Measurement. Before 2005 / Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (HKAS 39) 12 July 2006

Transcription

1 Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (HKAS 39) 12 July 2006 Nelson Lam CFA FCCA FCPA(Practising) MBA MSc BBA CPA(US) ACA Nelson 1 Measurement Before 2005 / 2006 SSAP 24 Held-to-maturity HTM debt securities at Amortised Cost less provision Investments were originally accounted for in accordance with SSAP 24 Accounting for investment in securities Benchmark treatment Investment securities Other investments Alternative treatment Trading securities Non-Trading securities at Cost less provision through Equity Effective for the period beginning on or after 1 Jan. 2005, all investments are termed as financial, which should be accounted for and presented in accordance with HKAS 32 and HKAS 39 But much more than that! Any standards on cash, bank deposits, trade receivable, trade payable in the past? Now, we have HKAS 32 and 39! Nelson 2 1

2 Before 2005 / 2006 But Now HKAS 32 Disclosure and presentation HKAS 39 Recognition and measurement The most interesting standards The most lengthiest standards The most complex standards Cover some unusual or more complex contracts But also cover some very simple elements in the financial statements, for example: Cash, trade receivable Share capital, trade payable, bank loans Many additions and amendments as well, including HKFRS 7 Disclosure Nelson 3 Topics to be discussed Scope Definitions Initial recognition and measurement measurement liabilities measurement Derecognition Embedded derivatives Hedging and hedge accounting Simple but Comprehensive Key Issues Cases and Examples Nelson 4 2

3 Scope of HKAS 32 and Nelson 5 Scope Excluded from HKAS 32 and 39 Contracts to buy or sell a non-financial item can be divided into 2 types: 1. that can be settled net in cash or another financial instrument, or by exchanging financial instruments 2. that were entered into and continue to be held for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of a non-financial item in accordance with the entity s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements Forward contracts as if if financial instruments within scope of of HKAS 32 and 39 Usual executory contracts NOT within scope of of HKAS 32 and Nelson 6 3

4 Definitions Instruments Nelson 7 Definitions Instruments A financial instrument is is any any contract that that gives rise rise to to a financial asset of of one one entity, and and a financial liability or or equity instrument of of another equity instrument asset liability or Equity instrument of one entity of another entity Nelson 8 4

5 Definitions Instruments asset is any asset that is: Cash An equity instrument of another entity A contractual right i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entity ii) to exchange financial or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially favourable to the entity A contract that will or may settled in the entity s own equity instruments and is i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entity s own equity instruments; or ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entity s own equity instruments. (For this purpose, the entity s own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entity s own equity instruments.) instrument asset liability or Equity instrument Derivative Nelson 9 Definitions Instruments liability is any liability that is A contractual right i) to deliver cash or another financial asset from another entity ii) to exchange financial or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entity A contract that will or may settled in the entity s own equity instruments and is i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entity s own equity instruments; or ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entity s own equity instruments. (For this purpose, the entity s own equity instruments do not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entity s own equity instruments.) instrument asset liability or Equity instrument Derivative Nelson 10 5

6 Definitions Instruments Equity instruments is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities instrument asset liability or Derivative Equity instrument Nelson 11 Definitions Derivative Derivative Value change based on on an an underlying Little or or no no initial net investment Settled at at a future date instrument is a financial instrument or other contract within the scope of HKAS 39 with all 3 of the following characteristics: a) its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate, financial instrument price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index, or other variable (sometimes called the underlying ); b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a similar response to changes in market factors; and c) it is settled at a future date. asset liability or Equity instrument Derivative Nelson 12 6

7 Definitions Derivative Derivative Typical example: Future and forward Swap and options Value change based on on an an underlying Little or or no no initial net investment Settled at at a future date Type of contract Interest Rate Swap Currency Swap (Foreign Exchange Swap) Commodity Swap Equity Swap Credit Swap Total Return Swap Purchased or Written Treasury Bond Option Purchased or Written Currency Option Currency Futures/Forward Commodity Futures/Forward Equity Forward Underlying variable Interest rates Currency rates Currency rates Currency rates Commodity prices Example Commodity prices Equity prices (equity of another entity) Credit rating, credit index or credit price Total fair value of the reference asset and interest rates Interest rates Equity prices Nelson 13 Initial Recognition & Measurement instrument asset liability Nelson 14 7

8 Initial Recognition & Measurement instrument asset liability An entity shall recognise a financial asset or a financial liability on its balance sheet when and only when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments Implies trade date accounting Except for a regular way purchase or sale of financial (to be discussed) Initial Recognition Trade Date Accounting Regular Way of Assets As a consequence of this principle, an entity recognise all of its contractual rights and obligations under derivatives in its balance sheet as and liabilities respectively. Examples: Committing to a purchase of equity securities Committing to write a derivative option Nelson 15 Initial Recognition & Measurement instrument asset liability When a financial asset or financial liability is recognised initially, an entity shall measure the financial asset or a financial liability at its fair value,plus transaction costs except for those classified at fair value through profit or loss Why? Initial Recognition Trade Date Accounting No transaction cost will be initially recognised for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss Regular Way of Assets Initial Measurement Fair Value Nelson 16 + Transaction Cost 8

9 Initial Recognition & Measurement asset A regular way purchase or sale is a purchase or sale of a financial asset under a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned. A regular way purchase or sale of financial shall be recognised (and derecognised) using either trade date accounting, or settlement date accounting The method used is applied consistently for all purchases and sales of financial that belong to the same category of financial Derivative A contract that requires or permits net settlement of the change in the value of the contract is NOT a regular way contract. Initial Recognition Instead, such a contract is accounted for as Regular Way Trade Date of a derivative Accounting the period Assets between the trade date and the settlement date Nelson 17 Initial Recognition & Measurement Example Fair value at Initial Recognition Low Interest Loan Entity A grants a 3-year loan of HK$50,000 to a related party, B, on 1 Jan as one kind of financial assistance to support B s operation. A charges B at a interest rate of 2% as A expects the return on B s future operation would be higher. A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of 6% Discuss the implication of the loan Nelson 18 9

10 Initial Recognition & Measurement Initial Measurement (HKAS 39.AG64) The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is normally the transaction price (i.e. the fair value of the consideration given or received). However, if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument, the fair value of the financial instrument is estimated, using a valuation technique. For example, the fair value of a long-term loan or receivable that carries no interest can be estimated as the present value of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate(s) of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency, term, type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating. Any additional amount lent is an expense or a reduction of income unless it qualifies for recognition as some other type of asset Nelson 19 Initial Recognition & Measurement Example Fair value at Initial Recognition Low Interest Loan Entity A grants a 3-year loan of HK$50,000 to a related party, B, on 1 Jan as one kind of financial assistance to support B s operation. A charges B at a interest rate of 2% as A expects the return on B s future operation would be higher. A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of 6% Discuss the implication of the loan. On On initial recognition, Entity A should recognise the the carrying amount of of the the loan loan at at the the fair fair value of of the the payments that that it it will will receive from from the the related party. How How is is the the fair fair value of of the the payments at at initial recognition calculated? Nelson 20 10

11 Initial Recognition & Measurement Example Cash inflow Discount factor $50,000 x 2% = $ 1,000 1 / (1 + 6%) 1 $ 1,000 1 / (1 + 6%) 2 $ 51,000 1 / (1 + 6%) 3 Fair value at initial recognition Present value $ 943 $ 890 $ 42,821 $ 44,654 Discounting the the interest and and principal repayments using the the market rate rate of of 6%, 6%, Entity A will will recognise an an originated loan loan of of HK$44,654. The The difference of of HK$ HK$ 5,346 is is expensed immediately as as the the expectation about future operating profit of of Entity B does not not qualify for for recognition as as an an intangible asset Nelson 21 Initial Recognition & Measurement Example Fair value at Initial Recognition Entity A grants a loan of HK$50,000 to a related party, B, on 1 Jan as one kind of financial assistance to support B s operation. A expects the return on B s future operation would be higher. However, A has not specified the interest rate and repayment terms with Entity B. A charges another related party at a current market lending rate of 6% Discuss the implication of the loan Nelson 22 11

12 Initial Recognition & Measurement No Active Market: Valuation Technique (HKAS 39.AG79) Short-term receivables and payables with no stated interest rate may be measured at the original invoice amount if the effect of discounting is immaterial Nelson 23 Measurement after Recognition instrument asset liability AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables Assets Classification Measurement after recognition Impairment Reclassification Nelson 24 12

13 Measurement after Recognition 1. at fair value through profit or loss instrument asset liability AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables 2. Available-for-sale financial 3. Held-to-maturity investments 4. Loans and receivables Initial recognition and measurement principle for financial and financial liabilities are the same (to be discussed later) But, HKAS 39 further defines financial asset into 4 categories for subsequent measurement (financial liability to be discussed later) The 4-category classification will affect the subsequent measurement of of financial, but not the initial measurement Nelson 25 Measurement after Recognition Definition for Assets A financial asset that meets one of the following 2 conditions. a. It is classified as held for trading, if it is: An entity has NO choice i. acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of selling or repurchasing it in the near term; ii. part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profittaking; or iii.a derivative (except for a derivative that is a designated and effective hedging instrument). b. Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity An entity has a choice as at fair value through profit or loss, except for investments in equity instruments that do not have a quoted price in an active market, But new requirements and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured. for Nelson 26 13

14 Measurement after Recognition A Held for trading (or Asset derivative)? No Upon initial recognition, designated at through (if P/L? allowed)? Derivative? No Designated and effective hedging instrument? No Hedge Accounting New requirements in 2006 The Fair Value Option (Jul. 2005) To be discussed later Restrict a company s option in designating a financial asset (or financial liability) at FV Only allow to designate if conditions are met 3 Conditions to Designate Nelson 27 Measurement after Recognition Definition for Assets Effective from : Upon initial recognition, an entity may designate a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss only: when permitted by paragraph 11A of HKAS 39 (in order to avoid separation of embedded derivative from hybrid contract), or when doing so results in more relevant information, because either i) it eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency ii) financial, financial liabilities or both is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis 1. Embedded Derivative Condition 2. Eliminates Inconsistency 3. Managed on Fair Value Basis 3 Conditions to Designate Nelson 28 14

15 Measurement after Recognition AFS financial Definition for Available-for-sale financial Those non-derivative financial that are designated as available for sale, or An entity has a choice Those not classified into other categories Implies Except for those held for trading, all the remaining financial can be designated as AFS financial Loans and receivables and HTM investments can also be initially designated as AFS financial Nelson 29 Measurement after Recognition AFS financial HTM investments Definition for Held-to-Maturity Investments Non-derivative financial with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity That the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to maturity, other than those initially designated as those designated as AFS financial those that meet the definition of loans and receivables A debt instrument with a variable interest rate can satisfy the criteria for a HTM investment. Equity instruments cannot be HTM investments either because they have an indefinite life (such as ordinary shares) or because the amounts the holder may receive can vary in a manner that is not predetermined (such as for share options, warrants and similar rights) Nelson 30 15

16 Measurement after Recognition Example Sale of HTM investments Entity A has $5,000 bonds in Entity X. Its subsidiary, Entity B, sells $2,000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5,000 bonds in Entity Y on interim date of 2006 before the bonds will be matured in Since Entity X wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the bonds. Discuss the impact on Entity B and Entity A Nelson 31 Measurement after Recognition Subject to to Tainting Rule below HTM investments Definition for Held-to-Maturity Investments An entity shall not classify any financial as held to maturity if the entity has, during the current financial year or during the two preceding financial years, sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held-tomaturity investments before maturity (more than insignificant in relation to the total amount of held-tomaturity investments) The sales or reclassifications are exempted from the above Tainting Rule if they: are so close to maturity or the financial asset s call date (for example, less than 3 months before maturity) that changes in the market rate of interest would not have a significant effect on the financial asset s fair value; occur after the entity has collected substantially all of the financial asset s original principal through scheduled payments or prepayments; or are attributable to an isolated event that is beyond the entity's control, is nonrecurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated by the entity Nelson 32 16

17 Measurement after Recognition Example Sale of HTM investments Entity A has $5,000 bonds in Entity X. Its subsidiary, Entity B, sells $2,000 bonds from its HTM portfolio with $5,000 bonds in Entity Y on interim date of 2006 before the bonds will be matured in Since Entity X wants to realise the appreciation in market price of the bonds. Discuss the impact on Entity B and Entity A. The The disposed bonds bonds would would be be over over an an insignificant amount of of the the whole whole portfolio to to Entity Entity B. B. In In Entity Entity A s A s consolidation, it it would would also also be be over over an an insignificant amount of of the the whole whole HTM HTM portfolio. The The sale sale of of part part of of the the HTM HTM portfolio taints taints that that the the entire entire portfolio of of both both A and and B and and all all remaining investments in in the the HTM HTM category must must be be reclassified. Both Both Entity Entity A and and B will will be be prohibited from from classifying any any as as HTM HTM investments for for 2 full full financial years, years, until until the the year year of of Nelson 33 Measurement after Recognition Case Hang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report) On 1 January 2005, the Group has reclassified most of its Held-to-Maturity debt securities as Available-for-Sale securities. The change in fair value will cause volatility to the shareholders' equity. On transition, the revaluation gain or loss will be adjusted through a reserve in the shareholder s equity. No restatement of the 2004 accounts is required. Explained why! Why volatility to equity? to be discussed later Nelson 34 17

18 Measurement after Recognition AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables Definition Non-derivative financial with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market, other than those the entity intends to sell immediately or in the near term (which shall be classified as held for trading) those initially designated as those initially designated as AFS financial those for which the holder may not recover substantially all of its the initial investment, other than because of credit deterioration, which shall be classified as AFS financial An interest acquired in a pool of that are not loans or receivables is not a loan or receivable (for example, an interest in a mutual fund or a similar fund). Examples include: loan, trade receivables, rental deposits, deposits held by banks Nelson 35 Measurement after Recognition A Asset Held for trading (or derivative)? No Upon initial recognition, designated at (if allowed)? No Designated as AFS financial? No With fixed/determinable No payments? No With fixed maturity? Has positive intention and ability to hold to No maturity and fulfils tainting rule? With quote in an active market? No May recover With quote in No substantially all an active market? initial investments No Derivative? No Designated and effective hedging instrument? No Hedge Accounting To be discussed later HTM Loans and AFS financial investments Nelson receivables 36 18

19 Measurement after Recognition Classification determine Subsequent Measurement AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables at Cost at Amortised Cost at Amortised Cost Except for investments in equity instruments that do not have a quoted market price in an active market, and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured Nelson 37 Measurement after Recognition A Held for trading (or Asset derivative)? No Upon initial recognition, designated at? No Designated as AFS financial? No With fixed/determinable No payments? No With fixed maturity? Has positive intention and ability to hold to No maturity and fulfils tainting rule? With quote in an active market? No May recover With quote in No substantially all an active market? initial investments No Derivative? No Designated and effective hedging instrument? No Hedge Accounting To be discussed later Has a quote at active No No Has a quote at active market or fair value can market or fair value can be reliably measured? be reliably measured? HTM Loans and AFS financial Cost investments at receivables at at less Impairment Nelson amortised cost amortised cost fair value 38 19

20 Measurement after Recognition Case Accounting policy on investments in securities (before 2005): Investments in securities are recognised on a trade-date basis and are initially measured at cost. At subsequent reporting dates, debt securities that the Company has the expressed intention and ability to hold to maturity (held-tomaturity debt securities) are measured at amortised cost, less any impairment loss recognised to reflect irrecoverable amounts. Investments other than held-to-maturity debt securities are classified as investment securities and other investments. Investment securities, which are securities held for an identified long-term purpose, are measured at subsequent reporting dates at cost, as reduced by any impairment loss that is other than temporary. Other investments are measured at fair values, with unrealised gains and losses included in net profit or loss for the year. Any changes required? Nelson 39 Measurement after Recognition Subsequent Measurement AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables Gain or loss to Profit or loss Gain or loss to Equity at Cost at Amortised Cost using the effective interest method at Amortised Cost using the effective interest method Nelson 40 20

21 Measurement after Recognition Subsequent Measurement AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables Gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss Gain or loss recognised directly in equity at Cost Except for Impairment losses and at Amortised Cost Foreign exchange gains and losses (financial asset is treated as if it were at Amortised Cost carried at amortised cost in the foreign currency for translation purpose) Cumulative gain or loss recognised directly in equity shall be transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the financial asset Nelson 41 Measurement after Recognition Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm s length transaction. Active market exists A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange and similar entities. The existence of published price quotations in an active market is the best evidence of fair value and when they exist they should be used to measure the financial asset (or financial liability) For an asset held (or liability to be issued) Current bid price For an asset to be acquired (liability held) Current ask price If the current bid and asking prices not available Price of most recent transaction Nelson 42 21

22 Measurement after Recognition Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm s length transaction. No active market An entity establishes fair value by using a valuation technique To establish what the transaction price would have been on the measurement date in an arm s length exchange motivated by normal business considerations Valuation techniques include Using recent arm s length market transactions between knowledgeable, willing parties Discounted cash flow analysis Option pricing models Nelson 43 Measurement after Recognition Case Accounting policy (from 2005 after the adoption of IFRS): The fair values of quoted investments in active markets are based on current bid prices. If the market for a financial asset is not active (and for unlisted securities), the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques. These include the use of recent arm s length transactions, discounted cash flow analysis, option pricing models and other valuation techniques commonly used by market participants Nelson 44 22

23 Measurement after Recognition Subsequent Measurement AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables at Cost at Amortised Cost at Amortised Cost Amortised cost of a financial instrument is: the amount at which the financial instrument is measured at initial recognition minus principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortisation using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount and the maturity amount, and minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility Nelson 45 Measurement after Recognition Case Any special? Accounting policy on financial (after ): The Company s financial are classified into one of the three categories, including financial at fair value through profit or loss, loans and receivables, and available-for-sale investments... At each balance sheet date subsequent to initial recognition, financial at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognised directly in the income statement loans and receivables are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any identified impairment losses available-for-sale investments are measured at fair value. Changes in fair value are recognised in equity When the investment is disposed of or is determined to be impaired, at which time, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in the accumulated profits or investment revaluation reserve is removed and recognised in the income statement. Any changes required? Nelson 46 23

24 Measurement after Recognition Example Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loan Entity A grants a 3-year loan of HK$50,000 to an important new customer in 1 Jan The interest rate on the loan is 4% The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6% Entity A believes that the future business to be generated with this new customer will lead to a profitable lending relationship. On initial recognition, Entity A recognised $47,327 (as calculated below): Cash inflow $ 50,000 x 4% = $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ 52,000 Calculate the amortised cost each year end. Discount factor 1 / (1 + 6%) 1 1 / (1 + 6%) 2 1 / (1 + 6%) 3 Fair value at initial recognition Present value $ 1,887 $ 1,780 $ 43,660 $ 47, Nelson 47 Measurement after Recognition Example Balance b/f $ 47,327 Effective interest (6%) $ 2,840 Interest received (4%) ($ 2,000) Balance c/f $ 48, $ 48,167 $ 2,890 ($ 2,000) $ 49, $ 49,057 $ 2,943 ($ 2,000) $ 50,000 For For example, at at , the the entry entry is: is: Dr Dr Loans Loans receivable ($47,327 x 6%) 6%) 2,840 2,840 Cr Cr Interest Interest income income (P/L) (P/L) Being Being effective interest interest income income recognised for for the the year. year. 2,840 2,840 Dr Dr Cash Cash (interest received, $50,000 x 4%) 4%) 2,000 2,000 Cr Cr Loans Loans receivable Being Being cash cash interest interest received. 2,000 2, Nelson 48 24

25 Measurement after Recognition Lateral had purchased a debt instrument with five years remaining to maturity on 1 Nov The purchase price and fair value was $30M on that date. The instrument will be repaid in 5 years time at an amount of $37.5 million. The instrument Carries fixed interest of 4.7% per annum on the principal of $37.5M and Has an effective interest rate of 10% per annum. The fixed interest has been received and accounted for but no accounting entry has been made other than the recognition of the original purchase price of the instrument. Explains the accounting implication for the year ended 31 Oct Nelson 49 Measurement after Recognition Debt Debt instrument Answers Amortised cost cost Interest Interest Amortised at at beginning Interest Interest received cost cost at at end end of of year year (10%) (10%) (4.7%) (4.7%) of of year year $m $m $m $m $m $m $m $m (1.76) (1.76) Bal (1.76) (1.76) at at Difference to to cost: Effectively the instrument had not been accounted for under HKAS 39 but only the cash received has been accounted for by the company. Thus, retained reserves should be credited with $2.6 million ($6.12m $3.52m) and the debt instrument shown at $32.6 million. (Modified from ACCA 3.6 Dec 05) Nelson 50 25

26 Measurement Impairment AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables Subsequent Measurement at Cost at Amortised Cost at Amortised Cost Impairment Outside Outside the the scope scope of of HKAS HKAS At each balance sheet date assess whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset (or group of financial ) is impaired. Conditions must be fulfilled in recognising impairment loss Nelson 51 Measurement Impairment Outside Outside the the scope scope of of HKAS HKAS Impairment (if there is objective evidence) AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables Implicitly, no impairment review is needed as gain or loss on change in fair value is recognised in profit or loss Nelson 52 26

27 Measurement Impairment AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables Implication? Outside Outside the the scope scope of of HKAS HKAS Impairment (if there is objective evidence) 2 conditions to effect impairment loss when a decline in the fair value of an AFS financial asset has been recognised directly in equity and there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired Then, the cumulative loss that had been recognised directly in equity shall be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss even the asset has not been derecognised. The amount of the cumulative loss that is removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss shall be the difference between the acquisition cost (net of any principal repayment and amortisation) and the current fair value less any impairment loss on that financial asset previously recognised in profit or loss Nelson 53 Measurement Impairment Outside Outside the the scope scope of of HKAS HKAS Impairment (if there is objective evidence) AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables at Cost The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference between the carrying amount of the financial asset and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset Nelson 54 27

28 Measurement Impairment AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables at Cost at Amortised Cost at Amortised Cost Outside Outside the the scope scope of of HKAS HKAS Impairment (if there is objective evidence) The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between the asset s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial asset s original effective interest rate (i.e. the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition) The carrying amount of the asset shall be reduced either directlyor through use of an allowance account. The amount of the loss shall be recognised in profit or loss Nelson 55 Measurement Impairment AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables at Cost at Amortised Cost at Amortised Cost Outside Outside the the scope scope of of HKAS HKAS Impairment (if there is objective evidence) Sequence of Impairment Assessment First assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists individually for financial that are individually significant, and individually or collectively for financial that are not individually significant. If an entity determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset, whether significant or not it includes the asset in a group of financial with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment. Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment Nelson 56 28

29 Measurement Impairment Example Amortised Cost on Low Interest Loan Followed on same previous example, Entity A grants a 3-year loan of HK$50,000 to an important new customer in 1 Jan The interest rate on the loan is 4% The current market lending rates for similar loans is 6% On initial recognition, Entity A recognised $47,327 and at 31 Dec. 2005, the amortised cost was $ 48,167. The repayment schedule is: Balance b/f $ 47,327 $ 48,167 $ 49,057 Effective interest (6%) $ 2,840 $ 2,890 $ 2,943 Interest received (4%) ($ 2,000) ($ 2,000) ($ 2,000) Balance c/f $ 48,167 $ 49,057 $ 50,000 At 2 Jan. 2006, Entity A agreed a loan restructure with the customer and waived all the interest payments in 2006 and Nelson 57 Measurement Impairment Example Cash to be received as estimated at Discount factor Present value $ 0 1 / (1 + 6%) 1 $ $ 50,000 1 / (1 + 6%) 2 $ 44,500 Carrying amount (per the balance as at ) Present Value of estimated future cash flows discounted at original effective interest rate as at Impairment loss $ 48,167 44,500 $ 3, Nelson 58 29

30 Measurement Impairment Example Impairment on Portfolio Basis If one loan in Entity A is impaired but the fair value of another loan in Entity A is above its amortised cost. Does HKAS 39 allow non-recognition of the impairment of the first loan? No. No. If If an an entity entity knows knows that that an an individual financial asset asset carried carried at atamortised cost cost is is impaired, HKAS HKAS requires that that the the impairment of of that that asset asset should should be be recognised. HKAS HKAS states: states: the the amount amount of of the the loss loss is is measured as as the the difference between the the asset s carrying amount amount and and the the present present value value of of estimated future future cash cash flows flows (excluding future future credit credit losses losses that that have have not not been been incurred) discounted at at the the financial asset s asset s original original effective interest interest rate. rate. Measurement of of impairment on on a portfolio basis basis under under HKAS HKAS may maybe be applied applied to to groups groups of of small small balance items items and and to to financial that that are are individually assessed and and found found not not to to be be impaired when when there there is is indication of of impairment in in a group group of of similar similar and and impairment cannot cannot be beidentified with with an an individual asset asset in in that that group. group Nelson 59 Measurement Impairment Example Aggregate Fair Value Less Than Carrying Amount HKAS 39 requires that gains and losses arising from changes in fair value on AFS financial are recognised directly in equity. If the aggregate fair value of such is less than their carrying amount, should the aggregate net loss that has been recognised directly in equity be removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss? Not Not necessarily. The The relevant criterion is is not not whether the the aggregate fair fair value value is is less less than than the the carrying amount, but but whether there there is is objective evidence that that a financial asset asset or or group group of of is is impaired. An An entity entity assesses at at each each balance sheet sheet date date whether there there is is any any objective evidence that that a financial asset asset or or group group of of may may be be impaired. HKAS HKAS states states that that a downgrade of of an an entity s entity s credit credit rating rating is is not, not, of of itself, itself, evidence of of impairment, although it it may may be be evidence of of impairment when when considered with with other other available information. Additionally, a decline decline in in the the fair fair value value of of a financial asset asset below below its its cost cost or or amortised cost cost is is not not necessarily evidence of of impairment (e.g. (e.g. a decline decline in in the the fair fair value value of of a bond bond resulting from from an an increase in in the the basic basic risk-free interest interest rate). rate) Nelson 60 30

31 Measurement Impairment Case Hang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report) Provisions for bad and doubtful debts The current accounting policy on provisions for bad and doubtful debts is set out in note 3(c) above. Note 3(c) states that: It is the Group s policy to make provisions for bad and doubtful debts promptly where required and on a prudent and consistent basis. There are two basic types of provisions, specific and general, each of which is considered in terms of the charge and the amount outstanding Nelson 61 Measurement Impairment Case Hang Seng Bank (2004 Annual Report) Provisions for bad and doubtful debts On adoption of HKAS 39, Impairment provisions for advances assessed individually are calculated using a discounted cash flow analysis for the impaired advances. Collective assessment of impairment for individually insignificant items or items where no impairment has been identified on an individual basis is made using formula-based approaches or statistical methods. Impairment provisions for advances will be presented as individually assessed and collectively assessed instead of specific provisions and general provisions. There will be no significant change in the net charge for provisions to profit and loss account Nelson 62 31

32 Measurement Impairment Case Accounting policy on impairment of available-for-sale (from 2005): A significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below its cost is considered in determining whether the are impaired. If any such evidence exists for available-for-sale financial, the cumulative loss (measured as the difference between the acquisition cost and the current fair value, less any impairment loss on that financial asset previously recognised in profit or loss) is removed from equity and recognised in the income statement. Impairment losses recognised in the income statement on equity instruments are not reversed through the income statement. If, in a subsequent period, the fair value of a debt instrument classified as available-for-sale increases and the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss, the impairment loss is reversed through the income statement Nelson 63 Measurement Impairment Impairment Is Reversal allowed? Outside Outside the the scope scope of of HKAS HKAS AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables at Cost at Amortised Cost at Amortised Cost Impairment losses on equity instrument shall NOT be reversed through profit or loss. Impairment losses on debt instrument If, in a subsequent period the fair value of a debt instrument classified as AFS financial increases, and the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss Then, the impairment loss shall be reversed, with the amount of the reversal recognised in profit or loss Nelson 64 32

33 Measurement Impairment Impairment Is Reversal allowed? Outside Outside the the scope scope of of HKAS HKAS AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables at Cost at Amortised Cost at Amortised Cost Such impairment losses shall NOT be reversed Nelson 65 Measurement Impairment AFS financial HTM investments Loans and receivables at Cost at Amortised Cost at Amortised Cost Impairment Is Reversal allowed? Outside Outside the the scope scope of of HKAS HKAS If, in a subsequent period the amount of the impairment loss decreases, and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtor s credit rating) Then, the previously recognised impairment loss shall be reversed either directly or by adjusting an allowance account. The reversal shall not result in a carrying amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the amortised cost would have been had the impairment not been recognised at the date the impairment is reversed. The amount of the reversal shall be recognised in profit or loss Nelson 66 33

34 Measurement Summary AFS financial HTM investments Subsequent Measurement to P/L to Equity From Equity to P/L at Cost To P/L at Amortised Cost Impairment Not required To P/L Reversal N/A Related objectively to an event for debt instrument only Related objectively to an event Reclassification Not allowed To HTM or AFS at Cost To AFS To AFS Loans and receivables at Amortised Cost To P/L Related objectively to an event Not described in HKAS 39; implicitly, not feasible Nelson 67 Measurement From SSAP 24 SSAP 24 Held-to-maturity HTM debt securities Benchmark treatment Investment securities at Amortised Cost less provision at Cost less provision HKAS 39 HTM or investments At amortised cost Follow tainting rules SSAP 24 not cover Loans and receivables AFS financial or At Fair Value through Equity or AFS financial Other investments or AFS financial Alternative treatment Trading securities Non-Trading securities through Equity AFS FA financial at FV through P/L or AFS financial Nelson 68 34

35 Measurement From SSAP 24 SSAP 24 Held-to-maturity HTM debt securities Benchmark treatment Investment securities at Amortised Cost less provision at Cost less provision HKAS 39 HTM investments At amortised cost Follow tainting rules Is Is there any choice with minimum impact? SSAP 24 not cover Loans and receivables AFS or or financial At Fair Value through Equity or AFS financial Other investments or AFS financial Alternative treatment Trading securities Non-Trading securities through Equity or AFS financial Nelson 69 Measurement From SSAP 24 SSAP 24 Held-to-maturity HTM debt securities Benchmark treatment Investment securities Other investments Alternative treatment Trading securities Non-Trading securities at Amortised Cost less provision at Cost less provision through Equity HKAS 39 SSAP 24 Loans and not cover receivables At the beginning of the year of first adoption HTM AFS financial or or investments Tainting rules through waived on P/L reclassifying HTM debt At securities amortised cost under SSAP 24 to HTM investments At Fair Value through Observe under HKAS strict 39 Equity, unless no tainting rules reliable fair value Even an entity sold or transferred HTM debt Observe impairment Observe impairment securities in the 2 preceding years, it does not trigger the tainting FA rules at FV and AFS financial or would not prevent an entity to classify HTM debt securities as HTM investments AFS financial or Initial designation rule waived Allow entities to designate its instruments as or AFS financial FA at FV at the date of transition Any adjustment AFS of FA the financial at carrying FV amount AFS financial should be recognised to the through opening P/L balance or of retained earnings Nelson 70 35

36 Measurement From SSAP 24 SSAP 24 HKAS 39 Benchmark treatment Investment securities at Cost less provision or AFS financial Other investments or AFS financial Nelson 71 Measurement From SSAP 24 Case SSAP 24 HKAS 39 From Benchmark of SSAP 24 to HKAS 39 A Listed Conglomerate Has early adopted all new HKFRS in 2004 Annual Report. It clarified the effect on early adopting HKAS 32 and 39 as follows: All long term investments of the Group and the Company as at 31 Dec were redesignated into available-for-sale financial on 1 Jan The aggregate differences between the respective carrying value of each investment as at 31 Dec and the respective fair value at 1 Jan is insignificant and hence, no adjustment has been made against the retained profits at 1 Jan All short term investments of the Group and the Company as at 31 Dec were redesignated into financial at fair value through profit or loss on 1 Jan There is no effect on remeasurement as the accounting policy on measurement of the Group s short term investments as at 31 Dec is the same as that for the financial at fair value through profit or loss Nelson 72 36

37 Measurement From SSAP 24 SSAP 24 HKAS 39 Alternative treatment Trading securities Non-Trading securities through Equity or AFS financial Nelson 73 Measurement From SSAP 24 Case SSAP 24 HKAS 39 From Alternative of SSAP 24 to HKAS 39 Tai Fook Securities Group Limited (2005 Annual Report) In prior years, the Group classified its investments in equity securities as long term investments. were stated at their fair values on an individual basis with gains and losses recognised as movements in the long term investment revaluation reserve. Upon the adoption of HKAS 39, these securities are designated as available-for-sale investments... In prior years, the Group classified its investments in equity securities for trading purposes as short term investments and were stated at their fair values on an individual basis with gains and losses recognised in the income statement. Upon the adoption of HKAS 39, these securities are designated as financial at fair value through profit or loss Nelson 74 37

38 Measurement Current or Non-Current Held for trading Designated initially Designated initially HKAS 39 AFS financial Classified to to Current or or Non-Current? Refer to HKAS 1 as well Current Non-Current Current Non-Current Tax Implication? Not clearly defined Loans and receivables Current Non-Current Intention to hold to maturity When will it be matured? HTM investments Current Non-Current Nelson 75 Measurement Current or Non-Current Case In its 2005 Interim Report, full set of HKFRS was adopted and the report set out that: Available-for-sale financial are nonderivatives that are either designated in this category or not classified in any of the other categories (i.e. loans and receivables, financial at fair value through profit or loss and held-to-maturity investments). They are included in non-current unless management intends to dispose of the investment within 12 months of the balance sheet date. Similar in in 2005 Annual Report Is Is it it current? Nelson 76 38

39 Measurement Current or Non-Current HKFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations states (HKFRS 5.3) that: Assets classified as non-current in accordance with HKAS 1 Presentation of Statements shall not be reclassified as current until they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in accordance with this HKFRS. Assets of a class that an entity would normally regard as non-current that are acquired exclusively with a view to resale shall not be classified as current unless they meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale in accordance with this HKFRS. They are included in non-current unless management intends to dispose of the investment within 12 months of the balance sheet date. Is Is it it current? Nelson 77 Liabilities Measurement Nelson 78 39

40 Liabilities Measurement instrument asset liability Amortised cost FL at FV Continuing involvement After initial recognition, an entity shall measure all financial liabilities at amortised cost using the effective interest method, except for: a) financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss b) financial liabilities that arise when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition, or is accounted for using the continuing involvement approach Nelson 79 Liabilities Measurement Amortised cost FL at FV Continuing involvement Amortised cost As those discussed in financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss Similar to financial asset at fair value through profit or loss Those held for trading Entity has NO choice Acquired principally for selling in the near term Recent actual short-term profit taking Derivatives that are liabilities (except for hedging instruments) Those designated upon initial recognition Entity has a choice Excluded those unquoted and fair value cannot be reliably measured If a financial instrument that was previously recognised as a financial asset is measured at fair value and its fair value falls below zero, it is a financial liability liabilities that arise when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition, or is accounted for using the Continuing Involvement Approach (to discuss later) Nelson 80 40

41 Liabilities Measurement FL at FV liabilities held for trading include: a) derivative liabilities that are not accounted for as hedging instruments; b) obligations to deliver financial borrowed by a short seller (i.e. an entity that sells financial it has borrowed and does not yet own); c) financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term (e.g. a quoted debt instrument that the issuer may buy back in the near term depending on changes in its fair value); and d) financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking. The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not in itself make that liability one that is held for trading Nelson 81 Derecognition instrument asset liability Nelson 82 41

42 Derecognition Assets An entity shall derecognise a financial asset when, and only when: a) the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire; or b) it transfers the financial asset, and Direct derecognition Further Test 1: 1: Asset Transfer Test the transfer qualifies for derecognition Further Test 2: 2: Risk and Reward Test General principles If If passing both Further Tests derecognise the asset If If not passing Asset Transfer Test not derecognise the asset asset If If passing the Asset Transfer Test, but not instrument passing Risk and Reward test consider the entity s control over the asset, and extent of of continuing involvement Nelson 83 Derecognition Assets Consolidate all subsidiaries (including any SPE) [Para. 15] Determine whether the derecognition principles below are applied to a part or all of an asset (or group of similar ) [Para. 16] Derecognise the Have the rights to the cash flows from the asset expired? [Para. 17(a)] asset No Has the entity transferred its rights to receive the cash flows from the asset? [Para. 18(a)] No Has the entity assumed an obligation to pay the cash flows from the No Continue to asset that meets the conditions in paragraph 19? [Para. 18(b)] recognise the asset Has the entity transferred substantially all risks and rewards [Para. 20(a)] Derecognise the asset No Has the entity retained substantially all risks and rewards? [Para. 20(b)] Continue to recognise the asset No No Derecognise the Has the entity retained control of the asset? [Para. 20(c)] asset Continue to recognise the asset to the extent of the entity s continuing involvement Nelson 84 42

43 Derecognition Assets If a transfer does not result in derecognition because the entity has retained substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred asset, the entity shall continue to recognise the transferred asset in its entirety recognise a financial liability for the consideration received in subsequent periods, recognise any income on the transferred asset and any expense incurred on the financial liability. Has the entity retained substantially all risks and rewards? [Para. 20(b)] Recognise (create) a financial liability Consideration received Continue to recognise the asset Nelson 85 Derecognition Assets Example For SMEs/SMPs say Discounted Bills, Factored Trade Receivables For larger entities say Strip and Total return swap Let s analyse a bill discounted to bank At present, most entities derecognise bill receivable discounted to bank and disclose it it as contingent liability Is it it appropriate under new derecognition criteria? The contractual rights to receive the asset s cash flows are transferred If the debtor is default on the payment, the entity has to repay the bank risks are retained by the entity Continue to recognise the bill receivables, and recognise a financial liability Nelson 86 43

44 Derecognition Liabilities An entity shall derecognise a financial liability (or part of a financial liability) when, and only when, it is extinguished i.e. obligation discharged or cancelled or expires An exchange between an existing borrower and lender of debt instruments with substantially different terms shall be accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a NEW financial liability. Similar accounting treatment is adopted for a substantial modification of the terms of an existing financial liability or a part of it The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash transferred or liabilities assumed shall be recognised in profit or loss. instrument asset liability Nelson 87 Derecognition Case 2005/06 Annual Report: HKSA 39 provides more rigorous criteria for the derecognition of financial than the criteria applied in previous years. Under HKAS 39, a financial asset is derecognised, when and only when, either the contractual rights to the asset s cash flows expire, or the asset is transferred and the transfer qualifies for derecognition in accordance with HKAS 39. The decision as to whether a transfer qualifies for derecognition is made by applying a combination of risks and rewards and control tests The Company has applied the relevant transitional provision... As a result, the Company s credit card receivables transferred to a special purpose entity under asset securitisation, which were derecognised prior to 20th February 2005, have not been restated. Any new transfer of credit card receivables to the SPE after 21st February 2005 has not been derecognised and remained as credit card receivables in the Company s financial statements. This has resulted in a decrease in credit card securitisation income of HK$23,700,000 in the current year. Credit card receivable 106% Turnover 4% Nelson 88 44