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1 (1) : )' "),'0. +-+),, * ) X %&'( "#$! *" ** * * M.Sc.! Ph.D. M.Sc. B.Sc. *- ***' B.Sc.()* +, M.D. # $ %&.'! 5 5& A' #3;-,?( (=9) ( 7%89 :;)* :12&3 4 ).'! '& *, 36( #3;) 4 '& :;)**.'! '& + F *** :1M5 M%2N 7G9 H! & :#6 LG ) H! & :%, 7G9 H! & 1GP F G!. E $ 7@?@A$1'B C(! 5) +3D = X ) :1#5! F G! = JLM = N+D O. J&&K $ 8E!I 8'() 7+1H 5 N' = S 2 $ B31 JLM = 5) + $ N JI QR JO 2 N' PK $ 5N$ 8 C2!= F G! ( = '!. 1!2 51 G! BI T (5N) 5$$ VT V ) $ 5) OKB D C(. B1 5UH. U5$;) G! +I W5 X ) = # $ V Z3, 5N$ = (5N) 5$$ D X-Ray 51 : A Q,, )% ^+1H 5\]$ $ 5[M $ C!R2 = 3 R $ N=. HEIMANN $ RAPISCAN. * 1 ) G1 VK $ 8V! $ F$M G _ P) 81 $ G!) P) VSR = = VI!1.N JI8Smartlon # 85) G! = '2 1 `+ $ X 5) N= x ) C( $ N R 2 V+K $!( t C=2 $ <, 2 5C=2 = 71 N= 8 25 µsvh-1 (ACGIH) '!2 1\I GaaH1 1B$ G3 +A 1 =.N R!& ) G G! _ P) \]$. 268± 073 N= x ) C( V G :=!R ) C(. 13± 007 G G! 1 $ 825±12 8G!) P) \]$ 8425± 175 ) C( Gi35. 13± [M 3 R $ 407± 124 8C!R2 3 R N=.2 33±134 8HEIMANN 1 $ 207± 061 8RAPISCAN 1 N= 3 # 5 B$ 8 +A = = G!) k J_ 3 X ) C( j5 :S G! VT V ) G! C ], G!) 5=$ 1 ) G!. C2 G3! C PK $ ) JLM 1 5N2! 5$.N$ 8N!_2 8X ) 1 8X ) :+# 8A "T, -!1-3!3) , 4() -5 #$"! -1 «,»...& '() *+, < =2-5$;) -6

2 3D-, %( M,.,' 0! l,! = C $ 5) G! R G!13 = '!.[11]$2 V3, N+D B31 35 = 5) G! l, = ) = C( *$ N = $ 8 M!=! 35 C pk C2 & $ ) W5 Q&K O G!.[13 812]N #1 = Q&K G! 8 pk $2 C!= V, *$ JO N$ 67 V ) pk x ) C( O. * 2 A Q,, )% cross-) \L& 7I `\BL 4! ] `\BL ) D C( {am (sectional (!) 2 N$ = (5N) 5 $$ X 5 =$) 3! $ #1 UH. * 1382 #, C2 35 V! $ $ C = `76$ N$ $ RAPISCAN 1 $ = 71 #1. * H X ) = 71 8HEIMANN.N JI 5[M $ C!R2 = 3 R $ 85 #A V!r 5 ) 7 (N) $$ 5 : B\ 8(1 D$M V! +D) pm -1 5C2 V! $ CN JI ) V! $ D$M s -2 8(= =2.(V! $ ~!1 D)! ) -3 N$ 5[M $ C!R2 #1 UH $ \BL G! = 71 5N= `+.N R 2 5\]$.N * (s $ ^B2 V') smartlon 1 HEIMANN $ RAPISCAN 51 : V!r = + $ N Ä5 B G! : ( `i! ÅK 5) $ ' S, 1 VM.(1 V') S 1 D$M 1#5 $ = C! \S@ 5) U l\ C 8&+M $ = 5= $ $ U ). = C! T 1 $ 8&&K 8=2 81\I 8'() 8m B ^+1H 83 n 5, 8C!(!+ VSR = M V! $ B 71 \ $ ^@ = ) 51 $ = 89 5) G! 1 3 o, G!.[2 81] P= 5) ^@ = H x ) = *$ F #@ C(! F C 1895 # G1 [+!$ p C2 ^ C=.[3] 1!!= 5! ( $ C2 r7 JR 8x ) ;!$ IM G!13 5pK = ) G!. pk C (! S ', C2 G35 $!3 S, E! $ D Gi35.[6 $ 5 $!] 71 C ^+1H 5* $ s\ 5UH C3 D $ J(+ = N!.[3] 71 C2 = ( (+ J\LR 51 ' C2 = 71 x ) D nbd 5 = '! G!. 5 1 $ 5C3j VM t = = VM J!1K = M C J M! C$ 8u$.[8 $7]3 VI v<@ 1 5SR = ^+1H x ) = P1 N $ 5) G! ;!$ +A! C' F G! = U D JI!= 8 ^+1H v. D$ C(! 5) = 5n 2 J\!] 8! 8$=$ 55 85C@ [1 8w$ PT x 8<y, - 1+' J_<1M 81 ) ], +3D = $ $ + T$ 8Sa,.[10 89]N! C G'3 ) G! 3 x $ B ^+1H 5z7 = 71 =$ $ ^+1H J!\ * $ 5 R x ) U

3 )' "),'0. +-+),, * ) X %&'( "#$! Smartlon 1 N= `K7I :2 `S K, Vj Gi35 (, J $' n ), 5 = D :[ V3, V!r 175 = =$ 175 J, 1000 = = 40 =!R RAPISCAN 1 $ * 5N=!1. w 2 $ 1 #$D HEIMANN $ RAPISCAN 1 x ) N =!1 :1.(, J $') 25 µsvh -1!"# # VM = V! $ B G! : ( V! $ ) $ 2 C$ D$M. FM = =?) 1 V! $ #1 )!D : (. 4j 1 Q!@ = C V! $ $ $ C *3 C(! 5) = D C( 1B$ G3 1 3 l\ G+T (ACGIH-2005) '! 1\I GaaH1 50 # 5 '! D.[13] # J + 50 n ) ! = =$ :N S K V!r u$ (J $' # = =$ # 5175 \ = = G!) ) \]$ = 1 :1 "! HEIMANN 1 x ) N =!1 :2.(, J $')!"# $ $ # "! # Smartlon 1 wr K7I :2

4 3D-, %( M,.,' 0 1 $ 207 ± 061 RAPISCAN 1 = 1 $ 5 33 ±134 HEIMANN. G!) +A 1 G!1 5 #$D = +I!1 _ ) \]$ Ç (89µSVh -1 ) D =$ & C!R2 $$ GB HEIMANN 1 ACGIH A = = 13 81!&. # [14]U'35 $ + D &&K N) C( 8 * 51 $ 1996 N = J $' 10 G ( G!?'! ) ( w(@ x i5 Q&K G35 $.! 5 [16] C'35 $ G1 2 ) p &&K $ 8 D V3, K $ 1994# 1N R?'! ) *$ U K = S ', G! <1 #31!N H 8N *. 1! U!( C(! ) = l, 5N$ [15] NIOSH p `\BL 8 west palm Beach 8 boston 8 baltimore 8 cincinati 5# X ) 51 $ miami $ 8providence 8N JI D CTX2500, 5500 TEX 8 L3 [8 $ 7] = = G!) ) C( 5 C Q&K G! + L.!3!Ñ 8Q&K G!!1 $ G! *5?'! ) 1 C( C w(d C LM 3 v] G! B$ JSx 51 V ) J, C( '! ;!$ É!3 JSx & G! G'3 N $ =$, 5 = +Ö G! =$ 5, =$ = U.5 U!( V ) C LM l\ C( O $ =$) 67 V ) 1< Å7 O ÜB C(! ) LM l\ V ) G! '! = C3@ 3 5 C N = = VI!1 25) +A = = 5N G! D ) C( 8J_ 1. G!) (, J $' _ P) \]$ Ç ) & G!1 RAPISCAN $ G!) P) \]$ Ç C2 & G!13 $ C!R2 $ (, J $' 11$ 5 8n ) 5[M & G!1 HEIMANN 1 Gi35.(1 #$D) C2 & G!13 $ C!R2 $ _ ) \]$ Ç ) ) 5[M $ G!) ) \]$ Ç ).(, J $' 11 $ 89 8n +' "1V R, S N= ) C( V G '! D 25)1 C( C2 `!& 8 268± 073 (sign <, 2 C=2 = 71 (, J $' C( G (P<0.001) \ J$7 D$ 5C 8test) '! \!. 1 C( N= ) Z3]. +A = = 13 D ) C( _ ) 1\]$ N= ) C( G 1 $ 8(25±112) G!) ) 8(425±175) (P<0.001)1 C( \ J$7 (13±007) 1 = G!) D ) C( '! \! É. ) C( G 8 (student t-test) t C=2 = 71 \ J$7 5[M 3 R C!R2 3 R N= N= ) C( G É(P=0.015) D$ 13±013 85[M 3 R $ 407 ± 124 8C!R2 3 R UH N= ) C( C $ C!R2 p 1N( V! $ V3 VB C!R2 1 ) F$M 1 $ 1 ÅK ) 1 G1 1 $ N= ) C( G. D$ \ J$7 HEIMANN $ RAPISCAN N= ) C( G.(P=0.699)

5 )' "),'0. +-+),, * ) X %&'( "#$!. M G VM C3$ = 8C2 C 1 G VM V! $ $ C3j CN JI -. FM V! $?9 $ um 1 ( V ) *H1 = VSR J!\ * - (S'! 6 5 )$ J!\ * - [+ VSR = 513!=$ = 71-3 l\ =$, 8 = 1 5 C'_1 - S ) ) C = C$ 5[M C'_ 1 - s1d 8- Cardarelli J, Burr G. Transportation Security Administration. Airport X-ray Study Framework. August, [cited 2006 Oct 14]; Available from: URL: df pdf. 9- Report No Medical Radiation Exposure of Pregnant and Potentially Pregnant Women. Natl Council on Radiation, The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Committee on the Biological Effects of lonizing Radiation. National Academy of Sciences. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C., National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Report No Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Medical Use of X Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies up to 10 MeV. Natl Council on Radiation, Périard MA, Chaloner P. Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging Quality Assurance: An Overview. Can J Med Radiat Technol 1996; 27(4): American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. [cited 2006 Oct 14]; Available from: URL: ENGLAND GCW, KEANE M. THE EFFECT OF X-RADIATION UPON THE QUALITY AND FERTILITY OF STALLION SEMEN. Theriogenology 1996; 46(1): S *=_ 1 R = = U D + ( G! V3\B1 JI $!.!2 )$; ( 5 C X ) N= = +I!1 '! D +A 1!& = 13 J_ 3 ) C(!= 3 l\ < Å7 O 8 :N I $ ( #$" p X ) 51 *$ = $ #1 - G$ *5 1 VM ) C( C_ VB - W$ = '()!a 5u$ #K. v I 8 ( -1 :1370. J1 8C 8#$ áj.=$ G1$.1-4{ J1 8C 8#$ áj.5c2 $ =! 5). Sa { :1376.C 3- Quality Assurance for Diagnostic Imaging. National Council for Radiation Protection & Measurements Report No [cited 2006 Oct 9]. Available from URL: tml. áj. mb! $ E\ +3, 67. ( { :1378. J1 8C 8#$ 5- Conversion coefficients for use in radiological protection against external radiation. Adopted by the ICRP and ICRU in September Ann ICRP 1996; 26(3-4):1.GHI- 6- Shapiro J. Protection of the Patient in X-Ray Diagnosis. Radiation Protection : A Guide for Scientists, Regulators, and Physicians, Fourth Edition. ICRP Publication, 1999: Cardarelli J, Achutan Ch, Burr G. Transportation security Ad ministration NIOSH Airport X-ray Study Update. February 5, [cited 2006 Oct 14]; Available from: URL: dftsainterimreport2.pdf.

6 3D-, %( M,.,' 0 T 16- Arnstein PM, Richards AM, Putney R. The risk from radiation exposure during operative X-ray screening in hand surgery. J Hand Surg [Br ] 1994; 19(3): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [cited 20 H Oct 14]; Available from: URL: