Overview of Long-Term Financing Mechanisms for MPAs

Transcription

1 MedPAN Forum Antalya November 2012 Overview of Long-Term Financing Mechanisms for MPAs Barry Spergel Lawyer and Environmental Financing Consultant Slide # 1

2 Valorization of marine resources exploitation By collecting Fees and payments for: Energy (offshore oil and gas) and mining Commercial fishing and aquaculture Potentially also by fees or payments for: Blue carbon (sequestration by sea grass) Bio-prospecting Slide # 2

3 3 basic requirements It s only possible to collect fees or payments if the resource exploitation occurs inside a country s EEZ, not in international waters There be national or local laws or regulations that require payment of a fee or royalty The law or regulation should specifically earmark (require) part or all of the fee or payment to go to the MPA, not just into general government revenues. Slide # 3

4 Fees and royalty payments for oil & gas The US Land and Water Conservation Fund has raised $9 billion over the last 40 years from auctions of offshore oil and gas leases, which is used entirely to support national parks and state parks in the US. Slide # 4

5 Fines and Compensation for Oil Spills For Oil Spill in Alaska, Exxon ordered to pay: $150 million criminal fine, of which $12 million went to the North American Wetlands Conservation Fund $100 million fine for injuries to fish & wildlife, paid to US federal & Alaska state wildlife protection agencies $360 million for long-term funding of Ecosystem Monitoring & Research Program $540 million for long-term habitat protection by purchasing private land to become protected areas For Oil Spill in Gulf of Mexico, BP ordered to pay: $2.4 billion to National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, as part of $4 billion fine & settlement Slide # 5

6 Fishing-related Payments and Fees South Pacific island countries receive more than $70 million/year from the US, and additional amounts through bilateral agreements with Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan, for access to tuna fisheries Mauritania and Guinea Bissau recently agreed that revenues from EU fisheries access agreements will go into PA trust funds Slide # 6

7 Namibia s Fisheries Fund Namibia collects a fish catch levy (an amount per ton that varies by species) which goes into a Fisheries Fund managed by an independent Board composed of representatives from government, industry, and scientists This pays for 100% of the costs of scientific management of fishing stocks, including the enforcement of no catch zones, and conservation measures Slide # 7

8 New Zealand Fishing-related Fees All commercial fishing companies must pay a Fisheries Services Levy = approx. 3% of value of catch, which is used for research and conservation of fishery resources They must also pay a 0.15% to 1.75% Conservation Services Levy based on the average amount of accidental by-catch of threatened marine mammals and birds, and is used for conservation of those species Slide # 8

9 Aquaculture Fees Various US coastal states, Canadian and Australian provinces, and New Zealand s national government, collect license fees and lease fees (charged per hectare) for commercial aquaculture. The money goes into special trust funds for research, enforcement and conservation, and in some cases may benefit MPAs. Slide # 9

10 Taxes on fishing equipment and fuel The US Aquatic Resources Trust Fund raises $400 million/year for conserving coastal wetlands through: a 10% excise tax on fishing rods and other recreational fishing equipment Import duties on pleasure boats and yachts Tax on motorboat fuel ($.04/liter) Slide # 10

11 Tourism/Recreational Fees MPA entry fees : Croatia, Cinque Terre card, Galapagos ($125/person: 90% goes to NP) Recreational fishing license fees (Spain) Scuba diving fees : Egypt in the Red Sea, Palau, Bonaire, Indonesia, Philippines Boat mooring fees: Australia s Great Barrier Reef NP, British Virgin Islands, Fiji Hotel taxes: Caribbean islands, Hong Kong, Kenya, Majorca (but later cancelled) Slide # 11

12 Other tourism-related revenue Income from tourism-related businesses owned and operated by PA management agencies: Cinque Terre, Brijuni NP (Croatia) Payments for recreational activities and concessions inside protected areas Airport Fees and Cruise ship passenger fees: earmarked for PAs in Belize, Cook Islands, Galapagos Slide # 12

13 Fees at Australia s Great Barrier Reef NP Each visitor must pay a $5.50/day Environmental Management Charge to the Great Barrier Reef PA Management Authority, but the fee is collected by boat & tour operators Additional fees for: Operators of marinas, stores, restaurants Sewage Discharge Slide # 13

14 Fees for undersea pipelines & cables The US requires companies laying undersea fiber optic cables that pass through MPAs to pay fees of $40,000 to $100,000 per mile Brazil requires that 1% of the cost of any new construction inside of a PA (including oil and gas pipelines, telecommunications towers and cables) must be paid to that specific PA as environmental compensation Slide # 14

15 Property Taxes A local government in Washington state (US) collects an extra 1% real estate tax that is earmarked for a coastal conservation fund In France, individuals can donate land to the Conservatoire du Littorale in lieu of paying inheritance taxes, and land donations during a person s lifetime are also tax deductible up to 50% of a person s income tax liability. In this way, the Conservatoire has acquired 70,000 hectares of coastal land at 500 sites since 1978 Slide # 15

16 Biodiversity Offsets and Environmental Impact Fees Rio Tinto s biodiversity offset for a coastal PA in Madagascar that will be impacted by mining Brazil s Environmental Compensation Law Other fees and charges to compensate or offset environmental impacts of new coastal construction and development Slide # 16

17 Fines that go to support MPAs Fines for illegal fishing, and sales of confiscated fish, boats and equipment Compensation for damage from oil spills Fines for industrial and agricultural pollution of coastal waters Slide # 17

18 Debt Swaps that benefited MPAs Italy-Egypt Debt for Environment Swap was used partly to support MPAs in the Red Sea French and German bilateral debt swaps with Madagascar used to support the national PA system including creation of new MPAs Debt swap under the US Tropical Forest Conservation Act used to support mangrove conservation in the Philippines Slide # 18

19 Regional Conservation Trust Funds that support MPA networks Meso-American Reef Fund (MAR Fund): 11 million endowment (from KfW & FFEM) Caribbean Biodiversity Fund (for 8 countries): $40 million endowment from KfW, GEF, TNC Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance Trust Fund Micronesia Conservation Trust: $12 million endowment (from Pacific countries and matching funds from TNC & CI) Slide # 19