * , Jewelry, Watches 1.0) ( 1.3) C 1.4) C 1..8) C 1.7) C 1.A) C 2.0) ( 2.9) C 2.2) ( 2.2) ( 1.9) 31. Restaurants and.51 1i ?, " Related ( 3.7) C 14.a) ( 6.0) ( 6.7) C 7.5) C 8.7) C 9.2) (10.8) (11.7) (10.0) ( 9.1) 32. Packaged Tours, Finance Services C 3.7) C 2.9) ( 3.1) (34) 3.3) C 3.2) C C 2.0) ( 3,2) ( 6.2) C 3.9) 33. TOTAL MONTHLY 13.9? ,32 76,9O 10q.gO EXPENDITURE (I n 10) 0IOO.0) (100.0) (100.o) (10'.0) (100,0) C100,I ) (100.0) (1V(a.0) (100.0) (100.0) FIGUIRES IN PARENTHESES SHOW EXPENDITURE IN A PARTICULAR CATEGORY AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL EXPENDITURE.

204 Table A.26 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, URBAN AREAS._._..,... _- _*... _ *Ww -.. _... Om...,, EXPENOITURE DECILE Of PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE o0 HOUSEHOLDs CATEGORIES 0-jo uefl ao-so ,100 ALL * a * t. RQCFFLnUR AND ,27? KMO A9 23,60?0, ,1 22,o0 CEREALS (23.7) t112) C 9,2) ( 8.3) C 7.2) ( h,7) ( 5,2j ( 4,3) t 3.0) t 1,0) t 52) 2. rtsciiits&hreads, 7,119 8,92 o0,32 11.o , O,9' '4FE ETC. ( I.LiI ( 3.9) ( 3.b) t 3,6) ( 3.2) ( 2.) t 2,a) ( 2,0) ( 2.1) C 1,1) FPF.F.7)Z7EFI AND 7.d8 1a ,16 32,n ,38 25,78 OP(ICESSLD HiATS ( 9.1) C 6,5) ( ;'.s ( 7.2) C 7.9) 6,t h ) 7,2) t 6.b) ( 5.2) t 3.6) t 5,8) 4; FISH,SHELLFISH, ,57 21,39 20,18 18, ,43 PRncFSSE!) FTsH ( 8.0) f 7,h) t h.1) ( 6.0) ( 5.4) 0.9) C 14,7) C 4,2) C 1,3) C 1,7) ' 402) 5. MILV.EGG AN'n IL 7,77 11l m lb , , ,30 5.1) ( 5.2) ( 593) ( 5.0) ( 5.5) C 4,5) ( 4,3) C 3,8) ( 3,5) 2.3) C 3,q) 6. Fq(! TS,TIJREPSo 10) p9,90 2~l1m 22.A ,20 25,19 25,21 33,72 22,5t VrGETARLES,NlTs 1 7.1) C b,8) ( 6,8) ( 6.6) ( 6.4) ( 6.3) t 5,7) C 5.2) t 4.3) 3,0) C 5, _ w-- 7., SJGAR,SPICES,JAM ,02 8.a , ,29 12,26 8,70 _ ANn OTHFR FnoD C 3.9) C 3.2) C 2, ) ( 2.6J ( 2.4) ( 2.21 ( 2,0) ( 1,S) C 1,8) C 111) C 2.0! e 8. C(OFFFE,1FA,CI]COA 1.q , i 6,83 24,89 7,0? LTflI fl',nee R C (. A) C 1"1) C I.4) ( J,0) C 1.4i C 1,6) 1,3) C 1.4) C 12) C 2,2) t 1,6) 9; CfPrAFTTE.S,PETF.L 5.71 R,18 9,92 11, , ,52 13,46 11,83 T(fHACCn C 3.9) ( 3,6) ( 3. 4) 3.7) C 2.9) t 3.7) C 3,2) C 2,R) C 2,3) C 1,4) ( 2t7) 10. CLOTHINGeFARRICS ,96 10Hs 1i: ,406 26,214 33,17 08,65 18,90 TAILORING FEES t 2.5) C 2,21) 3,7) t 3,6i ; 3.7) ( S,4) ( A,9) C 504) ( 5,7) C 4 3) ( 4,3) 11, FOOTWFAR AND,h,7 8.,94 2,09 2.? ,93 5,s ,07 RELATFD REPAIRS t,ai C.3) (.7) C 6) C.6) C.8) t,d8 C,H) C 1,0) t,6) C 77) 12, RENT PAYMENTS 21,90 32,H ,n ,b4 60,97 72, (I5.0) (ILI4) 12,76) C12,I) L 12,6) (13,3) (13.0) 12,b) C12,5) (16.6) (13,9)

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207 Page 4 Table A.26 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, RURAL AREAS e*e. _o._x _ W a DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS EXPENnITURE CATEGORIES o ALL 1. RTCF.*FLOUR AND 25,70 29, iz9 34J,t , ,53 CEREALS (32.1) (26.Y) (22.7) (20,0) (17.7) (14,3) (12,4) (11,1) ( 9,3) ( 4,3) (12,P) 2. RISc(iITS,8RCADS, ,4R t.oo $.?I ,50 9,82 10,12 10,66 h.78 MEF ETC. ( 2.0) C 3.1) ( 3.t) ( 3.2) 3.1) ( 3.2) t 3,1) ( 3,1) C 2,8) C 18) t 2,0) 3 mrfsh,frl?zep! AND.( L,.1 7.0L ,96 22.n7 30,uS 11,7? PaiwcESSED HEATS C 1.2) 1.7) ( 2.7) ( 3.8) t 3.7! ) 5,1 ) 5,5) t S,h) 6,1) C,1I) 1 0e8, 4,!! H.9HEL?F!SH, ,P? Ifl,7 1?, IS ,0ri 17,s ,73 PRPCFSSFD FISH t 07) S8) t 7.9) ( 7.5) C 7.2) C b.5) C h,2) ( 5,l) ( 0.85 C 2.8) C S,6) 5. MLKsFGG AND OIL , r.1 9.0q ,73 16,14 16,47 1,24 10,81 t 4,1) ( 4,2) ( 4.5) ( 5,01 t 4.7) 5 S.2) C 5,0) t 5,1) C u.6) t 3,I) 0,0) > 6. FRUITS,TUSERSa u.96 7,74 9,94 11,8a a0 18,76 20,85 22,59 25,O0 15,32 VEGETAPLES,NUTS C 6,2) 2 6, ) C 7,1) I 7,2) C 7,1) C 7,51) 6,9) C 6,5)! S,3) C u,3) C 6,2) 7. SIiGAQ,SoICES#JAm 5, ,hS v ,83 10,22 10,49 9,98 8,87 ANn OTHER FnrTh ( 6,7) 6 h,s) ( 5.7) t 5.3) C 4.8) C 4,1) ( 3,6) i 3,2) ( 2,9) ( 1,7) C 3,b. 8. rf,ffee,tfa.cocrla ,76?,?4 2, ,43 4,h7 y,94 5,87 9,75 3,9S L I rolr,he R C I,6) ( I,h) ( I,b) ( 1,h) ( 1 ) C 1.5) C I,7) C 1,5) 1,6) C I,6) I 1,61 9; c1garfttfs,sftel 3,17 5,23 6,37 7,2h ,02 10,4d 12,02 13,13 14,56 9,03 THRACCEn C o,o) ( Y,7; ( a5.) ( Y,U) ' U.7) ( 3,9) ( 3,9) ( 3,8) C 3,6) C 2,5) ( 3,7) 10, CLnDHINr,FARFICS , ,84 19, ,.22 13,19 TAILORING FFES 1.6) t 3,2) C 3.7) ( 4.3) t Y.9) ( ',5) ( 5,5) C 6,2) C 6,0) ( 6, i ) C 5,4) 11. FCIOTdFbR AND?2,S9.93 i,33 1,21 2,?5 c,60 2,91 3, 19,a0 2 I01 QEL4TED REPAIRS C,3) C,5) C,7) C,1 C.6) 1,0) 1,0),9 ) C 9,8),8) 12, PENT PAYMENTS q,53 12,05 I5,51 17,58 16,96 23,31 25,71 28, ,79?3,97 (11,9) (10,8) (11,1) (10,7) ( 9,8) (10.1) C 9,5) C 8,9) ( 9,1) (.9,4) 9,7)

208 Table A.26 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY Page 5 AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, RURAL AREAS ,...-. V.-*...,..,...-.,,_.,,,,,,,,,,,s,,,,,,,, DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES JO ,100 ALL *.w_-._w _._... w-_ w _ , WATER CHARGES,13,42,72,68 1,C5 1,40 1,85 2,15 2,06 3,11 1,36.2) C.4) C.5) t,4) (.5) C.6) C,7) (,7) C.6) C.5) t 6) 14. ELECTRICITY,GAS, 3,41 3,98 q,59 5, ,;35 7,10 7,87 8,05 10,75 6,36 FIJEL CHARGES C 4.3) t 3,6) C 3,3) t 3,2) C 3,2) C 2.7) C 2,6) t 2,5) C 2,2) 1,8) t 2,6) 15, FURNITURE.t9.71 1,15 1,29 1.b2 2,64 3,06 3,48 3,49 7,49 2,51 (.2) C,) C,8) C,8) C.8) C 1.1) C 1.1) C 1,1) C 1.0) C 1,3) C 1,0) 16, APPLIANCES#CHINA.36,52,86 1, , ,16 3,0o T(OLS t.4) t,5) t.6) C,9) t.9) C 1,0) Cet) C 1,6) t 1.4) t 1.7) C 1.2) 17, HfIISH'OLD G0ODS,.71 1,32 1 r, ,09 3,35 3,82 4,56 5,65 2,88 o CLEANING t.9) C 1.2) t 1.2) C 1,3) 1.3) C 1.3) C 1.2) C 1,2) C 1,3) C 1,O) C 1,2) 18, PAYMENTS TO.01,10 I ,51 1,07 1, ,18 DOCmESTICS C,0) t.1) C.1) t 1.3) C.,1) C,2) t,3) C,3) C 1,3) C,5) 19, IIEALTH CARE AND, , ,89 5, ,31 3,55 EXPFNSES,8 6) C,7) t.8) C 1,1) C 1.1) C 1.3) C 1,4) C 1,8) C 1.8) C 1,7) t 1,4) 20. TRANSPORTAT IN,36,43 1,00 1, ,32 6b,84 Ir035 MAC iines C,4) C,4) :,7) (,9; C 1.5) C I.G) C 2,5) 2, 8) 3.4) (11,3) ; 4) 21, PARTS,FEPAIR FOR j,n ,49 2,82 3,09 a,s0 10,77 2,73 TRANSPnRT Er4ulp C.t1) C.5) C,8) C,h) t,7) 6) 1,0) 1,0) C 1,4) 1.8) C 1,1) 22, PFTRoL,nlL AND.09,34,70 1, ,41 5,42 7, ,02 5,52 GREASE C.1) C.3) C.5) C,8) 1.1) C 1,5) C 2,0) C 2,4) t 2.5) C 4,2) C 2,2) 23. MGTnR INSTURANCE,.01,04.1s ,t3.93 1,94 3,03 5,59 1,35 FEES AND TOLLS C,o) C.0) C.1) C ).2) (.5) (,3) C *6) C.8) C,9) C,5) 24,; RRAILSHIPPLANEo 2, ,b9 6,53 7, ,41 12,06 12, ,76 8US#TAXI FARES C 2,6) ( 31) C 3,3) C 4,0) 4.1) C 3,8) ( 4,2) C 3,8) C 3,6) C 3,0) C 3,6)

209 '3mnfI0N3dX3 1V101 3H1 j0 3SYIN3183d V SV AiOT93V1 dvlnf3i±uvd v NI 3bflj.QIN3dX3 MUOHS 93S3HIN38Vd NI S38tlSI-i (OIt0 1 o oo) to'oot) cu IOOT) to'ool) C000I) (I O O I (OIOC (0o0I) ' toool) ( 0J0 u I n3iuni;-dx3 Inb 9 tss ;E1 c 11'09s~?V'9i 6 IfSte j2 oe i st 1 95' 1 I Ir 5y1t I I I tv'c 0 ) lvicl3 CLaE ) lis'5 ) (S'S 3 (ts'z 3 (T'f( W ) ( el (i2 ) (L' WEi ) ( 2 ((' ) (0t ) S3lADA3s 31tj7:41t W61s WeiS 2c'2t 92'6 9 '9 1 e 9L t cet3 5 't7 7e' 9Yi ZtL'e 'S>to)1 03!v>IjVd *Ci te', 2 t9s ) (9 ) ('6 ) ts6'9 ) ts q ( 2 (? ) ( 't (l )3V OPAT OCt'L5 ttso Lb o s'7 Ofl 699g 6t6 be-tt Ibt-9 I,9 SS t7 bt'c (env S1NSIN is3d I co' a ( fs 2 (e ) (t I 2 ) (6I 2 ( I (o0 2 ) C1 I ) 2 (I 1 ) (I ) S9H)IV A I trs ZiI L ' t?l L 02'9 o Obi- 2 id os? Io e Le,tI i I S i d 1A4A AtLSd 'ot Cell ) (e' ) (31 ) Ct, I (si f'i ) (9. 2 (' ) (b ) (9 S ) S U33J tl9' 9 gp 9t1'q17 9' I 69' : L6' f 95't O 'I 1 2'1 9 * Li 'JNI UdVUW1GLI'H:S 'be (2 )2 (i'l ) (SI ) (2'1 ) (f'l ) ( '1 ) tt'l ) SS' ) ts ) (t' ) (5' ) S3LZiv5Vw 9tilV 179'2 2' '9 9 '5 S9' b9' Ol'f S1C2 92'1 9z1 09' ' SdivdS :JN'5) ui9 '9e cl'! ) t9'2 (o'e ) (2'2 ) ( I 27' ) it r ) t ) (Q ) (' ) C )HV Ot'b117L 0 9! 0'I o L!9 LL bo'f 59l yc't f9 t7f' 'N3WNVib1N73 Lt2 (9'1 2 (9' 2 ( 'U 2 C W'1 ) 2 I 0' ( ' () S ) (9 ) Cf ) (CI ) din03 8uI1VsJAt LQ' IC'S! tii?'s 565 t7f'f t2'l 95,'I O S 99' t,2 t I7' ST318vdnU tljivi '92 C7' ) Cr' 2 (2' ) (t' I 2 (t' ) (I' 2 tt' 2 C!' 2 Ci' Co' O S33 Hdve5l1: t'' ti '2 Eg 0 ti I Of 9 I I I I Itt t 7bO 200-1Nt'HdA1?Wd1VS0d S2 11TV 0OOl'Ot o9-o1 0L OS OS-Ob 0t7b0F o -02 Oe-Ot OOt3SnOm JO 38nilaN3dX9 VlIdVJ 83d AO 3113a S318t't93Vt 3e()11UN3dX3 SVRdV fnld ' L6T 'ASAMfIS adfifliun2cix3 TIOH3SfOH 'SG'IOHRSfOH JO T1ID3U 3'flhIQN&X V1ldV3 'd1d UbV A'dORUIVO flhiiunsdxm AX ScI'IOH2SfIOH do (SHVTlOQ AV'IVW NI) 9IflhIGNMacX3 'IWVOI A'IHINOK :VISXVqVX 8-ViflSNIN.d (panuiluoj) 9Z-V alqul 9 asea

210 Page 7 Table A.26 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS)'OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, ALL AREAS EXPENDITURE CATEGORTES DECrt.E OiF PER CAPITA EXPENDTTURE OF HUuSEHWLDS Ao : ALL 1 O ITCF,LfnUR ANO 25, ,78 31,914 31, ,84 30,28 24, 40 19,51 26,774 CEREAl S (29. j (23.I) (I 8,7) CIh6I I C;2.8) (10,8) C 9,6) C 7,q) C 5,.) C 2,14) 9,3) 2. KISCUITS,M 1 READS, 2,S lo,on 10,30 11,09 1I,t5 11,85 8,IR iee Frc, C 3,0) C 3.4) t 3,i) C ;,3) ( 3.2) ( 3.,4) C 3,1) C 2.9) C 2,5) ( 1,5) C 2,6) 3, FPESH,FROZE14 AND , F, i,54 21,146 2a4,27 27,67 30, PRWCESSED MEATS ( 1.5 ( 2.6) C,1) C. 4 ) C S.8) ( 6.3) ( 6,5) ( 6.3) 6,1) C 4,5) ( 5,3) 4, FTS\H,SHFLLFTSrI 7,n3 10.s3 1?.55 10,50 :5.n ,84 18, ,77 2 PROCF5SED FISH f 8.h) ( M,2) ( 7,o) 7,3) ( 6.5) ( 6,0) 5,14) C 14,8 ( 4C.3) C 2,2) C 1,9) 5, mlk,fgg AND OIL AR4 8,15 9.n ,14 17,21 17,bo 17,38 21,90 12,'2 C 14.0) C 4,51 C '1,9) C 4c8) C 5.2) C 5.1) C 5,2) 4,b)! 3,t) C 2,7) C,?) " 6, FkUtTS,UBEpERS 5.7 9, ,96 17,99 19,814 21, ,40 28,50 17, 7 VEGETARLES,*NUJTS t 6,5) C 7,1) C 7,1) C 7,0) C 7,14) 6,7) ( 6,14) ( 6.3) C 5,14) C 3,5) C 5,7) 7. S4' AP. SPICS.JAtl ,?2 8,H6 8.e5 9,140 9,52 9,91 9,42 10,f 8 3 ANI) OT;c; r) C 6.51 ( S.7) C 5.0) t C4) C 3.6) C 3.2) C 2,9) C 2,6) ( 2 I) C 1,3) c 2, 8, COFFF, rea,c'nooa , ,'02 3.'4b 4,79 5,02 5, 5 6,41t ,99 L 1 O'lf, HE FRC 1,6J C I f) C ),5) C 1.5 t I,c4) C I.6) C 1,$) C 1,6) C 1,4) C I,-) C 9, CJlfAREYTES,RFIEL ,o q,?? 1O.9. 11,96 114,00 13,3S 15,1I qq4 T6i,tCcn C t. 2) C 4 44) 1 43) C 14,4) C 3*8) C( 7 3,5) C 3,7) 3,0 C 1,9) C,2) 10, CLOTr'TNG,FARqICS 1I61 4,142 h21 :3,143 12,05 13,93 17,23 19,36 26,144 40,53 i5,0'4 TAILORING FEES C 1,) ( 3,4j C 3,8) '4/2) C 4,9) C 4.7) ; 5,2) ( 5,1) C 5,8) t 5.0) C 4,9) ';1, -F6TteLAR4 AND,27, ,70 3,22 3,79 5,93 2,33 RELATED REPAIRS C.3) (,6) C.1) C,o) (.9) C.8) ( 8) ( 8),8) C 7) C 8) 12, REENT PAYMENTS 10, l,72 26, ,24 142,b8 50,93 108,12 36,07 (12.05 (12,0) (11.3) (10,9) (10.9) (10,6) (10,3) (II,I) (11,3) 131,4) (11,6)

211 491t A?.of Z WIt 2 (.bt5 2 1f t 9 O9'i O t( ,)('1: J ci t d0 '(I 9 'Lt VC3b-w #2INCgVU bs'6 WA!, 09 t7,1 S3 1', ib".03,t v1z01,oi 19 'm t bi -I 9N'S SS' 199t S5* V3N 9Id ti-tts 159 a ' Ir C9 2~ ),(P ) (S' 3 Ct'' a K' 2 {t' V 3 'ia 0 (i (1 *), 9 ct11' ONV B4t 9bj it ' 6 7 'i t6 'l 9 '17i 1o I DO.,I 1'. 2Z ol' t6 0 I3lrAvtnGhI d0lo'woi' C9') I Z )r ('f ) (L' I ) *'Z 2 )(U'I * S'It 2 I t-l I ( 17 I' 'I ( I" ) 3)9v dti 9'46,t9io' Lb III 61'0,05,L s o 'S 491i f '2 6o'1 sss i aniionv 11'0ld0 3 d Z (2'1 ) (W'2 2 ('I )2 (I I.2 (6' I2 ( I 2 (9' ) ( I 2 L 'C(S' ' (tl ) dift)ra '.djds',vdi l 06't7 SI7 fig7 Z OS e? i I I I oz I b65 21i UtJ divd3d'sidvj *IZ is't ) 19'11 19' ) CI' ) I 'Z ) 10'2 ) U ) lf'l ) 1U-' ) CS' 2 I(7' S iv Ob'I11 ht9'ti6 e'9i 2'U 69oL 91'S SO,Z Is'2 92'1 L9' 9 NUIIVLtILdSNV6± 'oz CL' 2 )&'I ) 2 (2'2 ) (I Z ) (6I 1 ) (9 I ) I (1Il ) (II I (a' J (9' 2 SAS ; x3 1 1S bt7' f 1'6 6 9 IL S0 t 4I IS bi, tl So I fdb' tob. Qt4hvDvJ Hi')Iv J '61 16' ) (Z'21-) is' 2 It7' ) (f' t IZ' ) 2 If' (1' 1 (1' I SDI ±S3wJQ (C' 2 S (6' (I'I 2 (of 1 ) (I'I 2 ( * 2 (L'II e s.'' 2 ('li 2 (11 3 (s' ) *jninaadvj Ot7'Lf L'9 i 'S L OS I Db ' f 69S e It e 60 2 il17?v6' 163utJ G1UH-SIIOrH ' I C?'? ) C17'1 2 (9'1 3 (' I ) (2'i ) (O' 2 (O'1 2 (I' ) (1' ( CS' ) (r7' 2 1t)l. t79 4i f I 1) a I 19'7 96 I't7 b I2 et? C 19' qi tl n9'0 #t'i VNIHlFs33NVIlIddy '91 (0'! 2 (2'1 2 (W' ) (6' ) (0'1 ) CO'I ) (0'1 ) CL' ) ' ) (' 2 (f' ) e I I i I O L I 5 gt7 'f S2'fI 9S'2 9t"@ St1 I q I ic'b gee 3sn11,NanJ Sl (9'Z 2 C(' ) (17' 2 (9'2 ) CL' ' e (92@2 ) ('1' ) (f' ) (ti'l 1 (0'?7 ) S3!2vt,H3 1WI- O I Ig ahs 6 I1 96' R s1' I9' ll 9 S '5 It/' t7t7' 'sr7loddl.t (U' 2 (9' 2 (6' ) (6' ) (6' ) (6' ) (4' ) (9' )!' ) (9' ) (9' ) S 'C b 176'tI 9 'f os' 06'?2 ss*?20? 09 ' bo61 eia e 9S5dVH3 a3iw 'I1f._._.,*--.._..._ -_ _ _..,,... _-- - 'I1V 001i OL"09 09-OS OS"017 Otr-uSi o-0o 02O S01UH3SnUm JO 38njIoN3aX1 V1IdVO t3d JO 31133C..._ _ , --, a..._--_...,,..._ S3I8093iVS JbnliC1N3dX3 SVXV 'I'IV ' L61 'AaHns f iiansan dxa UOHZSfnOH 'saiohasfloh ao nioaza 3uinIaNmadxa vidvd oua anv AUO931VO MlIGNUX9 A7 SQlOH3SaOH AO (SHTM8IQ AV-IVW NI) lhiandx3 IVIOI ALIH.NOW :YISAVTiyj WfllSNIN3d 8--T- '72 '(pantlwuoo) 9ZV alqwl

212 Page 9 Table A.26 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY AND PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, ALL AREAS _ _--_ _---_-- ---_-.--_ _ _ _---_- --_ DECiLE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE nf HOUSEHOLDS EXF'ENnTTURE CATEGORIES _4t. 4_ A.LL 25; PnlSTAL,TELEPHONE.o2 *09.11 *1,..I,a; ,32 1,05 TELEGPAPH FEtS C.0) C *3 ( *1) t i) C,t) C,2) t.2) C a2)!.4) C *8) 8,3) 2 26, MAJ,T,R IJRA8LES, I., o, ,95 t I, ;ECOFATlON E;JUIP t,2) ( *5 ;.6) C.8) 1.0) C 1.2) ( 2.0) 1.9) C 2,4) ( 2*e) ( 1,8) 27, ENTEPTATNVEJNT, 17,68 1a 4?,tl 3,77 S* ,38 13,03 24,13 6h82 5' AmBL I CG. 2) ; 5) ( *) ( 1,1) (,S C 1.9) C 2.4) 2,4) ( 2. ( 3.0) ( 2.2) 28, -;r,k S 4, FS 4 APFRS.' ,b * 0 9? ,b ,97 NI) 51A0,A.i.-S ( (,0)!.9) ; I7) 1,1; t 1.7) ( 1.3) 1..O) C 15) I 1.6) C 1. I 1 3) D 29 SCHI19L,1tFARriN0 N49 i (o <0, 4, 5,06 o,25,74 14,58 i FFFS (~~~~~.h) C ~8) (.9) ( 1.1) C to~) t 1.5) ( 1.5) C 1,6) C 1,S) C 1,8 C 1,5) 30, Pf-RSONAL EFFECTS 0 j,b2 %3S 3, ,38,b64 7, O 8 5q99 JE il9y.xatc'fs ( 1.0) I l.3) C t.*) ( 1.!) ( t.7) C 19) ( 27I0) 1 2,) ( 2,2) C 2,2) C I,} 31, RFSTh.9ANT5 AND 3t9 6,17 c4.b0 13,3O 18a.3 2S,57 3G,40. o,4u 52,94 1f.I05 2C. 8 re1 ATEO C 3.7) C 4,5) ( h.0) C 8.7; ( 7,5) C 8,7) I 9,2) (10,b) C1117) I IO70) C 9,1] 32 4ACKfA(;Ff TO!jRS, ,68 '.09 6,14I , ,74 14, ,,6 11, FjI\A'.CE SERVICES C 3.7) 1 2.9) C 3,.) t C,I) ( 3,9) ( 3.?E ( 2,P) C 2,8) ( 3,?) n 2)' 5,9) 33, T)TAL MONTHTI.Y A 8 h , q9,l 244.?l 24, , o5?.o0 807,a FXPENDITURE (100.0o ) (100.0) (100,0) (100,0) (:00.0 (100.0 o) (10.0) CbI 0) (100.0) (CI000) (100,0) _ _ _ FIGURES IN PARENTHESES SHnw EXPENDITURE IN A PARTICULAR CATEGORY AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL EXPENOITURE,

213 Table A.27 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, URBAN AREAS... _ _ DECILE WF T!ITAL EXPENDITURf OF HUUSEHOLOS EXPENOITIJRF CATEGORILS -I n l) ao_50 50r0 60 o U ALL I, RICE#FLOUR AND 2.0$ ,.1 3,96 ' Žl 4,4' 4,5O 4,5h 4, tlretls C 9.7) ( 9,4) (,.5) ( 0,O) ( 7.)i ( h.9, (' O'. ) C 5.b) l 4.8)? 2.3) ( 5.2) 2, 0'SCUITS.R[EADS, 1.z0 1,a2 1,4S ,75 s I t15 P,14?, MEE ETC, C 3,9) t 3,6) t 3,4) t 3.2) ( 3.1) t 3,3) t 2,8) ( 2,7) C 2,h) ( 1.b) ( 2.5) 1. FPES9H,FROZEIJ AND 1lib 't,?,"2 s.?3 b,73 '4, t i prcicesseo MEATS c a,7) 5,9) ( 5.3) ( 5,9) ( 6.7) ( 7,8) ( b,o) ( b.5) ( 6.5) S,7) ( 5.8) Li, F!SH,SHELLF15m,!.96 2,25?. 4??, ^ 3,19 35,2 3,95 U,9b 3.39 PROCESSED FISH C 0.4) ( 5,8) ( S.h) ( t,0') ( 5.i) ( 5.tl ( 41,9) ( o,0) c 4,?) ( 2.51 ( 4.2) 5, MILK,EGG AND OlL i, ,b(f 2,54 3.0d 2.a3 3, ,3S 3.18 ( 3.81 ( 4,5) ( 1. 0) ( 5,Z) c 4.4) ( 5.1) ( 4 15) ( 4o) C 4, l) ( 2,7) ( 3.9) 6*, F,PO,TS,TUB3EPS, 1I.h' 2?31 P.41 7_e? 3.2n 3,90 3.h2 c, S 7 5.',1 7, VEGETAHILES.NUtTS ( 5.3) C 5,9) ( 5,6) C 6,5) o.3) ( 6.3) ( o.g) ( 5,8) (,,5) t 3,o) ( 5.1) 7. SLJGhR,SPIC S, JA.82 1,05 1,13 ),30L 1.37 t ,82 2, AIJD 'ithrr FnOD C 2.7) ( 2,7) C 2,6) ( 2,7) 2.4) C 2,l) C 22.2Z) 2.I) ( 1,4) ( 1.') 2.0) s, COPFFFFTEA#C0C0A.31 IU,$2, , ,35, 1.29 LIOUUR,BEER t,0) ( 1,) ( l.2) t l,) ( I,4) C 1.3) ( 1,5) ( 1,3) ( 1.,) ( 2,2) ( 1.6) 9. C1GARETTES.AFTEL 1.26 J, o ,Ql 2,04 2,03 2, TI)8ACCO C 0,.) C 3,8) ( 4,5) ( 3,b ( 3,5) C 3.1) C 3.1) ( -,1) ( 2.7) ( 1,6) C 2.7) 10, CL.nTHjNG,FAtR1CS.67, ?.,b 2,90 3,83 4,.99 9, TArLORING FEES C 2,?) C 2,4) C 2,4) ( 3,o) C 3,2) ( 3.4) ( 4.5) ( 4,9) C( %,) C 4,o) C 4.3) It, FOOTWEAR AN,) I.22,29,49 34, ,P9 : RLLATE' REPAIRS (.5) C.6) (.7) (,6) C o).6) (.8) C *) (,9) (.,) (.7) 12, REMT PAYMENTS 6.12 c, ,31,.62 8,23 8,ol 10,25 11,94 27, C19,9) lb.o) CIS,Z) (14,7) 1S,O) (131.) (13,2) 13.1) (12,?) (13,9) (13.9)

214 (9-Z ) (6' ) (W2 ) (W'Z ) (9Z ) tl' ) WO'E C) * ) (0' ) CLZ " ) ts' ) c3mvi IXwcn'ef 8O-z 59' YI' LPz C09g ob'1 It I1 2s' 09l I o ' I ' 3NV1d'dH31S'rI 4 c (L*e ) (Zt I C5 ) ) 1* t ) (r' ) (2' ) CI'! ) (6' ) (9' J(c' ) ln Olt S3 os' t' 05'~ Oc' gi'~ ItO 52' 01' 2'Q 1 oo' 'ONV li QOdJN 'f (0 ' ) (tz' ) (I7'. ) (9'2 ) (6'! ) (I'Z 2 (9' 1 ) (9' 6(2' ) t[' 1 (' e IS13HV3I Oil I Z on'9 "Sl 91 It, 19e'l 2'1 ~ 6l' rs ~ 9' I ~' 9S CD' I (DO LO' I 41flQ3 ONV IjoJlod)3d ± oudsn7t '22 i ( 1 ) (6'! ) t ) I t )t' ) t9' 3 (S'! ) ('! ) '! ) t'i' ) (2' )7e EO T I It?x 9t0'l e9 fs' O' t5 'i (j 91' 01' I ' 803- HVd3d±IdVd '1 (8-T ) ts'ii) tc1'2 2 ) t2'1 2 I ) to'l ) ts't ) (1' ) Ct9' ) t9' ) (II' ) I H T6-E i?o CZ 5 'i I' b2'1 Zo' 9S' Ps' a i' Ol' fc- Uj SflIAV8 '02 (61 ) 6'l ) (U'! ) (l-z ) (6'1I W) (I' W1 ) WI ) ( C! E li'l ) 1 t' 6 1 SS 3Nx 'T S'S 0'eL ' 6OI 9'1 0,'l DO IO 9-' S 9' I?s' rz' C.ONV 3Ov) luhjvo 'Li (t't ) t9'z WI ' ) t' ) to' Ct'! W ) (1- I ) ' ) 1 ' I ' ) 9NINSl1u 66' lz'5 ti'i i96' es,' 1L' Q9' itt' 1 Il' 6O' I ooci SI NiuHddn (O ) c to I tu' 0 ) 1)t')(' 1 WI Ol)t ) tl' )7 tl ) to ) SNlhv3l 'Li 68:?'l ro' bh' S' 9S' 95' i5 tt' s i' 92' 9aon., 'si (0T' )!(t' 18. L 2 1" ) f9 2'1 ) ti' or St C! b I Srl C?'l I )t'1 rb II 9f ) dn'~~ce of' s I ()'! 1 ) C ' De.IAlI S38fizlNd ' Sl TS' tt'1 ) to' s) 'I SC) t ) Z. Ls' ) t' ) t' I S'i' ' 1 v 00 -o r, G - Oc-uL OL-09 O!-q' Or-Of O-? 0 02-O? l 0-0 SU12q3srIruH in 3JMIICNcX3 lv±fit ic 1iXiu S3IM0'J3lv9 3dhli1QN3,dx3 SVAIdV NVM>MIf ' t61 'A1AWIlS 3a1fIIN2idX3 U'lOH3SflOH 'SQ'LOHgSlOH A0 RUND30 flhuign3dx3 'IVIOl CNV SHI'dO021VO 3UflhIN3d)1 AuL SU'OH3SfOH a0 (S21VTIOG AVI1VW NI) 3'UlLIGN3dX3 VLIdVD Wi3d A'IHINOW :VISArVIVW uv'lnsningd (panuiluod) tz?v alqel z a ed

215 Page 3 Table A.27 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, URBAN AREAS..., DECILE OF TOTAL EYPENDITURE OF HnUSFHlOLDS FXPENDITURE CATEGORIES G-le o-31) Mo-so 50-hO 6C 'l n ALL. 25, POSTAL,TELEPHONE o.2,09,12 06, ,uS 1,96.44 TELEGRAPH FEES t 1) (,1! t,3) c.1) C,2) (,) t,3) (,S) t.s) I 1,0) ( *5) 2b; MAJOR PURABLES,,13,42,33, ,47 1,39 2,23 5, RECREATION EQUIP C,) f 1.1) C.8) C I,!) C 1.4) ( 1.9) C 2,3) ( 1.8) C 2,4)?,6) ( 2.1)?7, Ef:TFRTAINMENT,,1,97,94j , , b GAMALING t 1.3) C 2.5) C 2.2) (?,b) t 2.8) ( 2,1) C 3.0) t 3.0) C 3.4) ( 2.8) ( 2.8), cp, BnIKS,NEWS 0 APERS.2Y.33,60,59.91 *9g , , ANrO 4GAZINES ( p) (,9) ( 1,4) ( 1,2) ( 1.6) C 1,6) C 1,S) t 2,4) C S,7) C 1,O) ( 1.4)?'; SCHOJL,BOAROING, ,78 1,05 2,1 1,P , FFES t.s) t,9) t 1,3) C 15 tc 1.4) t 1.7) t 1.8) 2.) C 2.2) C 2.1) ( 1.9) 30, PFPSONAL EFFECTS,i2.54,70,oq i.9 1,oe 1.37 l.r'7 " JEwELRr,WATCHES C 1,) ( 1,') ( 1.6) 1,S)? 2.1)! 2,0) C 1,7) C 1,8) t 2.1) ( 2,0) ( 1.9) 31: RESTAURANTS ANn , ,32 7.?1 7,1S 7,76 9,20 I.31 1h FLATFD (20,")) (18,O) (15,2) t1l',7) (12.6) (11,8) (11,9) (11,8) (12,O0 ( S.?) (11.3) 32, PACKAGED TUIIRS,.h, ,72 1.9'?.77 13, FINANCE SE'kVICES ( 2.o) t 2,0) ( 2.6) ( 2.3) C 2,7) t 2.9) t 2,6) ( 2,a) ( 2,9) at.8) ( 4.0) 33, TnTAL MONTHLY 30,77 39,n , ,03 78,27 9s EXPENDITURE (100.0) I000) (100,0) :O00o0) (100.0) (10ooo) (I00,0) (100.0) tlgor.i) tl10,0) (100.0)... FIGURES IN PARENTHESES SHOW EXPENDITURE IN A PARTICULAR CATEGORY AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL EXPENOITURE,

216 Page 4 Table A.27 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, RURAL AREAS..... _"... _-.w......,...,_ ,,,...,,,..., DECILE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURE Of MOU$EHOLDS EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES o-3G hO.o~...,..._.._._,_,.,,,, ALL 1. RICE*FLOUR AND 4;47 5,21 5.3~ * 6.oc 5,9 6,13 6,36 6, CEREALS (25.9S (25,0) 123.2) (20.0) (19.1) (I 6,) t i(,5) (13.1) (10,6) t b,3) (12.8) 2, RISCUITS,NREADS,,so *,U o , ,73 2, mef ETC. t 2.) ( 3,C) 3,1I) ( 3,1) C 3.0) ( S.o! t 2,8) ( 3.0) ( 2.9) 2.33 ( 2.8) 3, F'ESH.FROZEN AND,3:1,37,hO *T * I.80 2, 39 3,43 5, PROCESSED meats C 2.0) C 1.8) 2.6) t 2,7) ( 3.2) C 3o7) t 4,4) t 5,7) s,) ( 4.8) 4; FISH,SWELLFISH, ;,42 1,66 1,89 2,09 2, ,d , PROCESSED FISM ( 8.2) ( 8.1) C a,2) ( 7,5) ( 7.2) ( a.9) t 64) ( 8,I) ; S,3) (3,5) ( 5.6) S, 4ILK,EGG AND OIL, , , ,24 2,B6 3, ( 3.4) ( 3.9) ( 4,5) ( 4,4) t 4.8) t 0,8) C 0,9) C 4.8) ( d.8) C1,8) ( 44) > 6. FRUITS,TUBERS,.94 1,27 1, ,$ ,?3 3,95 4, VEGETA8LES#NUTS C 5.5) t 6,2) t 7,2) C 6,9) C 7.3) ( 7,1) t 6,6) C 6,9) (; 6) t 5,0) 6.2) 7 s 8U(AR,SPICES,JAM , 'Id ,66 1,66 1.7" 1,93 2, A'4D nther Fnoo ( S.8) ( 6,O) t 5.7) t 5,3) ( 5.1) ( 4.6) t 4,1) C 3,7) ( 3,2) t 2,1) C 3.6) 8; ccffee,tearcocoa.30,35.36,j4,a5.60,64,72 93 I,h7.73 LIOLIORpBELR t 1.7) C 1,7) C 1.h) t 2.6) C 1,5) C 1.7) C 1.6) t15) C t.6) ( 1.7) ( 1.6) 9. CIrARETTES:BETEL.81 1, , ,71 J,7d 2,06?,SS 1.67 Tl)8ACCn C 4.7 C 5,0) C C9) 5,3) 40.6) C 4,a) C 4.2) C 3,8) 3, 25) ( 3.7) 10; CLOIHING,FARRICS.27, ,18 1, ,08 2,57 3,a2 6, TAILORING FEES t I.) t 2,9) C 3,0) C 4.2) 40.9) C 5,4) C 5,1) C 5.5) C 5.7) C 6,2) C 5.4) 11, FOOTwEAR ANn.0, ,21,3t,37,36,S RELATED REPAIRS C.3) C.6) C.5) C.8) C.7) (.9) C 9) t.8) C,9).,9 (.8) 12, RENT PAYMENTS 3,28 2,79 2,83 3, ,79 4, , (19,0) (13,6) (12.2) (11.4) (11.2) LIO.5) (10,1) 9,15) C 9,1) C 7,9) C 9.7)

217 (9 I co ) ( l I i Col C (b } (C6 ) (pr (O)lt? (ilt J Zl.3y. (UQ. We- UPUVy j SZ It9 9 91' 9' 1' ' 00' Q0' 0O3JNVdnNl doo 'fz (ZZ ) (o'1 ) (se'1 C I '' L (9' ) ' )1 ti (' (Z' ) (0' )j 3Sd3Ov! ZO'T 966' I5' 96'I q 19' or 01 5Z' se NV lilo'luessd ' 2 WT ) (91 s W I )(LI (LI (ex (LI) (go ) OF (D«C (0 a diru3 L8UdSNV.Sl 15* 6L'1 7P ' 6e' oi?' t1 o 10' I' I80 d1vd)h'sivd 'IZ (z* ) (f'6 (O'W E (Se 1 (a W ( ) c 9 a C' ) Cr' a ) S' C (I' ) 3,NIHOV I M6I 9Z 6 19'1 O'I 06' e ad' t' 0O' 01' NI' NUIlV1d0dSNVI S. Ce (TI ) Ct a 1 (9I q a I (17 C 2 a I ( I ) ' a I (6' C 6 a (' a (9 ) SASN3dXi 99 s5te 96' L9' Lb' 99t' f 12 I' hl' 01' anv 38VJ Hi1V3H '6i x0 (S- ) (Ot ) ( (2C ) ( ' ) (2 ) (1 ) (Z' ( (0' 1 SO1S3v4'J ZZ' f O l 51*? bo' go f Co' So 20' O 10' a Ul SN3WAVd.'9l (Zl Coal0 I (2 I ) (2 I (2 1 ) C(D7 t ) (Pal ) (2 1 ) (III ) COal ) C 9 a :SNINV 131 E5 Solt50/1 'i 6 Qs,'1 s,' 05' OS' te ff ' hz' oz ' 01', N0U!011H361d1H 91 (ZT (5 1 (t I I ) (ci WI5 ) (1 1 (9' ) (Olt ) (9' ) Co' ) (f' a 5100A LS' St,'II t9* 9& 6 I a 1 6i. 7 bc -s2* ' bol 60'o* VN2HO'S33N(Ilddy... '91 (OIT ) (' (1-1 ) (' )(t'il o'l C (' I 16'? (' (D' a D a gil 9t 9 bd' * I0 sa 9Z' 9t' 90' 90' 3dnfIt imi 'si (9*Z ) (b e (I D 2 ) W2 I ) (6Z2 (6C2 ) C ( ) ( ) (sso (5f ) (C'b ) () a I 93!9VHN) 13ni BT 9'l a I'71 L2aI'1 I 5 u0'1 69' 26' I9 * hv 179' 'i 6vSIA I LLdAJ3i V'I (9- (9 I C (9 I (9' i It C ('? I (SI (D )7 (f'. ) Ce a Cz ) 5Z 95' Sit 92' 92 fz' 51' I i' Lo D S3SVH3 h31vm ' I liv OL 0L-09 Oq-05 us-olt n)-of of s010h30noh io 9W1lLI0N3dX II HO93iV 3bAf1QN3dX3 SVSHV S"flnH 'CL61 'AaAfLIS 21flhf(N9dX3 U'IOH3SflOH 'sa'oh3snoh AO 133U SwuIaNm3dX) TIViO aniv SSIOD3UVD SW1.IaNSdX3 Afg SS'IOH3SaOH AO (SdVTIIOQ AVIYH MI) MflhIaN VdX3 V1IdV3 Ead A11LOR :VISj&Y p EVInSNINZd (panuiuod) LzVV alqe,

218 PaRe 6 Table A.27 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, RURAL AREAS._.., _... DECI'.E OF TOThL EXPEND1 URF OF HOUSEHULDS EXPFNnITURF CATErORTES '40 4Q-SO n R ALL 25, POSTAL,TELEPHUNE o00,03.01, u, 08,33.08 TELEGRAPH FEE3 (,0) (,1) (.1) t, 1).1t, ),1) (,t) t, 11 ( t 13) t.2) 256.AJCR OURA93LES,.05,07.09,13,17,29,50,71 1.? kzcreat1'iti E[!2J? t.) (.4) (,4) t,5) ( * ) C,R) ( 1,2) ( 1,S) ( 2.1) t 2,1) C 1.6) 27, ENTFRTAINMENT# ,19.22,40,,6h r,amhli G (.2) ;,3) ( 6) (.7! (.7, C 1.1) ( 1,4) C 1,5) t 2,1) C 2,5) ( 1.7)?8, BOOKS,NEWSPAPERS o02,09,07,20, , ANO migazines (,1) t.s) t,3) t,7) t.8) ( 1,0) ( 1.3) t 1.3) t 1.S) t 1.3) ( 1.2) 9Q, Sc rjol 8 OAOI.n,ot, ,31.42,6S.76 1,h7.53 FEES.1) C *31 t.3) (,c; (,S) t,8) t 1.0) C 1.3) C 1.3) C 1,7) ( 1.2)? 30, PERSONAL EFFECTS Itu,23.30, ,70 fq U3.89 o JFWFLqY,WATCNL3.8) ( 1.1) t 1.3) C 1.) t 1.7) t 1.8) C 1,7) t 2.1) ( 2) C 2.3) ( 2.0) 31, RES,TAIPANTS Aid) n U,hS 8, RFLATEn C h.?) t 5,6) ( 5.7) ( 6.b) ( 6.7) ( 5,9) t h.4) ( 7,o) t 7.7) t A.4) ( 7.2) 32. PACKAGrED TOURS,.24.48,;,2.69,7C 1,13 1, b FINANJCE SERVICES C 1.) ( 2.3) t 2,7) C 2,i) C 2,b) ( 3,1) C 3.t) ( 3,5) ( 3.4) t 5.) ( 3.7) 33. TOTAL MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (lo.o-(lo0.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.O) (100.0) 10.0) n Figures in parenthesis show expenditure in a particular category as a percentage of the total expenditurm.

219 Page 7 Table A.27 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, ALL AREAS EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES rjfcile OF rutal -0PENDITuRF OF HUiJS2E1OLDS U 30-.4d q bO bo6-7n bo-9o qo0on AL0 i; 4iCE,FLL)UR ANl)!4,15 5,08 9,I4 52h 5,49 S ,q4 S.4 5,R3 5.32,E4AL S (24,I) (21.0 (16.'?) (16.%) (14.6) La42) (11.0) 0 9,3; C 7*5) 3,9; ( 9.3) 2, RISCUJjTrS,READSt *55 *7 8 1,02 I1, i,51 1,79' 2,o2 2, vef ETC, ( 3,01 ( 3.2 3, 2) 3.2i t 3.1) t 3,00 3 ;0 3.1) ( 2.) 9) ( 2.6) 3, *" f3s, FR02EN AiNO,a42,o2,85 1,'C) 1.T 2, ,o0 5 7, ati 3.01 ppocesssd MFArS ( 2.3) C 2.7) C 3.I) C 3.7i 7.2) ( o*q) ( S,O; 6(.2) ( 6,3) ( S,4) ( 5.3) 4. F SrH,SiELLFT SH, i53 1,8' 1.96? : Oo 3, 57 *, PP1)CESIEI) FISi (. 3) C 7,7) (7, 31 ( :) 1 o,7) (6,3) C 5.6 C 5 C (aq) ( 3.0) ( 4 9) 5. ml~k#egg AND 01!.,9h t.2n 1 4I 1, ,34 2, 6o $.? t 3.6) C 4,1) f 4.4) t 4,1) a 4.) ( 5,0! ( 4,7) ( 4,9) 445i (.3) ( 4.2) 6 FPUITS.TUPERS , ,33 3, 60 4.S9 S.P vf, TApLEtAP N JSTS TS9) 9J ( O' 4i ( Ot.7; ( C.7) ( b.7) C o, 6 ) ( t;5) S t,.c) ( 4.C) ( 5.7) 7. SVG0R,S'PICES,JAM I Q i,31 4 1i.3 1 l5o 1,63 1 t 6,77 2, AN') O)THER F0L)3 C 5,6) ( S,S3) ( 4,b) ti.5) ( a,l) ( S.6) ( 3.2; ( 2,9) ( 2,4) C 1.7) ( 2.8) 8, ''F FEE,TEA CICOA,31.,4.;0,4t.8,h3,75,85 2-5'?,t4.92 LII ') R,PEE. 1.7) 7 1) I C i,5) C :,5) C 1.5) I,b ( 1,5) (I,5) 1) t ) (1.6) 9, -CIARcTTES,PETE~L.83 I,tI 1.3I 1,'4S9 1.o I. ; 2. 2jI? TRA C ( 4,5J ( 4.8) (,9 C 7) ( 4.4) t,0 o)36 ( 3,3J 3' 5) C?: ( 3.2) I0. CLL'THING,Ft8PiCS 3C ;,k n 2,28 2, ,S TAILGPING FEES CI q ) ( 2,b C 40) '..) I ( 4.6) ( 4 7) ( 4,'J) C,8) (,) t b.?) ( 4 9) 11, Fr)rfTWF.AR AND,nS.13,17 a23,3q.:s5.3i,b,ko 1,04.44 REI.4TED REPAIRS C.3) (., t),0) ;.7) (.8) C,8i) ( 7) (,b).'i) (,4) (.8) 12. RENT PAYMENTS 3, , ,; o74 4 7,92 15, CI8.0) l14,3) (12.5) (1 24) (1.8) (11,.6) (1I,4) (11,0) (10,9) (II,;) (11.6)

220 Page 8 Table A.27 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, ALL AREAS FXPENDITURE CATEGORIES necile OF TOTAL EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS * ALL a-~ ~r-~... 13; WATER CHARGES,o5 *08,14 *20 *32.35, *98.43 ( 3) t 3) C.5) ( *6) (.8) C 8) ( *9) C.8) 1.) C 7) (.8) 14; ELECTRICITY,GAS,,82 86,87 *96 1, , ,86 2,S FUEL CHARGES ( 4,7) ( 3,5) ( 3,2) C 3,0) ( 2.9) (.3,0) C 2,9) ( 2.7) C 2.6) C 2.1) ( 2.6) 1t. FURNITURE,nO *11,20,2Q * ,85 I,b&.58 C.3) C.5) (.7) t q) ( *9) ( 1.0) ( *9) (,Q) C 1.2) C 1.I) ( 1.0) 16. PPLIANCES,CHINA.05,12, ,o8 1,00 1,79.67 DOWLS C 3) C.5) t.8) C.7) C.0) C 1.4) C 1,3) C 1,2) C 1.4) C 1,3) ( 1.2) 17. HL'(SEHn4LD C-ODS,,jA ,R6 1,29.63 CLFANING C.8) C 1.0) C 1.1) C 1.3) C 1.3) C 1.2) C 1.2) C 1,2) t 1.2) 91 ( 11) Ia, PAYMENTS TO v14.15,t0 2,55,47 OOMESTICS (.) C.1) C.2).1).2). 2).3) C.3) C S) C 1,9) ( 8) 19, HEALTH CARE AND s It4 2,b3.95 ExPENSES.6) C,9) C,R) C 1,!) C 1) C 1.3) C 1.6) ( 1.7) ( 2,0) C 1,9) ( 1.7)?0. TRANSPORTATION.06,08,14 o20 bi Q o,40 I.0,S 13, HACHINES (.3) C,3) C.5) (,b) ( 1,1) C 1.8) ( 2.1) ( 2.04) ( 2.3) ( 9q8) C 4.5)?1. PArTS,REPAIR FOR na , , ,69.68 TR^AwSPnRT ErUIp t.2) C Li ) C.5) C.6) t.7) C.7) C.) C ),0() C 1.0) C 2.0) ( 1.2) 22: PCTRUL,OIL AND *7 *93 1h4d 2, GRFASE (.n) C.31 C.5) ( 7) C 1.1) ( 1.3) C 1.9) C 2.5) C 2.9) C 4.1) ( 2.6)?3. MOTnR INSURQNCE,,00,00,02.0w-.08,17,16 *36 * FEFS AND TOLLS C.0) C.0) C 1).2).2) C.4) 3) C.7) C 5) C 10) (.6) 2a, PA1L,SH:P,PLANE, i ,87 1, SUS,TAXI FARES C 2.6) C 3.2) C 3,5) C 3.7) C 3.7) 3.8) C 3,7) ( 3,1') C 3.1)! 214) ( 3.1)

221 Page 9 - Table A.27 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, ALL AREAS EXPENDITURE CATEGORTES DEC,LE Or itotal EXPEN'DITJRF OF h(iusehol.s '40 40-F ALL 25. POSTAL.TELEPHOJWE *n0,02.02,03,o5,o3,09 I10, TELEGRAPH FrES t 0).', (.1) C.1) C,1) C,t) C,2) (.2) t,3) t.7) (.3)?6. HAJilk DURABLE3,, 6 * ,S4.79 1,o"4. 3, ;ECREATION EQUIP (.1) c,a4) (,5) (.7).,8) C 1,?) ( 1,b) C 1.6) t 2,3) t 2,S) t 1.8) 27, ENTUR7AI "MEN7 *os,14.2t si , GAMBLING C,3) ( 6,) (,q) C 1,2) C 1,3) ti,) t 2.0) ( 2.2) ( 2.h) C 2.9) ( 2.2) 2 3OnKS,t.Ei5sPAPERS,oa, IS 13,31,4 0 LI i.7o 1,66.73 AiM) MAGAZINES (.?) C.4) (,5i ( I.) ;11) ( 12) t 1.4) ( 1,6) I.9) t 1,2; ( 1.3) 20. SCHrlOL, A RDNG IN3 G06.10 ;:3,5.,a8.97 1l27 2,73.86 FEES (.2) C.3) (.6),7!.,) 9 1.1) ( 1.3) C 17) ( I.7 ) C 2.0) ( 1.5) 30.' PEqSQ'IAL EFFECTS, 7 2,?f *38, 3 h 7b 1,00 1,IX 1.h 3, > JEWELpYWATC-CS ( 2i t,4) Iq) C 1.7) C 1.) C 1.a) t 2,0) t 2.0) C 1,! ( 2,2) ( 1.9) w 51j. ESTAU[PATS AND 1.2' I, ,9h' 3,4 3,737 u,53 5,39 7.i RELATED C S.S) t p.3) ( c,o) ( 9,3) C 8.3) 8.) ( 9,0) ( 9,2 ) CIr. I A,9)) ( 9.1) 32, PACk:AGED TUIIRS..31 *5,7^'.79 1,12 1',7 1,63 1, ,9s 2.21 FINANCE SERVICES I 7,).2.3) f 2.8 C 2.5) t 3.0' C 2.7) C 3.23 C 3.3) S..) C C t) 3 9) 33. TOTAL MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (100.0)(100.0) (100.0)(100.0)(100.0) (100.0)(100.0) (100.0)(100.0)UOO.0) (100.0) Figures in parenthesis show expenditure in a particular category as a percentage of the toal expenditure.

222 Table A.28 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, URBAN AREAS -T)DPEnn'uRF CATEGOH!ES A S[' ItLE (IF TtoTAL EXPE IJ1ITTIJ1F O.; H.VSEk:I'L.0 0'.I 10-CIO?r aic-so 50-,0 b fl0 en-go ALL 1. 9ICE,FLOUR AN) F.,I t 13,:2 ;. 09 1Q.07 21'.5' 24,35.26.h 3I,34 l,2 31, CEPIALS ( q9,al t (l ij (7.5) s, Q) r".f) ( 5,1) ( 4,P) (2,3) (5.2) 2. ISCIJI TS# FADS, 3.2q 918 0, Q 7,9 86," 11 go 12,08 1",25 17r, 2 22, k*ef FTr, ' 3.9) t 3.6) i-,4! ( 3.) 3.1 3) (?,8) t 2,7) ( 2.bl 1.5) 2.5) 3, FRESH,FR(IZEN AND 3,Q q.92 Ilo, ,34 27,21 33,1s9 H5C 67, PRPOCSSED MEATS ( 41,7) 7 5,9) ( 5.3) 5,9) ( 6.?) 7 7,6) ( 61) ( b,s) ( 6 t 4 ( 5.8) 4, FISw.SH:LLFEH, S.37, , b 26,09 79.,3 36, PROCES3EO FISH ( b,ij (,f) (, ( S,0) ( S.5) C 5,0) C,q) ( 5.0) (.2) t 2.5) ( 4.2) S, milk 1 EGG AND OIL 3.? ,82 19,15 23,94 2e.s9 3Pe ) 1,S) C 0) ' 9.2) ( Ci4) ( 5.1) '6) h)5) ( 4,ilt) t 2,7) ( 3.9) 3, ( 4 b; FLU!TS,TUB9EqS, 11,149 8,412 10,59 15,117 1Ft Q ,41 36, VEGET4BLE3pNUTS C S.3) C 5,9) ( 5.6) C h,5) C 683) ( 6.3) C 6,0) ( 5 I H)C ( 3, ) ( 5.1) 7; 5UrAR,SPICES,JAM 2.?5 3,FA? 4,94 6,41h 6b87 7, a7 9,39 10,Q , &';D OTHER FoDo (?,7: I 27) 226) 2,27) t 2,1) C?,t) C 2,2) 2,1) ( 1.91 ( 1,4) ( 2.0) 8, l:)ffee,tea#cocna, , u,12. 4,u2 6, F1s L j,1p,bee.r 1,0) ( 1,2) t t.?) 1. 3) t 1./1) 1,3) C 1,51) 1.3) I 1,3) C 2,2) ( 1.6) 9. CIGAPETTES#BETFL ,41 8.es 8.f ,35 16,15 1A,92 22, *n8acco 41. ) 3.) C,') I ' 3.5) ( 3.5) 3.1) C 3,1) C 3,1) (?.7) C 1.6) ( 2.7) 10, CLOTHING,F,ARICS I.A5 3,47 4.ub ,31 12,03 18,97 25,46 37.n3 66,7b TAILORINIG FEES ( 2,?) 2,94) ( 2.4) C 3.') ( 3,2) C 3,1) C 4,5) ( 4,9) t5,3) C (,6) ( 4.3) 11. FOOTWEAR AND.38, , ,00 3,41 3,62 t,.62 9, RELATED REPAIRS C.5) C,6) C.7) (.6) (.6) C.6) C *) C 7) C,q) C *6) ( 7) 12, RENT PAYMENTS 16.79?2,71 28, 51 35,24 43,30 47,57 56, , (IQ,9) (t6,0) (15.2) (1497) (15.0) (13,6) (13,2) (13.1) (12,7) (13.9) (13.9)

223 We ) l W es ) (9 ( ' ) I' ) t IE ) (t, ) WE 1 ) (W' 3 S ij ix0nf Q3s It Z 6t7'91 se' 10i 1,I 60 6t7' 9U7 SC I 95 41' 00 '3lNVe0SNI *A (oi ) " (9 ) 3 ( 9 Z ( r ( I' ) (c ) (2' ) (6 ) 9 (2 J JSV376S fo' Ii 50 I19 r761t7e O5'tI i 9 t SZ g r,7 Ih Z 99'1 90'i 91 JNV 1ll'1Odl3d 'zz 1'1 ) (E2 ) ( )(' ) t9' ) (91 ) (5! (s' (D )r ( a re ) d3i1u3 ±iodcsnve t>-' "I Wei Ft7'a Slt 47 9t? a 91'2 95' I9 Z6' 9 'If4 g t, I 8t-A d81d3d'61bvd 'IZI (9'Wr 3 (S'tl) (t7'z ) (Z'1 (61 ) (Sol ) b 3 '1 c(u ) (E l (6 b S3NIH3vw i e I I z Z9't9t 999'9t q2' Zs t IZ I 19'Z DsI 9 ' 90 NOIIVLbUdSNV1± '0Z (b'1 ) (t,l l (2'2 3 (t' 3 (91 ) (0' 3 (H'l ) (9' L (S'l 1 ( '1 3 (S' i S3SN3dXJ st's ~ ~~~~~~ 10 ' gt7i Sl I Iol 99L t tl I 90 gos SSw II le LRH'I t?9' ONV 38V3 HIIJAH b6 (el (9'2 ) (1' ) (6' ) (6W ) 3) (I' j (ij ) (j ) 0. 3 ( 0 3wQ W6t SbQL 6 L I Z' '' t q5 95' It7 goi 0U 6LN3HAVd 't (0' ) (6 ) (01 3 t9't 3 (6 ) C 3 C01 ) (2' ) (1'1 ) (1'1 3 (6' CNINV31) ) ON tt tffl6 Zl 00 o a t S9 't Z6??orh 2o% We FO' t5' LsI LS0U9 U 0UH3SnOH 'LI Ci'; )t7' C'I (el ) (to (f7l ) (el l (Z'l ) (2(El C' J (i 3 Slool 59't17 o S' WE@ 9t'9 t2'1 9 't I a1 ;SI se, f7 VNIH3#SA3NV11ddV '91 (fl' ) I (' (6 (('I (I L ) (S I' )d (3 i ( ti ) (7' ; of 't7 F S I I QI ? Z9 Z IZ'Z 1i I t7l I Q ce 30.I NbnA as ('Z 3 C 0 2 ) t9'z ) C I (%'Z ) (Cb' I ( 17 ) (C' ) (ot ) (66' ) Ct' ) S3)hsVH3 1w A 00'11 19'6. 9Z'61 619t Sr7'Zi 210 I (7 Lt,% Z5 OSSA±I2I cl't7 IC)slJ SO'Z tp1 (0 ) t' ) (00I CI I 01 ) (Z'l ) (t I )I ( I (t7i I (0 '1 ) (^ ) Ot1) St?7IIs'0 oq9 96t9 9c't, 9IIt? I o'i? LI' 09'Z LiII 99 S3SbtVH.) d3ivm 'I Z 1iv Ob Ot Ot-C9 09-OS Os-or? ort-ce Or-02 0-OI 01-0 G1CliH3Snoi. A0 38nilCN3dXl YSOS JO 31TIOT S3Ie0931Vl 3bWIltQN3oX3...._ ,....,,,,,....SC -,..... sfosep-*,-o...-,_,-- SVSY NVHfn 'fl61 'AaUflS anfluan3dx3 aimi3sflqh 'SG'IOH3SaOH AO 2'iaa aunjac x3 IVIOa L any SaIWoDLav a3ligndux3 AJ SatIOHHSflOH do (SUVTh0I ALIVW NI) 3aHLIaN3dXa IV1OI AIRMNOK :VISVTW MaSHINMd TY-i (panui3uod) Sz*V alqvl

224 Page 3 Table A.28 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF-HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, URBAN AREAS _-. r.-.--~-... a _ t_-*-.... _... nertle OF TOTAL EXPFNnITU9F OF HOUSEHOLDS FXPENDITURE CATEGORIES 0-* $- 30-'00 00, lu-oil o00 ALL 25, PnSTAL,TFLEPHONE ,Z ,07 2, , TELEGRAPH FEES C *t) t.1) (,3) (.1) C,2) C.4) t.3) (.5) (,S) ( 1,0) ( 5) 26. MAJnk DURABLES. * S.l 4 2, 71 4.i3 6,70 9,q4 9,22 1h,52 38, RECREATION FUIP ( L0) C 11) (.8) ( 1.,I ( 1,4) ( 1,9) ( 2,3) ( 1,8) ( 2,4) ( 2,6) ( 2.1) 27, FNTERTAINmENT, 1,12 3.t3 /1, , ,84 1S,.t , GAMBLING C 1.3) C 2,5' ( 2.2) ( 2,6) ( 2.8) C 2,1) ( 3,0) ( 3.0) C 3,4) 2,8) ( 2.8) 2P, BOOKS,NEWSPAPERS.65 1,22 2,h3 2, , ,28 11,76 14, ANn MAGAZINES C,8) C,9) ( 1ea) ( t,2) C 1.6) C 1.6) t 1,5) C 2,4) ( 1,7) C 1,0) ( 1.4) 29; SCHOOL,BOARDING,n6 1.30?.50 3,02 3, ,47 12,147 15,08 30,8b 8.34 FFES C,5) (,9) t 1.3) ( 1.3) t 1.4) ( 1,7) ( I,b) ( 2.f) ( 2,2) ( 2,1) ( 1.9) '30; PERSOINAL EFFECTS 1,16 1,98 3, , , Q, JEwELPY,WATCHES C 1,4) ( 1.4) ( 1.6) ( 1,8) ( 2.1) ( 2.0) ( 1,7) ( 1.8) C 2,1) ( 2,01 ( 1.9) 31; RESTAURANTS AND!7,60 25,56 26, ,30 50, b9 119, qelatfd (20.9) (18,0) (15.2) (12.7) (12.6) ( 11,8) (11,9) (11,8) (12.0) ( 8.2) (11.3) 32. PACKAGED TUURS, ,89 o, ,12 11,26 12, , FINANCE SERVICES ( 2,o) 2,0) C 2,6) ( 2.31 C 2.7) C 2, ) ( 2,6) ( 2,4) C 2,9) t 6,8) (4.0) 33, TOTAL MONTHLY , ,92 425,22 520,77 699, , EXPFNDITURE (100.0) (100,0) (100,0) (1on,0) (100.0) (100l,) (100,0) (100,O) (10(,0) (100,O) (100.0) FIGURES IN PARENTHESES SHOw FXPENDITURE IN A PARTICULAR CATESORY AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL EYPFNDITURE,

225 Page 4 Table A.28 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, RURAL AREAS EXPFI;NDITURF C.4TEGORT,S PFC ile OF TilTAt r-,;14)i TIRuF OF HoUiSFHOLDS d;(' coso 90-6O 6C Mi-Qo L 1. RICF,FLOUR AND 11.9u 21;.59 2 L.. S4 s..l 5 3? iv),3 "S.o3 4 7i C25,9) (25,0) ;23.?) r20.0) (19.1J i ts.s) (110.5) (13.1) (10..) ( h,3) (12.8) ;ISCUITyS,8RFAD3, 1.72 J::, 6.78 MEE Erc, c 2.0) c 3,.0) ( 3s,' S.3) r 3.1 C '.0) ( d,83 t 3 ( 2,C) C 2,3, ( 2.8) i. Fqc!.,Fkf71rl AN r91.is /I.?,7 3,01 5.S 7wS ij(.1/ l 2.).?3 4' PROCESS i, SaTs ( 2,oi ( l.a (,?. C r.?) 2. ( C3.7) C(o. C,,) 5C7) ; ( 4.8) J* FiSP',S'4tLLr!Th,1 3;79 e.50 On7c " 13.-.) 1. 8,5I 0 21,ob PgCESSED ;S,d ( F,?1 C 8.t) J..) 7r5) ( 7.?) ( 6.,) C b,;) ( b.1) ( 5.3) ( 3.5) ( 5.6) 5. -fisr;(;g 1 ND <3IL I.S6 3,l41.,A b,b 7.'0 0,37 1lw77 140,7-1i.? ah ;,s.4! r '.9) C ojs) ( :.'.) C 0,0) ( os.0 ( 4 9i C 4.0) C53 t!) C 3-*) ( 4.4) b. L ut S T ;tqs?.s,42 ceil ;l!@ it.40 21,01 de75 ' 36,l vrgf 'A'L FSpMJ S C 5.51 t,2) )7.? b.) ( 7,3) ( 7.1) C h.8) C 6.9) C e C 5.0) ( 6.2) > 7. SUGA P, F I CrS,JA 2.h7 a.fts h e.?3 9.n7 9.A sc,se 8.87 :50 UTHtr ',;, C 5.T) C N.7) C 5,?) ( SW C 5.1; ( a,' ) C 3,7) 1 3.?) C 2.1) ( 3.6) 8. CCL. C( rte iclcoa.yo 1.s' I ', Ao 4.? i7 13. C-' QL DWIP, 81FF ( 1.7) t 1.71 C S C ).ii ) 1.I ( 1.b) C 1.5) C 1n) ; ; ( 1.6) i. CI GARET c1 ZIEiFL $.2', H.75 10,d1 11.5I 1i tio TnflACC-'I L. 7 50) C o,0) C f,3 C, ( 4.o) C 4 ( 3A C i C 2.5) ( 3.7) 9 11;. rlnrlj;.f:ccs , S.. r 10. /i c2. 1*7 hb, il TTLCRTN.i; -F C i.e.) C,? ) C 3,11) C 0,) C 0.0) C 5,i) C 5.1) C 5 ) C 5.71 C i ) ( 5.4) I. FMM' iear^ ':40.!,. L5.'J4 101 c.ji 10!./1 2.1od 2, RELATED REPAIRS C.3) 1,h' C.5' C.8) C.7) C C) C.9) r 5).,) ;,.8) :2, PENT PtAYHENTS P, S 11,n S1i Ih.31 ec,.o7 2?".4ti 2, 5'.l3 h,?, J C(13,$) 1 (t?,?' C 11 4 C 1 2) (i'j,si C 1), f 9*5) C 9,1 ( 7 '4) ( 9.7)

226 Table A.28 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, RURAL AREAS Page 5 E WFNOI TIPRF CA FElG,"ITES r)f.c 1LE OF ThTAt. EX 'i0 1UT.t -F O MJSEH4OLVS IP 4-1 1i If.- 2n 0o,-?O 7,o_-43; 0L-5.1_ 5j(l_4aO t,'-yn -t3 70,o-F_O F('-q01 9(3-1 1 i 13, WATER CHAPGE$S,l.59.,r2 I,1. I5h ,$S 1.36 (.?) (;.2) ;*.3) r,0;) (.5i i.r1 C.7) t C, C.6). FLrCT4TC1T-,GASo *,:< 4*79 S.,7: r. 02,3 9,? I 6.36 FU'L CHARGE3 ' 41.) l 1 3)) (,.3) i 2.7) q ( Z9) ( 2. l 2.) ) ( 2.6) i5. FUFNiT URF 1 I.2v* * 1. 1; J. < (.o3 4i. of 2.51 *:.~ *") ( *,),9)) ( *) c) ( 1.e) ' 1.2) ( 1.0) 1.o. AL'-7A3: NCESVCH.'A.; 3 o t t3a I.13 3.t.3 i ) C.).. ) ( I 1, 3) C *r) ( I. i f I.3) ( 1.3) i 1.5) ( 1.2) 17.iJ.'4.37 _DG A90 -r.s I I;; I.,;2. 21?, io s.r. A,;)( tA&:t:,(,,N,) 1 t,o3) ' ( *,t3 (. ) ' I t.u) ( 1.4! C I0) ( 1.,) C 1.?) ( ( 1.2) i:.. t4 yt,f'its TrX,^ (f.?l,: a 5,1.( t r;rl:srt..'t) (,1) ( *8) ; 1.) i.1) ;*?; (.2) ( *0) C.?) * 1.0) C.5) '9. W:c?.LT-, CrhE Air>,! 1p,7 I IS 1.77?1.S3 Z.p,2 4 3') h.,h2 Id,bt 3.55 ; '-S S! C ( 7) (.' ( 9) C 1.1) ( I.3) ( I.2; 1,C) C.) ( 1.4) 21. r1't,tj.ac;rtt: h )5 V I ,-<:4i"L:. 'I I ; f '.) (.4) C./3 (.h; C '.3) (?.2) C 2.S' ( 3.;) ( 'z,3) ( 4.2)?1. Pr:;TS,,REPA'R FICR.o2.3 *I ' I s; h *.22 P.. l;'i.o TR.N5P(.R7 E,n.]JP,; c *'4i (. (.6),t) (, ;( C.01 C,1) (.7) C '.,) tt) ( 1.1) 22, pft0il,;sl A') c2.l9 2; *M7 ;-4 2.i 3,.3 54 ).10. il, r,peasf ) C.c) C 3) i i) t 4) t 1.1) C 1.5) ( 1.h) C P.S) C /1.0) ( 2.2) 2?.3 "Irn sisusc, Li^( I. ).Z,,2.l.9.; I.o '4. 6, i FEES AN) TUt.LS C 0.0) C,) C.0O.2) C,li C.2) C 4i c,3) CI I.) C ii ) ( 5) 24 w;a%,stji,plfane, C O.I9 23,.9) C33I S 4. o C 1) 4.) 4,0b ) ",.I 2C A*o P.US,, T4xI FARES( 2.t ) C 3 2) () 3 3! ( 4. 0) ( 3.t) ( 3.oi ( 4;. i) t j, G)t 3.7)( 3.0. ( 3.6)

227 lmitini N3dY.X I vioi 3H1 JO 3UVINJ383c! t SV 4 109'31VD rmrnipl-ltvd V NI idfl;ll(n3-l1x3 ME'HS S3S3Hit,3dVd NI S3t;nSI,j (0'001) (0''01' ('-001) t o eol) I (00l (@-01 C'!: xo C;ol 'ooo V-0 I Gr, rt3e? d ltp 9bIZ K t't-9 L Z /.'ot C) 0So 'OS SZt 0' f 2a lo 9 oo-i! 90'19 st'/aa illl tl 1 (!-S 1~T (t7'i (5'f ) I' )~ (1' I (9' 1 e ( L e )( ' e (tr1 ) 31IrMhS DNVNIJ f,1 6 di O tr mt'l I 0)OP-O 2r-7L $7 ;' o2-tr 9 2' i vue Y9'1 sq. 9 8mi-l aj Jvct '2i tz-'l ) (. L (0 I LzF (t- C? (6S)( S9 (t- 1; ) C (S5)( 1 c,, d 98 LT Os,5 091$ 2e owis I '1tI 9 0' 09- Ot-4 1 5' t8' trjv SINVd,!VlsStd 'I1S ( Z1oS2) z ' I) ( Y. t e ( L ( 9 S I D 't)(9 1 vm Id A 81 4H 3 M 3 A T8 t, 9" w I Lb i- cle IV a9' 9 t9 2 sex ot,' S S9J3NvOS63o 17 'OS (Z T T it)!' (o' I (9 Q. (5s w '-) S t L 8 z 2 I f! l ti Lf' 6 tr 2 tq QJ N$ 1S 2tO* e3 Q v L) 1 O ;L)L)H S Ob2 (Z I)('t! (SI) ('i (S' L ( C' ) ( s')(-)s')(')(1 S3NIZVUVW ONV V8 Z sot Q's Co, 2-S oo'li t7e' I;o Su ' Li Sd3dVjSM3NSs)t 'SAJ (L I1 ) es J ';'2 C. It- : (a')7!1') ( ' )!L I!9' (^ -) 1 t e ON 19K3v9 OT-tF OK 68 La' t5' 1r oa', We- Ut-tI s?9- v24 I l4ni I ' s1 t4,: Le (9 1 ) ae C It' 2 (5' I (7' ) ), S')(' C9 ts t ) dinof OIjJt3 L8 CI, It,9 I 5'9 Kg ta 965'2 09't 6 p I/ V9 6a' *2-1 SSs3ivd(nu eorv,4, se (Z 1 )(')(b ) ; I It (I ) (1 I ( I ) CO ; SAi4 1pd'ldt3131 1t, SS 2 as C 6 2' Q: T 5t t ' 91I cq t I I' ou L 1140H,d,1 ;i IlS ~c d *57 l-l t OOt-Ot o6-s 0-0 t 0 j-z OS os-oa7 Oh-OS oi-oe Qe2-0 oli-oj _ _ _--_ ,_ _--_ _ _-_-_--.--, _- SO-ir)H3StMt 40 'dlti;r3x31i 0 JU StlIoL)UjV, 3WfUi1UNJdX2 SVaHv rlv'd[u 'CL6T 'RAilAlflS 21dlJlIN3dX2 TlOHMSIIOH 'S(I'OH3ISIIOH AO 3rIDSCIa afj[1litn3dx2f,vlol UNV SRIN0DRJVD 3dlEllIaNRdX2 )A SrlOH2lSnOH 30 (SUVrIOG 5AVXIV NI) MUIGIN3MX 'lvl01 A'IHLNOX :VlSAVqVlq tivfnsninhd ( panuil uod ) 8Zv a 41qvL 9 ar

228 Page 7 Table A.28 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, ALL AREAS FXPENOITURE CATEGORIES,hF.CIL.E WAL EXF'ENI TiRE if if 44LIJSEHOLDS a_.o U 10-.? Li O 6n- 7f o-o 90_0A10 AL tl I, 4ICFFLOUR and 1?,72 0,31 23, P,.28 29, , 35, , CEREALS (2t0,5) (21,8) (18.9) (I b 5) (14.O) (12,4) (II,0) ( 9,3) 1.5) ( 3, 9) 9.3) 2, ISCUIIIS,AREADS. 1.5' 3,G0 3,9b 5,03 6.,6 7, ,60 1*,,07 20, ,EE FTC. C 3;o) C 3.2) ( 7,,2i 3,2) C I1) ( 3.,) ( 3,01) 1 5,.) 1 ( 2, 1,9) - ( 2.6) 3. FRESHFROZEN Av,D 1,j8 2,47 3,i3h I,65 H !3 2S. 3f 32.o PpRCEssED M E.:. T S 2.3) ( 2,7) ( 3,t) ( I ) ; 4.2) ( 4,9 ) ( 5. ) C 6.2 C o.3) C ) ( 3) a, FIS`,8HELLFI!H, 0,32 7,20 9,0t, 10, l5,s ',o RRfICESSFD FISH ( 8.3) C 7,71 C 7,3) C :,!) ( t7, 6.) ( 5,8) ( S,2 2 4,.9) C 3S0o ( 4.9) s, MILKpErGG A:*n OIL I P7 3,A2.5bl 7,,4 9,33 12, a r2,h4 34,.? ,n) I,1) a 0,4. ; a,7) C :i*8) ( 5,9) ( 4,7) ( 0,9 C,,5) 1,-3.) ( 4.2) > 6, FRUITS,T!IREPSr 'i? n.33 10, f, F.,5 30.ofi 44.'iS VFr;ETUL ES1TS 5.8 t e,4 61 -,7 ( 6) ( 6,') ( 6,7) 7 (.b)l h.01) 5 ( ".2) ( 5.7) i, -i t, t.i??cipsics a9o i 7,9 8,t8 9,f63 10,9' , At'D OTHER FoC,D 5.1) C 5.S) ( 0.6) c1,5) (.1I ( 3,6) C 3'2) ( 2,9J 2.4) 1!7) ( 2.8) A, CPFFEE,TE#COCOA.oS 3,33.,,u 2,29 2,99 3.5? 4, o, L 7 r, t t' 7, F- 1,7 15) ( f 1,5' )5 5 C ; i.,! (.r (!,")! 1,5) C1 i.) 1,6) ( 1.6) 9I ci CA,ETiES,0rEL?2,3t 0,U,3 6h,2 7,3, 6,.-2 9,,6 1Q,7 d1,c9 12,45 PY, t ;iRACC(l ( a,51 t,hi t 4,9i C 4,;) 1 4.6) 4 a.0)! 3t? ; 3,3; 1 3.3) C 2,0) ( 3.2) :0. fitrh)g,e-ahrits IS.oS 2,8S ';.1 h. 3b fi5 Ij, ,1? 26.o2 55,'i TATIIO0014. FS 1 1,9) 1 2. A ) C i.l 1. C 't,r 1. 0,7) C,'A.) C ai4.) 1 ' C 52) ( 4.9) 1 1 FO0T^EAR NO.14,',2,77,12 1.b2 I*9 1,98 3.C2 o,58 7, RELATED qepairs C.3) 1,c) 1,9J 1,I) (.84)! 0,) (,7) 1,8 C,91,.8) 12;, RFPNT PAYmENTS ,32 15.r/1 10,40 22,89 27, c 4 17w , (18,o) (14.3) (1.'S) (12,4; (11.8) (l1,c,) (11,4) (II,0) (I 0I) (II,) (11.6)

229 56~~~~~~~1 6 S b (0'17 WO-l 2'vS SWi t9'riwr'2 5 E ',;3tidvdI ixv7sn 't7 (9- ) (Ol ) (S' ) CL' ) (C ) (t' 3 (72 ) C ) (( ) (0 2 (0' I 5?0I a'7 S3g 98 T 2b'0t x 4Z 6tt'2 96 S I' Ol lo Od 37NYiNt S 'Ji' (9 z ), (I ) st2 ) (S' ) 3C6 I (f1 ) (T I 1 ("' ) (r' ) ( ' 3 ( )3V 96 L 65 2t7 tb' l 1.7 i: is's W1 5 t t Z I L9 s 5 eo ONV 110'1CJl3d '2 (z ) G 0 2 ) CotO I )( ( I 3 )' C9'L I CLt I C ) t(' ) (?7' ) C2' 2 difl)o VA,u'cSiOtit 'S I 6'W 59'E Sp. I 9Se LI I GE I W6' 09o GI d1'd3d'sil7a,t2 (s t ) (t'z W2 3 ) tl' 3 (I'u ) (9'a ) (t'l 3 (' I ) ' I ) ' 3 (' 3Nll 06'ET it?'01 25'tl SOb'6 t71'9 S 't7!' 96' 89'.' LI' NlVjlJUdSN761 'u2 (LI ) 3 cbot (O'c 3 (I'L I (I': I I Ct' ) (I ) (01 ) (9' ) Cb' ) (9' S3SNGdX3 o Ts l I UI t7q'9 L9t7 0c, 5q2 t'i to'! 99I 0I (JNv ll F11131t '61 I (8. ) (6'! 1 CS' ) ( ' ) C ' ) C(e 3 (' 3 (T' ) C2' I Ci' ) (O I S3I i3wi3ui S5 Z btt 61 gl'1 6e b; tt' 9t7I 9' t 1 '' e tl UaH3hAYd ' 9 (T1T ) (2' 3 (ei C 3 Cd'! I 3 Cd'' C9'! ) Ci'! ) C!'! ) (0'! ) (I' ) 0t' I )NNV3lJ tsk Li6 eu I St'7 I Zt, EC)o 2 Ls '2 z 6 2b' Z, t,7gt ";on S O etlft3snohf 'L (Z it ) (C7 I (7 I I 2 I I (' I ('! I ) tb ) L' ) (' I (5' ) (' S-,Ut31 P191 E 9,'9' 1 Sb'9 t7t7 'G7 7-1 i 82' 914 t0' 66' LI,' t71'yr. VtI 0i 3S37Nvi d'i; '91I (0'I ) (1 I I Cd'! (3t' I (6' t' (6' ) (' ) (L' I (' S )' ZTl- E 26 II 6-S fd1 5It 61'2 1Sd 9LS1 2t;'I It' 7t7' 9g' 3fnlnIN 8 1 s I (9 Z ) (I'c ) (9'q2 CI2 L OT '8 bo-22 00'~ S-9 Zit L IL S (6t't Cd 6 O'S ) C6'd ) (0't ) (I2' ) CS'2 ) (L'I?7 3 S3dtvh!3nj eb- b2' I i 7- 'v) J'),XI ;id 't71 (8 ) (t' ) (l6 I (9' ) t e' ) (i' ) (i' ) (9' ) (S I (' I (i ) 5 Z 9bVd 5 '7L blq'i 5't2 osd 'I b9-9- tb9- (I ts' S_SdVH-7 63iPP * 1I 11r, o n00tb 06-OQ 00-oL OL OS 05-Ob ib-ot UE-02 0d-0t ol-o SO'Cl10qH3SnH JO 38sVldN3dX lb; 3 I,3 S31830T11s 38fi%!UN3dY2 SVa'V 'fl 'tl61 'KsAHaS 3UnIIQNRdX3 Q'IOWaSnOH 'SGlOH3Sn0H ao TflDSa anfllimnhdxg 'ViOl anv SDS1OOaLVO 32lIGNNdXH A71 S'IOHSSflOH J0 (SHVqIOa XV'LVW NI) aialcnadx qvio1l YflHINOW :visxv'ivw -avinsmimaa (pafnup3uod) 8Z*V * qel 8 awb

230 Page 9 Table A.28 (Continued) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE (IN MALAY DOLLARS) OF HOUSEHOLDS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1973, ALL AREAS EXPEnOITURE CATEoORTES DEC: LE OF MT.L EXPLNIDITURF OF rciu!si.kolds ' S3-0 c; 0-Q0 0 -bg bt-70 7o-8 8- b-0 9-I O C' AL 25, pns T A T L F E PH(J,E.01, *2b.,' I.91. S: I.i? 1.05 TFLEGRAPH F-F3 C,n) C,1, t.1) t *1 (.:! C.) t,2) t 2! t 7.3) 20 MA 10;Z DLURAB!;S, r1 S i3,34,59 I1>i I.'J L?.9 f,77! b, LCIEAL4 2T0i E P ;!. 3 C.1),5) (,7) C. 8) CI.2)! I.b 1,8) t 2, 3 ) ( 1.8) 27. FN-T LPT A I NHE 4TS,'J S7 3, 1,t 2-,b uv l'i, ,YIzG (,'.8) t,) ( 1.?) C 1.3) t 1.8) C 2,0) t 2,?) t 2.o) 2 ( 2.2) -8 0f.ii;S,NF spapers,12 iss *e,? rL 3.oO i.23 f 9.,,_ " 3.97 CID) JaGAZTNES ;.2) C,") C.-) t.0) ( 1,1) C 1.2) 1,I) C,6) C I A) I 1.e) ( 1.3) ' SIfIL,3As01NG i74 n9.'5 1.1?2 1,7e -2,b2 i4uo e,.? 7 h. 8 20,8p 4.65 i- F S t t) *2) t, R (,). I.7 ; ) 1. I ) ( 1.7) ( 1,7) ( 2.0i ( 1.5),0,,EPS3ONAL ErFECTS q8 I.' i.75 2.o2 3.SS3 ti ir ).f, 2;? JEt,LRY ATc CEs ol C 1.2) t I,c, 1.7) C 1.9) C 1.L). 2 Q) ( 2,0) C I.i 2.v1 ( 1.9) 1. lestaujrnts AND , '4.ht ?0, S* 9aJ 9,3 3.i :ThLAIEr C 6 6 ) C 3) C 0 C.3) C.3) ( 6.6) C 9.0) C '72) (10.) C 'i) ( 9.1) 32, PACKA.ED T0J9S,,h7 2,1,18 I 3.e-' ( ;83 IL?.SO 1`."4 00,7it FINANCE. SFRV1CFS C!7I. t 2.o3) C 2.6 2,5) 3,) C.7) C 3') t 3.3) C Ž.A1 ( 5,h) ( 3 9) 3S, CrTAL M:!)' 1 L y bl ;,a De 01 2?40,41 2';17,7 3782C bfi7.eo IlOSO EXPE tif- TIM)E (0.(o) (00.0) (ClCo,0) c10),o) (t00.0) (100Q,) (102.0) C10G0t) (I O,O c I ('1I.) (100.0) FGtl: '5 IN PARENTHE S SH-',j rxpendctupf I'4 A PARTC(.ULt.A ATECttR Y.S A PERCFNTAGE OF T-l TOTAL rx.i TuRE.

231 A. 103 Table A.29 PUISSULAR NALAYSLA: MDUTILLY PU CAPITA ISCOOM (PWM) AM IMMITM (WCB) = OKUY DOLLARS AM TO UTINGS RAT9 ST OBOACTULWICS OF TU NDUUNDLD NW, 1973 ALL AAtAS MM AM$ JORU AJrAS a- Montbly Monthly swiess Pe"antage No.thly Monthly Savings Percentage HoothLy. Usthly odwing. U&B 09 obe UAtrawtion ftr Capita Par Capita Rate Distrtbtiot? Per Capita Per Capita Late Distribution Per Capita Per C.pit. Rate MWA'Ibtld-l" SLAW E "Cq- Z,p-dit.r. (%) gf li..sh.ld. 1..Q (%) of Hmseholds lno Upe.dit.re (%) All $ (n73) (2359) (4914) male ID6.96 $ vels 16.1 $ $ RACE mal-y Cbi.szo " Indian Others I" ,43 AGE a L n $ " $ " EWCATION R. foreal school $ itim. educ " " Primry ad", " Low.r cart Vigher ert Collox diploao OCCUPATIO'l Professional, tech.i VO Admintstr&tivo C1.ri..I 6.0! $8.31 sales Service ID Agri-It"al Production..raftsma Not ad.q..ttly des.rib.d Outside th. LF/ M,,rlpAL LipLoynot st.t.d , STA7,S r.ployer Employee $ $ Self-insployed 3D Fmily helpers Housew1f n Penst-r $ student Other &O Sot In labor force U =U57RY a) r--r-tt- fi-t radi Rubber Otho gic " Uv..tock Forestry nobiss ,21 NWag b) 9.13 XzQoIdArLJM&= i Maa.f-'I.a % Traditimml lefte $ godem tufts stilittas & ca"t atilits" 0.6 " emstrwasse LY c) ZWtjUMLjWAW SLI % $ fr"., le.eo Tresep. & CONIL ILP is mv.to Sector a sav ic $ Meolth. etc ,IOA d) Others " IO.$ A Notes: (1) The number of s"ple ho.a.holds with a be.d aged 10 to 14 years wo. one each In r.l and rb.. &r..s. (2) 71g.-a L. porenthra.s shw the obool.t. n-ber of sample households.

232

233 HG W57 W67 no.460 c.3 Visaria, Pravin M. Incidence of poverty and the characteristics of the poor in Peninsular Malaysia, :.. _.. ~NMBE