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1 :! " # % &' (( &# )* +, -./ / 4 / #4. : / 9 #0_: " + :" # 7 ;#

2 + ( = >. "? 0 # (* B( D " 0 C# -"= ##! 3 E : 0?#? CB 3...F + + > H' # GB( 9 (.. &/ * 0 # ( 615) H. 9.4.!# F.# 9 (55 55) ;+ ' GB # = 7 MB..# #/ #/ K= L. 9.# GB(./ H" 9 Abstract Developed nations care for impoving their,wealth mainly,people through looking after the child s present and future. One sign of this care is educational special programmers which the educational institution needs to raise the learner's levels. And decreasing the learning disabilities which spread with high proportions in schools and kindergarten. Thus, they represent challenge for those who care for the child s education as dangerous dilemma. So, the matter requires an early diagnosis for the (kinder-garten) child s learning disabilities. Because of this, the study aims at preparing and building a list to find out the developmental learning disabilities earlier for (kinder-garten) child (5-6) years in four fields consisting of (55) disabilities. This is to help those who care and are responsible for the Arab child to prepare suitable diagnostic programmed for these disabilities before the child joins school. If the learning disabilities were early discovered the remedy would be easy. What makes this easy and comfortable is to employ the list prepared by this study.

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

6 :?;# E;2,; U $' 7 4" --J K,4;# 2!;" ;$ 4#; * $>*, O - * 4# $ 4#.(8:19)? $ 4# :# / :N## +;6 5% ( # $ = :$.4-4# H2.-J 4 - A H1 :# # OJ 4 4-4# A H3. 4-4# H. JD 4-4# H. 3> 4-4# H.4 A 4-4# H.4 P3 4-4# H.4 - O2 +3' T7-J %H5.4 - $ 69 L' + H4.> +3 - TJ H7.# 4 -?- H6 : '=. (1 special Education A3;-? O2 -J N> ; 4 :+6 2 > " 4 $ 6 > ;*,0; N;> 2; 2...@ 4 5 4, :;# -J 52B 6 4 > E " 6?- ;*?;# #$ -J N>.L3 ",N@ 4, 4 ;$ ; ;$V 4 3 % $ $ 2 U $' J 7 /2# " 4 4;#!7 3 J K (> 4#-J!7 3 & $' ; 4;",;-J % 53 7 $,- (8:19) :D (33H32:29) X 7 7$ + $ +3V - -J # 2A H # 2A H1.OJ # 2A H4.4-4# 2A H3.= 2A H5.+-@ +- $ - B - 4# 2A H6. 3> 3> 4# 2A H8.4-4# 2A H7

7 $ = O2 -J L 2 2A."?J 4# 2A H9. $ =* -J ;-J 4#> 2 U $' 7$ > 7$?- 2 :(5H4:15) D 4#- 52 (8:19) :4> " 4#!$ U 7$ :N*/." H1.L " HL.4 " H :" J H2.(?> HL.4- H : H1 :4> 7$ :N>.-?> HL.$ H :- H2 :4> JX ( +- +-@ $ 3> 2 +3' 7$ :N>>.4A!3 L - H2.4 - H1 :4> 3> 7$ :N.@!$ < H2. 3> H1 ;6 2 $' 4> *. 5 7$ :N# ;. -;?; 4-,"?J,J + :+6 J " " $ -" - "2 " #!3 U +3' 7$ 0*. "!; +3 " 4 J +> -J + $ 6 < O 3-; ; = L (6H5:15) L +3 4#$ "5 U +3 " Abnormal ) <;' U $',3- (Exceptional Individuals) U $' ;" M ' $'" 7 E <' B -" 2* (Individuals ; ; 5; ;U 5 L' (9:19) ; ;% < ;. N; * O 52 ' (18H7:15) D 2 $ J,-; 3 * -J? 4" + U +3V " ; -J 5 (32: 25) 5 (!" ( $ 0,0$!" + - * 0 0 $ $ -J < 6! 2 (10:19) #""?%?% L;' ; K ; 4- ' -J 2 $ -J? :$ E2 <,-J * 2 LA3 -J 4;# ;-J ; + E2 (240:19) ' 2; ; ; 4#-$ $ 4# 4" L 2-4# $ = -" * 4#-$ $ 4# 4" L +

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

9 ;3?;,(41987) ; ;?,(41986) ' 3?,(41971).(41988) ;-J L " 4 4 # E & +? 4-4# 4#$ (122H87:3,213H212:42,20:8),;% ;"3 ;" " 4 * 4-52 "Lecarner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

10 ; ; ; * $ E ;$ T;" ( 46 0*,> 0!3 * 3> <2 T" * ) 2 0 ;#$ % # A ;..L #,4 2!3-2.E2 0; L; E2; 0-;7-J 4-4#? +?AJ@ * ;* ; &, 3 / $ 0-J +; 2 $ --J R ];_ E2 3J' (54H240:19) + ' + 5D %3 L /2 ;$ 0?>?> 0 ' +J % /2 D; ; Z;= ' O:$ ' ; ; ; A"6 7 + >" /2 4-4# 3 %67 ; 2J ZA 4" % /2 4@ > 9 E2 (72:3) ; 69; 52,5 4" = 4 - L -J # =A.( 2# " = ( 4" O;J 4; 4-4# + 6 M O 3J *. 4; <;3 J JD 3> 4# # :X 3 $ 4 E 4# + +-,> L3 52 ' :/ ( '=. 13 +; ; ; 0> 4 A " J= O; ; 3- /2 = 4 3J * J O2 +3' under (-; ) ;?;J JD 4# 4 /2,--J 6 Disabilities Learning 4 -,slaw Learner 4 <3 Achievement Bakwared 3;>@ Learning Handicap ; ;. Learning problems 4 A - 2 " mental retardation?j 4# Learning Disorderiy Gifted Learning disabled and Gifted under -; 3; 2 " 4 +; &; -J 4 3J 2 & * $ (295 :20) achievers ; B * 2 Learning Difficulties 4# Learning Disabilities 4# ; 7; ; 4U ' T O #$AJ <" ( Learning,3-; ;* ; ;$ ; ; # 3-2; ; JW <2 $?3 MJ 4# 2 +3' * Difficulties

11 ,3-; 2; ; O (145:3) 4 " J +3' 7$ %,3- +;3' ;.;7 *?% * 4# A ( +3' 0 Z ; ; <2 MJ J L * 4# A ( 2 $ $ $ 4J Difficulties,3-5,(395:3) Learning Disabilities 4# $ 4J +"$ 7 *,<2 $ MJ +3' 7$?- ' 4J;,-,3-2,4 " J +3' 7$?- ' M ; 5 $ O TJ L 4 $ A 2 +3'?- ;" ( 0 4,O - O < K# TJ <'.(146:3) / +3 T7-J 3 0 4, :N ' (/? " K> + 4 * "?J 4# < ' ;$ -;" 3 (15:11) 0 -J J 4" * 52 ',3 7 ( <3; " " $ -" 4 " " J ' 6D 4# L 5 (111: 8) + =A?7% M $.4 A 4# 4# 4# 4 - E2 -; ;" ;J 2A J 4" +- Learning Handicapped,3-$,54: ;-J ) " 4 " " J 4 3 ; 4# $ 3 +AJ 7 /2 $ (132:3 ;$ ; /2 $ B # 3 5= ; + $ 4#J \ ' $ ; ( +- $ 4# 6 $ (98:8, :11) <' 3 ;?- O 4# 0* +- -,!3.(111H110:8) ( :N (? +;3 ;!; = #% +% 0D L3> +3?-. +-, J ",K 4 $ 0 ;A L 4"!" /= ,2A ( (199:29 ;$,41986 /A;= = ) ' $ " = * > -J ;@ ; =;* $ 69 -?> 0 0* 4 L 3> ; ; 6 ( (132: 3 $ 54:1987 -J ) ' 4;# 2* +; # -J A 2 2A 4 3> 2A (41957)

12 ; 4;#,4# 4# $ 6D +J *,- +A ;,; ; 4# - * ',4#72 $ MJ!; ; ;7 + = 7 A, $ K 4;@ T;" ' A 4 2A <@9 U 2*,4# 4; ;* /; ' 4# 4@ $ 4 4# = 2 (133:3) $ ' L. 4# ( 2A & 4#"$ (3 U,4 U )L,+- $ 0 U +3 L3> +3$.(162:8 $ $ )!" $ + 0 :N# % (K?J 2$,6 6 $?J JD 4# 4J 5,L; - O!" 52 Back ward pupil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

13 ;J M ' 0 4U ' # L $,, - + & JD?J$ (204:3) 2;! #,!$! OJ += * ( L #, " ;J +;,;?;% L3 7?% Z# 4 (19H16:30) 0 ; 5-@ # +3 ZJ (" 7 J (204:33) ;"?;J ;# +;3 TJ J +? U T",$"6 M$ (17H16:26) 4 3>@,.,;"?;J ;$ +6 J + O J + > 4 -,;= M ;',; - 3>@,. "E;" J + O OJ +,4 <3,. ;#B ) $ )!A3 ' B * $>. "".(136H135:3) 3 * 4; - O2 JD a 0 + 0D +" ( ; ) &; (; ;$ J > 4 - L- +3 ; 5 ;JW * 4 $ * $ 0 < D 07 " 4 2*,; * > B OJ * # B$ 0- O MJ MJ JD?J +3 $ E2; ; ( ) & 4# + $ 6 0 ",; ; JD; T7-;J (141H140:3 ; ;,(29H28:8) $, ) 03 4; ;- O2 +3' ; #$,' 4 $ +3 0 A 4?J.(213:1) $ - : - ( K; 0; < $ "slow Learning 4 <3" RA3-!3 ;* 4; <3 (8:16) 4 0 $ 072 $ - L ' 4# 0* + 4 4#$ $ 0 * 5 = 4 $ 2?- ;3 7$ 4# 5 (141:3) 4# < 0 4 4#$ ", ; +; 4#; > $ ' # $ * ; A ; ; 4#, U 3 4#$ (14:63) 4# +6 $ JX -;" -;" +;3 (25H24:47) 3 * 4#- # < + /92,/ +6 $ 3 +3 % O 0- $ % ; U <3 (13:31) > ",3

14 ; L;' E;2 ; -; 0* 52?- > JX +;3 4; (25:34) A- JX A 3J *," ; > <>,4#7A= ( ' # 4 3 ;- $ 3"$ - 4# 4 <3 4# 4U #$ #3 $ :,; JD;,3-4 <3,3- (> JW E (9:31) 4 85H70 4 <3 <2 R <B 3 4 JD 4 <3.(9:31,7:16) 4 < The Dyslexic child,3-4j (143:3) 4 - O2 +3' 4 <3 +3'! %A ; 4; ',3 + 4#72 4 <3 +3'!; ; ;,3!$ 3 4#72 4 -? ; 4# 4 - O2 +3', # +3' 7$ = ; +; ;, ', 4#- 4#72,0A L- <2 $ -" 4 <3$ (144H143:3) E2 9,.(36:34) 0A $...7! - (?> OJ + K <3 : = (P( Learning Problems4 A O2 +3' 4 - O2 +3'! --J 7# ' *,,> ' :$ ; ;" 4 4#$ #% 3!$ 3 < ' 7$ 4 4; ;= 4; 4#72 <> $ $ +- 0"",(;?>?% * $ MJ@ ;?;% ;.?% E2, #,-. ;* (; ; 4#J L *, $"6 5-@ 7 ;$ M;J ; ; 2 +3' 4 $ A 2 +3',J L.(144:3). L ' +- ;J $' 4 73 $' 4 - O2 $'?J - ;,4; + $ #% -J 4 - & ; 4 A?J 4 <3 $ = 3 + $ +3.(152:34) 4 O ( =A : 0 F>!?#3 14 ; $ +" * < " 52 4@ ;- < ; L' + 2 * $# % > M 6 M + 52 ' ",4

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

16 ;,(41947) ;* ;,;% ; + * +- 4 * 2; (178:3) > - K> P3 N". * ( 4 - * 2 (41957) ; ; $ +3' - ' 2 4 3> * ".(593:13) %20 %5 R ;$ J; + " #3 + 4' 0 L- M - +J K (197 :35 ;$ E E =) - +J * 59 + $ $ 2B < + $ <6 +;3' <@9; -* 3 U -* % J +J * 4 - ( +;3 2J 7 + #% "$ = 4 * ( -? ; 4; -; Iead T; # ; ; ; (189:3 $ = +) "6 - - > 4 " $ = L "3 c < B 3 = T- ;' ; O;,(66 :38) ; + =, 3> " $ ; 7 = 3 2, U 7 = 3 L 0 43 *?> -.(198:35) 4 U +3V 7 T7-J L;3 2; 4 - * 59 # L 2 = E %A M ; ;#% ;* 59 L' L #76 + J 3 2J 4@ = J? U -. * 59 L' L E2 3.# 3 L L 3> * (208:55) ' - L 3> *?P#/ * ; 6' L -" 4 + (193: 3) 3"$ E. $ :L; ; ; /;@ L- O 4 - O2 O 4 " 4 ; =, +" +" $!AU.,E., 5- E. O; 5-; ; 3,? :> # /2 - #,5- >; Laterality ;,; E.?, 5-2 2; ; +; 2 (179:3 $ 94:46) - 5-! %.4-3 M #% % # 4 - * % /@ ;> M ;' * % /@ 2 L- : M + *?#/ *,(41958) ; ;* (; /, /2 M ' = M ' /2 6 4 (41955),(41946),(41932) ; :P> ; +,L U 9#, - L <@9 # -,-J -J +,4A A,>J

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

18 A ; $ 4# 4,2', $ = K ;* ;' L;V <;3'? - * ".7 < * ;#A 4;" ;...; -; A 4 + L; 0:$ 7 + MJ L 2* 2 --J +; +" ' L;' 7 L 4 7 = $ M; $ '? 69 +.' +- - : B 3 H ( 15 2; L "$, # J - $ 0;?; 7; #,- c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d $ - H : ( (249:19) # # # 0. &/ H /.A,, E * +6 4 E. $ L 3> H

19 (; " 0- LA3 ( ") =,/@,2 " $?> H.(0 $ 4. Be $ E2, $ $?> H.Z = $ =@ $ L 3> H.< ' 0 +AJ 4 =d $?> E2,! $?> H.? 4" 7 = 3 H ;,< ;" $?> +6 ' +- L 6 L $ H....L 7# <A. 4 (28H24 34:,50H37:8) K # B H ; ; +;3 " ( 300 )+ (41977) 4 Z A #AJ ; ;J ;> #-; ; +3' <@9 T7-J ( $ 4 $ - : 7 T7-J. E. $ - H2. +- $ - H1. $ - H4.4A B 3> H3 52; ;7 = ; 3,/@ - 2 " +- T7-J H5.(3,L>U,N$,K#,!$ 3 3 ; E; (41982) $ A A J T7-J E & M$ ;* +; 4 " U M #% (41978) (41984) Impusivily ;$@ 3 ; 3$,/@ = $ - + A #%*. (284H233:3) (199:35) P0 (1990) A./ CB C 9 /.3 ; ;7$ ;J ;* % - "$.(249:19) E,,B,E., ' L ; 0 $ A + ", $ $ T7-J /2 D L (37:8) 4 $ O T7-J /2 ( " +> ;#% ;7$ 4#*, +3' 4 - O2 +3' 7$ 5 5- E. E2,B $ # 4 $ JD ; < ;* ; ;# < " 4 $ B - 4#, E. ; ; ;U 4#>,4- U 4# ( B " U 4#>, ;U 4# ( 4 $!3 4 U 4#>, 4# ( J L' Heterogenous U 2* 4#$..." J

20 (228:3,;$ ;JW E) 4# " 4 < 4# 0 ;# # * # 07 $! U 4 $ ;# ;#% * O 52 ' < ' $ - 52 (227:3,$ ) JX 4 7 /2 &,4 - O2 " " = = +' :( :21) CB N". ' H0 9,=; ; ;U " * L " +; 4; $ - 4#, <!" 4# ;",; ;>J >J #$ 49 - ' =. +- % M ; " J' " +AJ 3 <@9 > 4;# 2 ' 9 "..6! ;"!; ; :; # dual exceptionality B JX :X &A6 7 * 3 7 /2?- ;"$ " M ( " #!3 :O3 H L-; ;J >;U " 4-4#,"!. #? #9 ;7$ 3 4 " U 76 7 /2!3 :> H + 3 (" L ) OJ - O2 7$, "! 3 O; ;3 <@9!", M #> 4 - "! L.OJ = $ 4# 4# 4#- 3 - ; ! M ( 4 - O2 7$ #!3 :>> H ;% M; 4#,4 - "g$f 4 ;7 -; U * &, "! L.' $? H :4#D 3 <@9 66.>J 4# 3. H. $ /@ H.acting out ZJ $- H.%" 4A $ B H. +#. 4@W TB,N - H whiter more and ; ; 4;# 4 L 4# J H.Owen 1980 Baum 1980 : 7 /2 3 = T7-J + $ = H

21 ." 4#7?> P3 3 4# 4 - H.<X " L 4# # H ; A ; 6W &A6 /2 +? 4 D ; 0 ' L3 + #- E$, 4; * (251H246:21) ; - - " " * ;$ ; = E2 ZA TJ * + #*? - E? O2 ( %12 6 O:$ J T7-J (> - 4U (250: 21) " ; ; /2 <?" L' E2 4 - O2!3 T7-J :$ (11: 62) 3J +6 # 4 -!3 Ross ; 4;#$ ;$, +# 0 2*,h# '.(86:48) 4#A +3' <@9?- :#'/ 9 (6 -; 4# $' U O2 A3 ;* O 4 -J $' E7 ##% 6 + $ = B < " A D # M "$.4 - O2 " L 52 ' /@ $ - * * ) JW L2 $,4 -, 2; A +6 OJ' " 3>@ " * JW 4,@ 2J9 ; ;",>; ' - E. A,J + E * A ; H := ) / >=> ( " ) ; ; ) ; < " A H.(N@ 4# # ) B.(18H17:26) (> +@@ < *) > A H.(< " # :-. * < % B $ 4-4"."' " $ #* H.(149:3,18:26) J - $ +3' ## ' 4 - H :H 11?;# B E #D 7?- % B > B #$ +. 7 K> + * ; (113:6) #$ ] 7 3 $ ; $,2 # 3 9 %.K7 + 2

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i+; 2 $ > 4#$ 4 - " % ;! +6 7 /2 4J A 4 4" $ L * $ #% B.T-J@ + E2 #- 3J :# 3 12

23 ; ;* 59; < " -J - +6 ' >!,(Dysgraphia) ;, -J - (Dyslexia),< " ; ;-J -,(Dysorhographly) 7# -J -,43,21:26) ;7 -; K * U - /2 +6 (Dyscalculia) &; M.5B =,E., 2,/@ :(243H242:28,129:40 3 " "- 3 4# " J,;. 0 # $ (?J) + JD,3 O MJ 4 4#> D " ;3 <@9;! E2, %?J $ 4 K> O JD."61".# 2?- $ 4# ' B- 4 # $> L3 #A 4 - TJ E 2 4; ;- ;" ;" 4# ;J ;6 4# A 4# < * JX.#-J :3 (7 ; ;- 2 +3'? : N*/ 4 - TJ?# /2; LB +3' <@9 + N>,4# # =* 4#! L; TJ 4" *. -?% # $ - /2 # - *? ;? ; (;> + 2 A 4 B i# 3.(258:19) L J 3J TJ ; 7;? ; 46 ' %A 4" TJ 5 A 7 03 = % 3J!$ A K 4" 4,+,ZA; ; =; K :) / >=> $ $ +J K +* ;' <; TJ $ E (306:3 $, ) + K# K 0> K TJ ; ; 4;" 52 :$ ".+ $ --J <3' ;$ * " --J + +!$ 4" # $ - +3 ( " ) & L A +J 6A6 E A6$" T7-J /U & + 0 = ;$ ;,;3 :A +J,- +J 7 +J < " ; L3 0 4 $ - E TJ 4".(27H20:52,76:26) * (486H483:21) 0 ' +- $ " E2 7 L $ ; ;$ -; 4#7" 4 - O2 +3' *? $ 3J ; 2J' L 0:$ +-?> $ - O2 (

24 4; $ -J 3 2 -J E, E, E :,133H131:40,33H23:26) ; 4; ;$!3?J 4#- ( L ;" ;U -; ;" J@!3 ( * Z E2 (229:49 ; 4; L; 2; A 7 -J 4, %A O2 4;" ;-J!$ 4# 4" A K 4 - TJ ;$,?;,260H259:19,76:8,95H87:25,238H229:34,156H143:9,433H422:27) 4 -.(310:3 : + / 4; ; # + $ +3' 7 A? $ J + +3 TJ L ;7 4; - -J E2 ' 4#- hd" +3 TJ L3 ;" >; 0 E TJ *,4# E2;,B,4A,,-, $ " ;6A6 ;$ L $ +; ; +3 #%,+, 0,CR : +; ;$ (77H76:26) /2 $ 4-4# ; $ - 4# +'?- +3 > +3 & K7 $ +6 ;U 4# * Z2 #% +- & 4 - O2 +3 TJ L O #% A :(103H78:26) # < * + $.+3' <@9# 5- $,5B 4" * ;,, +"@ " " 5B TJ > * ; +;, 2,= /@ 4" $ " TJ L3 % # * M %. +.4# +, ;- O2 +3' 4 L 3 4#$ $ 4# $ *... " (222H206:3) 4. < "! " - " TJ > * ;# ; ;> +;3 O 7 4 -? 4@ 2 ;' - #,$,5B $ 4# #% # -J =; ; ; + +3 O B 3> #% * ; D; ; O*.> +3 O 4-6 5B

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

27 +;3 < ;" - 4-4# 2 +3' #% 4; ;- +3 <2 3 ' < D 4-52 O; M * (41983.(43:43) 5 ) * #% 2A. K#,2 A,'?%, "6 4,= 2A $ (! * $ "$ (41985 Fletcher ;$) * % U % 6 2 " $ 2A 4 - O2 ; * <3* $ 0 2 -" &,7"@ 0 < * 4 J ;#% ; (12) ; 3 j 2 T ;3 2 $ % 6 2 $ 2A,- 7-*!$ ;% U 6 2 (L # < " ) $ 4-2A " O,(L ) $ 4-2A 2A 7-*!$ #% 4.(281:3) ;#% ' $ M (L,#,< ", L # ) (1987!$) * ;3!; E2; B $ 4 - /2 +3 %21.(18) # $ ; L 4 J 6 <-" * $ ( ) * 52; ) 5;@ -; 4 " # 4 - O2 3 ; ; ; N;,-; 7-*!$ #% (L ;J ; # J > 6 $"6?% L.(268 :19) -J O2 OJ 7$ J E2,4# 4 - O2 2A A K (> $ (41988, ) * :; E; 2;A # - B $ 4-4# 2!$ > #% L@ 4# - 46 < " 46, 46, -.5 J@ $,- 7-* Academic competence ;' <; * $ (1989, ) * ;- O2 2;A ; 4 - O2 2A +;!;$ 4 ) (?- +'?- 2A 4 3>@ - 2A #%.4-2A J 4 $ T-J ;@ ; 4-2A #%, 2A < 3 6 A $ #% A"@ #%

28 ;- O2 2A ' < $!$ 4,4-2A ". 2A 4 ;- 2;A " "? (41990 Ackerman etal ;JW ) * O; ;J 4 J 4 "$ 2 " J, 2 $ 2A 4 2;A O 2 $ T" #% (1980 ) / 52 4' -; #% 2A " 4 -.(273:3) 2 T" 4 ; 7 4 -? B i 7 * * (41994 ) * E;)?-; <;> $ 7" * 46 ) + $ +3' # L; ;6A6 ;$ E2 + $ +3V (41984.(9) -,$,B - : 3 A $ (41998 JW ) * T;J ; 4 J; /2 4# 6!3 $ JD $ # M ; #% P - +3 O B L 3>!3 $ JD TJ.(5) +3 = -J 4-0 ;#% 4 $ 2 3 #% (41999 JW ) * O2 ; ; ; 3 A 2 +' $ L 4 J / *? ;,L; 4; $ 3* L 4# #% O2; ' 4 + K $ " 4 +J. *.(31:39) 4 - ;B M; 4 - A $ $ (42001!; +) * +;J ;%$ ;$ ' O (?-,, ) $ B!;,L;@ ) :; 4; - J #> V "$ 3$ ; 4; #% ( J, ;#%?-; ;* (&* 2) * O= " 7-*!$,;# ; B $ 7-* 3 A 4$ $ L@ B,OJ # 5% 3. $ # $ 0 J " E?% & + : # - 4 :N## ;- TJ ; $ 4# 3 < $ +6 7?!" B E2 4 E : & 4 > +3 O 7 4

29 :X 3J!g$f :H 0 H (H') # 11 # " 5 L' (TJ 7) & ;6A6 ;2 ; E?- H119:2 )77:26) $ - % ;B -,$ -, - - : (240,14:25,37:36) - (120 ;, ; J - % #% ' + +3 ( > 52 > 4 ' #J ; (; <;> $ 4 +3!3 + 2* 4.( U 7 ) :3 T #* + 12 ; 4; ;$ #> 4 (TJ * ; ; ; 3 M 3 + $ T-J@ O2 #<A O #> O!- 4 B i E2 A. ; ;!$ $ % * +3 $ 0 >?# 4; "$ A M < * 4 < W <> $,4-0 +.# >?2 M U- * :#* " 13 " 4 M ' M <#@ :X 3J ; #> E2 (!-) 5%!-!3 E2 4 #* ; * ;!- $ 3 + $ T-J@ O2 4 $ ; ; " ( ?# #<A O #> O :X!$ " %88!?AJ@ 100 =!@?AJ@ +!@ - #"3 46, >!- D & <. 2#.0 ; E2 ( 6A6 # = #"3 * :#* > * 6 + Z J 4 J %$ 2 -' M # ( /9 2 M U'? (0.88) 6 + j$ J

30 +;V = 2;!- +,(0.94) B & A 2!- + L.(402:24) ; ; + 3@ A *!3 J!@ L 4 H ; ( 3@ A 4 6 #% # * J!@ O 9 E2 ; 3 J!@ L 4 H!@ O 9 E $ 3@ 4, + " <. 6 ( J.> +3 O TJ - : / H # 9 ; ;$ -; E2 #% > +3 O :> - - J 4> (>!), # < $ - H. - J 4> (> 4)," $ 4 - HL.- J 4>,= /@ - H :> $ - H2.- J 4>, 2 $ - HL.- J 4> ( + ) $ + - HZ.- J 4>,4# + $ - H.- J 4>, + $ - H; :> 5B $ - H3.- J 4>,(% ) 4A B $ - H.- J 4>,(+* +" ) 3 B 4#$ $ - HL.- J 4>,% 3 ) % - HZ.- J 4> + ) - H4 :++ #* ; +; 4; (b) * (> +3 ( > 52 > +3 3,? E2,@,; 2JD, &A6 2JD U, ( 2JD 7 ) " 7# N ( : 2*,;7 N (132) % $ % (1) 4! %.@ 6

31 : ;7 4 - TJ 4- * 0* - $ 4#. # $ #% 0:$ > +3 ; ;# E2,> $ '? 0;$ ; 52; + L!3 $ ## >, 6!- : % U+ 2,/U # 7 -? B /2 4 J 4@ > * ;> +;3 # @ E2 ) > @ E2 ;7 % O "$,> $ +3'?- 4@ + 4@ > *.+3 "@ + 6D E2,4# =A ;$ +;3 O; ; T7-J? TJ > $ 4 " *.>. +3' -J " * ZA; 4;6 3J TJ + & < * 3 # ( *.6 3J ; ; +; $ 4 - TJ 4# < * & R".4-7 A K 3 < E2

32 ,- +*. / * J "3 " H. 9 # # (615) + : :+3 4 : :c :> 4 :?- : /4 4 )) > J )) +> 4 J : E;3 # *? E #AJ " E O; 46 ) ad "$ "$ + " E L3,?- +J (b) * (> E2 4 <6 $ 0 E +AJ E3 E "!3 : "$ + 4 "$ ,0$- + $ +3 E!3 " :NH. 3 3,0$- 4% $ +3 E!3 " :NT 3 OJ ' M $ +3 E!3 " :NP+/ E!3 +3 E!3 " :N ; E;%A ; -. "$ + E D ; 4; ; 4# 0 O E 2 O * /@ E3 E ".0$ B E :++ #* ; +; ; L; +3 ( > 52 / $ +3 "$ N; ; (132) :$, (220) 7# N.#A 4@ L # 2*.0;$ ;- 0 +' + $ (6) % *.0$ $ (15) % $ - 0 &6 + $ (9) % *.0$ - 0 ( + $ (3) % * J J / 4 J.TAJ: E < E

33 N 1 N+/ 2 NT 3 H 4 " : + : 3 (. ;# ) F + - / 0./. 3J J 4 + (3 11. L N!= =# 3#! 12. < < # 0A 14. 0= % ( 0-? 3 J 5 15 ) : (. + ) "' ?. < = 6H5 0 -J J $ =J 4> * +- L - L" ( ( T" 110 ) 0 : > 1: V G*./. 0 4A 0 U? # # - #? = 112. ' ' = ( $ E2 0 4 $ 2 # 114. ( &6 ( ) + ' = 115 ) H: F B 0.?. #*? 7#? ? # OJ? A < ) N> 3 2 ( D 0 -J M A = & ) 1: ( #+ ) : + 0.K. # 4 < = < * 121. # <= ( 2* *? (3 122

34 N 1 N+/ 2 NT 3 H 4 ". " ( "* 3J =" # -' L ( # L-D TJ ' M " 4" 125 ) 1: 0.. ( + *? 126 7;3 ) -; ; +;6 ) < ' M! ( L.( 4 ) + ) ) -J!$ < '?- 4" 128. ' * B-' + ' L ?AJ@ A (3 130 ) : + 0.P(. 7 $ & 4# 7' ) T- 4 5n ) (. " # +D -J 0 %$ 133 =, D ) 0 0 4J $ U =B. D N ) : CR 0 : U> 1: ( ) = R 0.. "3! & ( &??- ( A3 ' ( & 139. # & 140 ) 1: ( #4 "# ) ' R 0 0.?. 0 " ( (

35 N 1 N+/ 2 NT 3 H 4 ".?- $ # ' ( = U B 144.?- $ 0$ 5 - ( 145 ) H: ( % 3 ) 0% -.K A * # J -' = (10) * ' 149. "3 - $ #?'! : ( #.*. ) #. : &. U ( A =.!- + T ( ' ) JX * 153. > $ ' 73@. + L <6 $ JX +3' ( K ) & U> > 3 0 CR + # ; L ; ; L? / ) 7#

36 .42003, :", J $ 3*,4# 4% :5= 4 * H , L :. (" J ) +3' O 4 - -J +J : H , :",#A,#-J,## #J,4 - : :",23,6 <=, & :4 :5 $ : H , ,3$, ",(5111) K,53 4 : " H ,3$, ",(5114) K,5 4 : H ,-? :"," " :M +7J +J H7 - :M,(23),4# L 4#-7-J :4 +,53 = H , ,$"6 :q,-j O2 +3V -J * +J := :",4 - :6 H ,' 3 :q,"?j : H11,; ;" ;,(5102) K,5 N@ 4 $ " +- ' " : H ,3$,#$ L " +3' A :, = H ,' :q (23),(5 0=, :).41989,(?9 (3!") :M, 4 $ & * +J :?,- H ,! < = :",4# U : H , :q,23,4 < :$ N J /= H16 H; ",(02044) D ", & K $ "0 &!3" := 5=U H ,3$.41987, :q, U +3' :!$ H18,; ",(5304)4 K ",-J O2 :-,4,!$ H ,3$.41982,4" :,-J U +3' :4 $ H20 (;3!;") :;",ZA; TJ? >,4-2 " := 3- $ H ,(? , - :",23,< " +3 :3-4#$ :",(23),5 4 :!- +W,L3 9$ H , :",33,5 +" : # 9$ H , :",< " 4 > +3? : > $ H , :M, - O2 4 * +J :>J =$ HH25 -; ; :M,(53 == 53 = 4 - : E H ,2 ;=,53; =;= ;:0;),5 4",-J $ 4" :,? H ,2 - :M,( ,<- :q,-j O2 L K : H28

37 ,; :",( :L),-J O2 2A T7-J : JW H (3) ( $,41976, :.,4# " U : 9 H ,$"6 :q,4 < :L3J 4 * 5= 4U H , 4" 9 :,(O' 3 :0) [3 : JW H ,! :q, 4 :3 H ,+7 :q,0-4 <3," r - 5# + H ,># :",- 5 4 :+ - H , :", 3 $ 4 4 :? O H36 ;% ;# + $ 5. 6?- 2A?- # - & : ( H37, U,#A " (>,(-;) ; ;, U,#A " (> % # + $ A : ,488 4A. = :, " " :#$ H38 2A O $ B B M 4 - A " :! + H , $,J,3$,3 &,"+J %$ $ '. $ 2A O 4 -" : = +-$ H40 6,KJ + L :M, KJ "( ).41991,,6A ,,6A6 6,KJ + L :M :q,4, "4 - * +J " : =$, H ,& A6 (,' = ;, 2A O 4-3 O $ L' A" :+ 3- H42 3 :",(,-.(3 ( $),41988,() 3 :",(,-, K $, "5. +'?- 2A O 4 - TJ " :$@ 4 L 3- H43, - :".41998,J!3 - :",!3 K $, "5.,; ;, $ ' 2A O 4 - TJ J 3 " :4 H44, J,' :q.41988,6, J,' :q,, 45- Aggarwal. J. C., Development and planning of modern Education, new Delhi: Vikas Publishing, Bateman, B., Learning disabilities, yesterday, today and tomorrow in Frierson, E.C. and Barbe, W.B. (Eds.) education children with learning disabilities, New York: Appleton century. ( 3 ( $ ) 47- Bawman, J.E. when is intervention announce of prevention? Reconceptualizing the prereferral intervention process. (ERIC) Documented Reproduction service No. ED

38 48- Bree, M.S., Cognitive Patterns of Learning disabilities, Subtypes as measured by the Wood Cook Johnson Psychol Educational Battery, J. Learning Disabilities, Vol. 19, No.2, ( $ 3 () 49- Chalfant, J.C. and king, F.S. An approach to to operationalizing the definition of learning Disabilities. J. learning disabilities, Vol. 9, No Chalphant, J.C., Learning disabilities policy issues and promising approaches, American psychologist, Vol. 44, No. Z, Eisenmajer, R, prior, and Welhom, N., delayed language onset as a predict or of clinical symptoms in pervasive developmental disorder, Vol. 28, No Kaval, K.A.; Forness, s.r. and bender, M., HandBook of learning disabilities dimensions and Djagnosis, Vol., 1, London, Little, Brown and Company (INC) ( 3 ( $ ) 53- Fletcher, F.; Elmes, and strugnell, D., Visual Peree ptual and phonological factors in the acquisition of literacy among children with congental developmental coordination disorder. Developmental medical child Neurology, Vol., 39, No., Kirk, S., and Gallagher, J., Educating Exceptional children, Boston, Honghton Mifflin Kitner; T and Licht, G.L, OZ Karagoz; S. Shapiro and causal attributions of learning disabled children individual difference and their implications for persistence, J. of Educ. Psychol, Vol. 77, No ( 3 ( $ ) 56- Leton, D.A & Rutter, B. A, A factor analysis of The Spring School readiness test. Psychology in the school, marglit, M., Academic competence and social adjustment of boys with learning disabilities and boys with behavior disorder, J. Learning Disabilities. Vol. 22 No. 1, Morris, m. & J. Levenberger, A report of cognitive academic and linguistic profiles for college students with and without learning disabilities, J. Learning Disabilities, Vol., 23, No. 6, Piek, J.; Pitcher, T. and Hay, D., motor corrdination and Kinesthesis in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Development medical child Neurolojy Vol. 41, No.3, Rapin, I., understanding childhood language disorders. (Urrent Opinion Pediatric. Vol. 10 No.6, Rimms, S., underachievement syndrome causes and cures. Watertown In L. Brody and mills "Gifted children with Learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities 30, 3, ( 21 ( $ ) 62- Ross, A.O., Psychology aspects of learning Disabilities of Reading Disorders. New York: MC Graw-Hill Series in special Education,1976.( 3 ( $ ) 63- Ross, L. ciunies, the Right Balance provision for slow learners in secondary schools Educational research Journal of the NFER, 29, 1, smith, Alistair and vanbiervliet, A., Enhancing reading comprehension through the use of a self Instructional Package. Education and treatment of children, V9-N