TABLES. 1.1 Impact of35.9% to 5% tariff reduction on the Chinese economy 6

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1 TABLES 1.1 Impact of35.9% to 5% tariff reduction on the Chinese economy APEC members gain from Manila Action Plan for APEC China's geographic trade structure, Australia's import weighted average tariffs by source Agencies active in the Asia Pacific economies Catalysing economic and technical cooperation within APEC Projected annual average growth of macroeconomic variables, The impact on China of APEC and unilateral trade liberalisation, The impact on China's production of APEC and unilateral trade liberalisation, The impact on China's exports of APEC and unilateral trade liberalisation, The impact on China's imports of APEC and unilateral trade liberalisation, APEC and unilateral trade liberalisation versus global trade liberalisation, The impact of trade liberalisation on China: sensitivity analysis, A6.1 Region descriptions 104 A6.2 Commodity descriptions 104 B6.1 Central scenario trade elasticities used in this study The effect of trade liberalisation on employment in selected industries Market structure of manufactures and expected trade policy industry Protection in the form oftaxes and fees for automobiles Level of non-tax protection of selected imported automobiles China's textile import tariff rates structure Import trade structure of textile products and their applied tariff rate, Textile price comparison of imported and domestic products Effect of tariff changes on automobile imports and domestic supply under different schemes Cost of automobile trade protection under different schemes Impact of tariff rate change on selected textile products' imports, domestic production and total demand Effect of textile import protection Trade competitiveness index of the chemical sector Domestic to international price ratio for selected products Export to import price ratio for selected products, Equipment status of large and medium-size chemical enterprises, R&D activities by large and medium enterprises, Change in industrial concentration in China's chemical sector Degree of concentration of selected products in China and Japan Current and planned capacity of ethylene 144 vu

2 l Estimation of the effect of imports on China's chemical sector Involvement offdi in China's chemical sector Domestic market share offfes in China's chemical sector Activities in the 13 ecotech areas, November 1996 Types of and priorities for harnessing technologies for the future Utilisation of foreign capital by China, FDI by form, FDI by source area, FDI by industry, FDI by region in China, FDI by amount of average program and the ratio of actually paid principal, FDI enterprises' performance during 8 th Five-year Plan 13.8 FDI as a ratio of China's GDP and investment in fixed assets 13.9 Imports and exports of FDI enterprises as a share of China's total foreign trade The foreign exchange balance offdi enterprises Taxes paid by FDI enterprises as a proportion of China's total tax revenue Technology import projects and contracted value by type of import Technology import projects and contracted value by type of import Exports and imports ofhigh-tech products, manufactured industrial products and primary products Scientific and technological research institutions Technology import projects and contracted value by region of import East Asian balance of trade, Growth rates of exports of labour-intensive products of ASEAN 4, Trade orientation of capital-intensive products by ASEAN 4 and NIEs, 1986 and 1996 Changing industrial structure of Japan and NIEs, 1986 and 1994 Estimation of the gravity model Average trade efficiency indexes for sample countries Bilateral trade efficiency indexes for China Determinants of trade efficiency FIGURES 1.1 China's tariff reduction trend China's tariff reductions The relationship between Australia's average tariff rates and per capita GDP of APEC member economies (with a dummy variable for China), Australia's net export ratios in the bilateral food product trade with China, viii

3 4.3 China's food sector import tariffs, Changes in East Asian exchange rate (composite) and trade growth, Changes in the East Asian exchange rate against the US dollar 14.3 Changes in yenlus dollar exchange rate and East Asian GDP growth, Real exchange rate for Southeast Asian economies, Real exchange rate for Northeast Asian economies, East Asian share oflabour-intensive products in US market, Product structure of East Asian exports to the United States, Conventional versus frontier gravity models ABBREVIATIONS ABAC ADB AFTA AIMS AMF APEC ARF ASEAN ASEM ASPAC AusAID BOT CAP CIF CCP CIA CITIC CNOOC CSCAP cn EAEC EAFTZ EAMF EC ecotech EEC EPA ESC EU APEC Business Advisory Council Asian Development Bank ASEAN Free Trade Area APEC Impediments Management System Asian Monetary Fund Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Regional Forum Association of South East Asian Nations Asia-Europe Meeting Asia and Pacific Council Australian Agency for International Development build--operate-transfer Collective Action Plan Cost including freight Chinese Communist Party Central Intelligence Agency China International Trust and Investment Corporation China National Offshore Oil Corporation Council on Security Cooperation in Asia Pacific Committee for Trade and Investment East Asian Economic Caucus East Asian Free Trade Zone East Asian Monetary Fund European Community economic and technical cooperation European Economic Community Economic Planning Agency Sub-committee on Economic and Technical Cooperation European Union IX

4 EVSL FDC FDI FFE GATT GDP GNP HRD IAP IMF IST ITA JDA JETRO JEXIM JNOC JSDF KEDO LDP LTTA MAPA MCEDSEA MFA MFN MITI MOFTEC NAFTA NATO NGOs NIE NPT OM ODA OECD OECF PAFTAD PBEC PECC PEG PFP PLA Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalisation Foundation for Development Cooperation foreign direct investment foreign funded enterprise General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade gross domestic product gross national product human resource development Individual Action Plan International Monetary Fund Industrial Science and Technology Information Technology Agreement Japan Defence Agency Japan External Trade Organisation The Export-Import Bank of Japan Japan National Oil Corporation Japanese Self Defence Force Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organisation Liberal Democratic Party Long Term Trade Agreement Manila Action Plan for APEC Ministerial Conference on Economic Development in Southeast Asia Multifibre Arrangement most-favoured nation Ministry of International Trade and Industry Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of China North American Free Trade Agreement North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Non-governmental organisations newly industrialising economy Non-proliferation Treaty Osaka Action Agenda Overseas Development Assistance Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund Pacific Trade and Development Conference Pacific Basin Economic Council Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Partnership for Equitable Growth 'Partners for Progress' People's Liberation Army x

5 PMV PRC R&D RCA RFE RMB ROC SDF SEATO SEZ Sinopec SITC SLOC SME SOE SOM SSB TC TCF TILF TMD lk UN UNIDO UR US USSR WTO passenger motor vehicle People's Republic of China research and development revealed comparative advantage Russian Far East renminbi Republic of China Self Defence Force Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation Special Economic Zone China Petrochemical Corporation Standard International Trade Classification sea lines of communication small and medium enterprises state-owned enterprise APEC Senior Officials Meetings State Statistical Bureau trade competitiveness index textile, clothing and footwear trade and investment liberalisation and facilitation theatre missile defence United Kingdom United Nations United Nations Industrial Development Organisation Uruguay Round United States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics World Trade Organization SYMBOLS.. not available na not applicable zero Xl