Probability Distributions. Chapter 6
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1 Probability Distributions Chapter 6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008
2 GOALS Define the terms probability distribution and random variable. Distinguish between discrete and continuous probability distributions. Calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution. Describe the characteristics of and compute probabilities using the binomial probability distribution. Describe the characteristics of and compute probabilities using the hypergeometric probability distribution. Describe the characteristics of and compute probabilities using the Poisson 2
3 What is a Probability bilit Distribution? ib ti 3 Experiment: Toss a coin three times. Observe the number of heads. The possible results are: zero heads, one head, two heads, and three heads. What is the probability distribution for the number of heads?
4 4 Probability Distribution of Number of Heads Observed in 3 Tosses of a Coin
5 5 Characteristics of a Probability Distribution
6 Random Variables Random variable -aquantity resulting from an experiment that, by chance, can assume different values. 6
7 Types of Random Variables Discrete Random Variable can assume only certain clearly separated values. It is usually the result of counting something Continuous Random Variable can assume an infinite number of values within a given range. It is usually the result of some type of measurement 7
8 Discrete Random Variables - Examples The number of students in a class. The number of children in a family. The number of cars entering a carwash in a hour. Number of home mortgages approved by Coastal Federal Bank last week. 8
9 Continuous Random Variables - Examples The distance students travel to class. The time it takes an executive to drive to work. The length of an afternoon nap. The length of time of a particular phone call. 9
10 Features of a Discrete Distribution ib ti The main features of a discrete probability distribution are: The sum of the probabilities of the various outcomes is The probability of a particular outcome is between 0 and The outcomes are mutually exclusive. 10
11 The Mean of a Probability Distribution MEAN The mean is a typical value used to represent the central location of a probability distribution. The mean of a probability distribution is also referred to as its expected value. 11
12 The Variance, and Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution Variance and Standard Deviation Measures the amount of spread in a distribution The computational steps are: 1. Subtract the mean from each value, and square this difference. 2. Multiply each squared difference by its probability. 3. Sum the resulting products to arrive at the variance. The standard deviation is found by taking the positive square root of the variance. 12
13 Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution - Example John Ragsdale sells new cars for Pelican Ford. John usually sells the largest number of cars on Saturday. He has developed the following probability distribution for the number of cars he expects to sell on a particular Saturday. 13
14 14 Mean of a Probability Distribution - Example
15 15 Variance and Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution - Example
16 Binomial i Probability bilit Distribution ib ti Characteristics of a Binomial Probability Distribution There are only two possible outcomes on a particular trial of an experiment. The outcomes are mutually exclusive, The random variable is the result of counts. Each trial is independent of any other trial 16
17 17 Binomial i Probability bilit Formula
18 Binomial i Probability bilit - Example There are five flights daily from Pittsburgh via US Airways into the Bradford, Pennsylvania, Regional Airport. Suppose the probability that any flight arrives late is.20. What is the probability that none of the flights are late today? 18
19 19 Binomial i Probability bilit - Excel
20 20 Binomial Dist. Mean and Variance
21 Binomial Dist. Mean and Variance: Example For the example regarding the number of late flights, recall that π =.20 and n=5 5. What is the average number of late flights? What is the variance of the number of late flights? 21
22 22 Binomial Dist. Mean and Variance: Another Solution
23 Binomial i Distribution ib ti - Table Five percent of the worm gears produced by an automatic, highspeed Carter-Bell milling machine are defective. What is the probability that out of six gears selected at random none will be defective? Exactly one? Exactly two? Exactly three? Exactly four? Exactly five? Exactly six out of six? 23
24 Binomial i Distribution ib ti - MegaStat t Five percent of the worm gears produced by an automatic, high- speed Carter-Bell milling machine are defective. What is the probability that out of six gears selected at random none will be defective? Exactly one? Exactly two? Exactly three? Exactly four? Exactly five? Exactly six out of six? 24
25 25 Binomial Shapes for Varying π (n constant)
26 26 Binomial Shapes for Varying n (π constant)
27 Cumulative Binomial Probability Distributions A study in June 2003 by the Illinois Department of Transportation concluded that 76.2 percent of front seat occupants used seat belts. A sample of 12 vehicles is selected. What is the probability the front seat occupants in at least 7 of the 12 vehicles are wearing seat belts? 27
28 28 Cumulative Binomial Probability Distributions - Excel
29 Finite Population A finite population is a population consisting of a fixed number of known individuals, objects, or measurements. Examples include: The number of students in this class. The number of cars in the parking lot. The number of homes built in Blackmoor 29
30 Hypergeometric Distribution ib ti The hypergeometric distribution has the following characteristics: ti There are only 2 possible outcomes. The probability of a success is not the same on each trial. It results from a count of the number of successes in a fixed number of trials. 30
31 Hypergeometric Distribution Use the hypergeometric distribution to find the probability of a specified number of successes or failures if: the sample is selected from a finite population without replacement the size of the sample n is greater than 5% of the size of the population N (i.e. n/n.05) 31
32 32 Hypergeometric Distribution
33 Hypergeometric Distribution - Example PlayTime Toys, Inc., employs 50 people in the Assembly Department. Forty of the employees belong to a union and ten do not. Five employees are selected at random to form a committee to meet with management regarding shift starting times. What is the probability that four of the five selected for the committee belong to a union? 33
34 Hypergeometric Distribution - Example 34
35 Hypergeometric Distribution - Excel 35
36 Poisson Probability bilit Distribution ib ti The Poisson probability distribution describes the number of times some event occurs during a specified interval. The interval may be time, distance, area, or volume. Assumptions of the Poisson Distribution ib ti (1) The probability is proportional to the length of the interval. (2) The intervals are independent. 36
37 Poisson Probability Distribution The Poisson distribution can be described d mathematically ti using the formula: 37
38 Poisson Probability Distribution The mean number of successes can be determined in binomial situations by nπ, where n is the number of trials and π the probability bilit of a success. The variance of the Poisson distribution is also equal to n π. 38
39 Poisson Probability Distribution - Example Assume baggage is rarely lost by Northwest Airlines. Suppose a random sample of 1,000 flights shows a total of 300 bags were lost. Thus, the arithmetic mean number of lost bags per flight is 0.3 (300/1,000). 000) If the number of lost bags per flight follows a Poisson distribution with u = 0.3, find the probability of not losing any bags. 39
40 Poisson Probability Distribution - Table Assume baggage is rarely lost by Northwest Airlines. Suppose a random sample of 1,000 flights shows a total of 300 bags were lost. Thus, the arithmetic mean number of lost bags per flight is 0.3 (300/1,000). 000) If the number of lost bags per flight follows a Poisson distribution with mean = 0.3, find the probability of not losing any bags 40
41 41 End of Chapter 6
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